peptidyl trimethyl lysine hydroxylase activity

peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-lysine hydroxylation to peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0359]


peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine biosynthetic process

peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine formation

peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine biosynthesis

peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine synthesis

peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine anabolism

peptidyl-lysine modification to peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine

The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-pyruvic acid 2-iminyl-L-lysine. [PSI-MOD:00292]


The modification of peptidyl-selenocysteine. [GOC:ai]


The addition of a carbamoyl group to a protein amino acid. A carbamoyl group is the acyl group -CO-NH2. [GOC:ai]


sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage involved in ER-nuclear sterol response pathway

sterol depletion response, SREBP cleavage

The proteolytic release of a transcriptionally active sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) from intracellular membranes, freeing it to move to the nucleus to upregulate transcription of target genes, in response to altered levels of one or more lipids. [GOC:bf, GOC:vw, PMID:12923525]


The formation of a protein-FMN linkage via 1'-(8alpha-FMN)-L-histidine. [PMID:8611516, RESID:AA0352]


The formation of a protein-FMN linkage via 3'-(8alpha-FMN)-L-histidine. [RESID:AA0353]


The formation of a protein-FMN linkage via O3-riboflavin phosphoryl-L-serine. [RESID:AA0350]


The formation of a protein-FMN linkage via O3-riboflavin phosphoryl-L-threonine. [RESID:AA0349]


The formation of a protein-FMN linkage via S-(4a-FMN)-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0351]


protein monoubiquitylation
protein monoubiquitinylation

Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein. [GOC:ai]


protein polyubiquitylation
protein polyubiquitinylation

Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain. [ISBN:0815316194]


positive regulation of protein stability

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:jl]


regulation of sulfur metabolism
regulation of sulphur metabolic process
regulation of sulphur metabolism

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur. [GOC:go_curators]


sulphate assimilation via adenylyl sulphate reduction

sulfate assimilation via adenylyl sulfate reduction

The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is activated, reduced and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the activated sulfate, adenylyl-sulfate, is reduced to sulfite by the activity of adenylyl-sulfate reductase. [EC:1.8.99.2]


retinaldehyde metabolism
retinal metabolism
retinal metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A. [ISBN:0198506732]


thiamin and derivative metabolic process

vitamin B1 and derivative metabolic process

thiamin-containing compound metabolic process

thiamine and derivative metabolic process

thiamine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it. [GOC:jl]


vitamin B1 and derivative biosynthetic process

thiamine and derivative biosynthetic process

thiamin-containing compound biosynthetic process

thiamin and derivative biosynthetic process

thiamine-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), and related compounds. [GOC:jl]


thiamin-containing compound catabolic process

thiamin and derivative catabolic process

thiamine and derivative catabolic process

vitamin B1 and derivative catabolic process

thiamine-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it. [GOC:jl]


riboflavin and derivative metabolic process

vitamin B2 and derivative metabolic process


vitamin B2 and derivative biosynthetic process

riboflavin and derivative biosynthetic process


vitamin B2 and derivative catabolic process

riboflavin and derivative catabolic process


The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin B6 compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate. [GOC:jl, http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/vitamins.html]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate. [GOC:jl, http://www.mblab.gla.ac.uk/]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate. [GOC:jl]


Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. [GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of bone remodeling
down regulation of bone remodeling
down-regulation of bone remodeling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of bone remodeling
up-regulation of bone remodeling
upregulation of bone remodeling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid. [GOC:jl]


down-regulation of vascular permeability

down regulation of vascular permeability

negative regulation of vascular permeability

Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid. [GOC:jl]


upregulation of vascular permeability
up-regulation of vascular permeability
up regulation of vascular permeability

positive regulation of vascular permeability

Any process that increases the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid. [GOC:jl]


The organismal movement by which the tip of a plant organ follows a spiral pattern as a consequence of growth. [GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07, ISBN:0192801023]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of saliva secretion
up regulation of saliva secretion
upregulation of saliva secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva. [GOC:ai]


exogenous peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I

antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I

antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via MHC class I

antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


antigen presentation, exogenous antigen via MHC class II


The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


regulation of cytokine anabolism
regulation of cytokine formation
regulation of cytokine biosynthesis
regulation of cytokine synthesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


negative regulation of cytokine formation

downregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process

down-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process

down regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process

negative regulation of cytokine anabolism

negative regulation of cytokine synthesis

negative regulation of cytokine biosynthesis

negative regulation of cytokine production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


up-regulation of cytokine production
up regulation of cytokine production
upregulation of cytokine production

positive regulation of cytokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Events resulting in the formation of a multilayered cellular sheath surrounding an invader and thus preventing its development. This defense mechanism is often seen in insects in response to nematodes or parasitoids, which are too large to be phagocytosed by individual hemocytes. In some organisms the capsule is blackened due to melanization. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:bf, PMID:11846478, PMID:12225920]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of inflammatory response

down regulation of inflammatory response

negative regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of inflammatory response
upregulation of inflammatory response
up regulation of inflammatory response

positive regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [ISBN:0781735149]


down regulation of type I hypersensitivity

downregulation of type I hypersensitivity

down-regulation of type I hypersensitivity

negative regulation of type I hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


up-regulation of type I hypersensitivity

up regulation of type I hypersensitivity

positive regulation of type I hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


An inflammatory response resulting in cell death mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis or cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


down-regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

downregulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

down regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

negative regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


up-regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

upregulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

up regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

positive regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


down-regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

downregulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

down regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

negative regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


up-regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

up regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

upregulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

positive regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


An inflammatory response resulting from recognition of immune complexes via complement or Fc receptors on effector cells leading to activation of neutrophils and other leukocytes and damage to bystander tissue. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


downregulation of type III hypersensitivity

down regulation of type III hypersensitivity

down-regulation of type III hypersensitivity

negative regulation of type III hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


upregulation of type III hypersensitivity

up regulation of type III hypersensitivity

up-regulation of type III hypersensitivity

positive regulation of type III hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of immune response
down-regulation of immune response
down regulation of immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of immune response
upregulation of immune response
up regulation of immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. [GOC:ai]


The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:12230507]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:12230507]


downregulation of hair cycle
down regulation of hair cycle
down-regulation of hair cycle

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:12230507]


up-regulation of hair cycle
upregulation of hair cycle
up regulation of hair cycle

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:12230507]


neurophysiological process
neurological system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_cardio]


sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during echolocation

sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during echolocation

echolocation, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus

echolocation, detection of mechanical stimulus

echolocation, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus

detection of mechanical stimulus involved in echolocation

The series of events involved in echolocation in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. The stimulus is in the form of a reflected sound wave (an echo), which the organism uses to determine the distance to the object that reflected the sound wave. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


neuromotor process
neuromuscular physiological process

Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. [GOC:ai]


sensory perception of orientation with respect to gravity

The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion. [http://www.medterms.com]


sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during equilibrioception

equilibrioception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus

equilibrioception, detection of mechanical stimulus

sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during equilibrioception

equilibrioception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus

detection of mechanical stimulus involved in equilibrioception

The series of events involved in equilibrioception in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. During equilibrioception, mechanical stimuli may be in the form of input from pressure receptors or from the labyrinth system of the inner ears. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


visual perception, detection of light stimulus

sensory detection of light stimulus during visual perception

detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception

visual perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus

sensory transduction of light during visual perception

sensory detection of light during visual perception

visual perception, sensory transduction during perception of light

The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]

sensory transduction of light stimulus during visual perception


sensory perception of magnetic field
magnetoception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a stimulus relating to a magnetic field, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Stimuli may be chemical, mechanical or electrical and interpreting these stimuli allows an organism to determine the orientation of a magnetic field. Magnetoreception also involves the perception of light; birds cannot orient without the presence of short wavelength (blue/green) light. [GOC:ai, PMID:15886990, Wikipedia:Magnetoception]


magnetoreception through chemical stimulus

magnetoreception, using chemical stimulus

magnetoreception, sensory perception of chemical stimulus

magnetoreception by sensory perception of chemical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a chemical stimulus relating to a magnetic field, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. It is believed that organisms such as birds and salamanders use a 'chemical compass': chemical reactions that involve transitions between different spin states can be influenced by magnetic fields and by detecting the different product ratios, these organisms can perceive the direction of the magnetic field. The mechanism by which this is detected is not certain but it may also involve light stimuli. [GOC:ai, PMID:15886990, Wikipedia:Magnetoception]


magnetoreception, sensory detection of chemical stimulus

sensory detection of chemical stimulus during magnetoreception

magnetoreception, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

magnetoreception, detection of chemical stimulus

magnetoception, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during magnetoreception

detection of chemical stimulus involved in magnetoreception

The series of events involved in magnetoception in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. It is believed that organisms such as birds and salamanders interpret product ratios in chemical reactions which involve transitions between different spin states. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


magnetoreception, sensory perception of electrical stimulus

magnetoreception, using electrical stimulus

magnetoreception through electrical stimulus

magnetoreception by sensory perception of electrical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive an electrical stimulus relating to a magnetic field, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Movement in a magnetic field results in an induced electric field, which can be perceived by organisms such as elasmobranch fish. [GOC:ai, PMID:15886990, Wikipedia:Magnetoception]


magnetoception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus

magnetoreception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus

magnetoreception, detection of electrical stimulus

magnetoreception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus

detection of electrical stimulus involved in magnetoreception

The series of events that contribute to magnetoception in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. The stimulus is in the form of an induced electric field resulting from movement in a magnetic field. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15886990, Wikipedia:Magnetoception]


magnetoreception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus

magnetoreception, detection of mechanical stimulus

sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during magnetoreception

magnetoception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus

magnetoreception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus

sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during magnetoreception

detection of mechanical stimulus involved in magnetoreception

The series of events involved in magnetoception in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. The stimulus is in the form of torque on particles such as magnetite which respond to a magnetic field. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of pain

perception of pain, sensory detection of chemical stimulus

perception of pain, detection of chemical stimulus

sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of pain

perception of pain, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]


perception of pain, sensory detection of electrical stimulus

perception of pain, detection of electrical stimulus

perception of pain, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus

detection of electrical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events that contribute to the perception of pain in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


perception of pain, detection of mechanical stimulus

perception of pain, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus

sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of pain

sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of pain

perception of pain, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus

detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


perception of smell, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of smell

sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of smell

perception of smell, sensory detection of chemical stimulus

perception of smell, detection of chemical stimulus

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell

The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]


perception of bitter taste, detection of chemical stimulus

perception of bitter taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of bitter taste

sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of bitter taste

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste

The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]


sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of salty taste

sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of salty taste

perception of salty taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

perception of salty taste, detection of chemical stimulus

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of salty taste

The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]


sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of sour taste

perception of sour taste, detection of chemical stimulus

sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of sour taste

perception of sour taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sour taste

The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]


perception of sweet taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of sweet taste

sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of sweet taste

perception of sweet taste, detection of chemical stimulus

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sweet taste

The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]


sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of taste

perception of taste, sensory detection of chemical stimulus

perception of taste, detection of chemical stimulus

sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of taste

perception of taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste

The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]


sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of umami taste

perception of umami taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of umami taste

perception of umami taste, detection of chemical stimulus

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of umami taste

The series of events required for a umami taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos, PMID:11894099]


sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during sensory perception

sensory detection of chemical stimulus during sensory perception

sensory perception, sensory detection of chemical stimulus

sensory perception, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus

detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


sensory perception of electrical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]


electroceptive sense
electroception sense

The series of events required for an organism to receive an electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Many fish possess an electroception sense; for example, the electric eel uses low voltage pulses of electricity for navigation and prey location. [GOC:ai, PMID:10210663, Wikipedia:Electroreception]


electroception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus

electroception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus

electroception, detection of electrical stimulus

detection of electrical stimulus involved in electroception

The series of events that contribute to electroception in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during sensory perception

sensory perception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus

sensory perception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus

sensory detection of electrical stimulus during sensory perception

detection of electrical stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which an electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


perception of mechanical stimulus
mechanosensory perception

sensory perception of mechanical stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]


sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch

perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus

tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus

perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus

perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus

sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch

detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch

The series of events involved in the perception of touch in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


sensory perception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus

sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception

sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception

sensory perception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus

detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


Any neural process required for an organism to sense and interpret the dimensions of a sensory experience: modality, location, intensity and affect. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0721662544]


Any process in which an emotional response is associated with a particular sensory stimulation. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, ISBN:0721662544]


The determination of the type or quality of a sensation. Sensory modalities include touch, thermal sensation, visual sensation, auditory sensation and pain. [ISBN:0721619908]


The determination of the perceived strength of a sensory stimulus. [ISBN:0721619908]


The determination of where on the body surface, within the body or in the environment a stimulus originates. [ISBN:0721619908]


The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system. [GOC:dph]


musculoskeletal movement, spinal reflex action

Involuntary movement caused by the application of a stimulus to an organism and a subsequent movement. The signal processing of this movement takes place in the spinal cord. [GOC:dph]


neuromuscular process controlling posture

Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system that can be controlled at will. [GOC:dph]


The process leading to the spontaneous opening of the fruit permitting the escape of seeds. [GOC:tb, ISBN:0471245208]


The process in which the growth of pollen tube is directed towards the female gametophyte. [GOC:lr]


A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chitin stimulus. [GOC:sm]


DNA damage response, signal transduction

response to DNA damage stimulus by intracellular signaling cascade

signal transduction in response to DNA damage

A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell. [GOC:go_curators]


DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. [PMID:10967424]


DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in transcription

A cascade of processes initiated in response to the detection of DNA damage, and resulting in the induction of transcription. [GOC:go_curators]


response to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid stimulus. [GOC:jl]


The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, GOC:isa_complete]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of negative chemotaxis
down regulation of negative chemotaxis
downregulation of negative chemotaxis

negative regulation of negative chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of negative chemotaxis
upregulation of negative chemotaxis
up-regulation of negative chemotaxis

positive regulation of negative chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]


Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, GOC:isa_complete]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of positive chemotaxis
downregulation of positive chemotaxis
down-regulation of positive chemotaxis

negative regulation of positive chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of positive chemotaxis
up regulation of positive chemotaxis
up-regulation of positive chemotaxis

positive regulation of positive chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]


Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of chemotaxis
downregulation of chemotaxis
down-regulation of chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of chemotaxis
up-regulation of chemotaxis
upregulation of chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. [GOC:ai]


The recognition of soluble molecules in the environment. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloheximide stimulus. Cycloheximide (actidione) is an antibiotic produced by some Streptomyces species which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0198506732]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus. [GOC:bf, GOC:ef, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0582227089]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a boron-containing substance stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon dioxide (CO2) stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chlorate stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]


response to aluminium ion
response to aluminum

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cesium stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(II) ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(III) ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that reduce or remove the toxicity of mercuric ion. These include transport of mercury away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of mercury ion and/or reduction of mercury ion (Hg[II]) to metallic mercury (Hg[0]). [PMID:10774920]


sequestration of mercury (Hg) ion
mercury (Hg2+) ion retention
mercuric ion (Hg2+) sequestering
storage of mercury (Hg2+) ion
sequestering of mercury (Hg) ion
sequestration of mercuric ion (Hg2+)
mercury (Hg) ion sequestering
mercury (Hg) ion sequestration
mercury (Hg2+) ion storage
sequestering of mercuric ion (Hg2+)
mercuric ion (Hg2+) sequestration
retention of mercury (Hg2+) ion

The process of binding or confining toxic mercury ions or atoms such that they are separated from sensitive components of a biological system. [PMID:10774920]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nickel cation stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrate stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. [GOC:sm, PMID:23356676]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetate stimulus. [GOC:sm]


mycothiol-dependent detoxification of alkylating agent


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a microbial phytotoxin stimulus. A microbial phytotoxin is a chemical substance produced by microbes which is toxic to plants. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi. [GOC:sm]


negative taxis in response to gravitytaxis in response to gravitational stimulus

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism away from the source of gravity. [GOC:jid]


positive taxis in response to gravitytaxis in response to gravitational stimulus

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards the source of gravity. [GOC:jid]


The orientation of plant parts towards gravity. [GOC:sm]


regulation of response to osmotic stress

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress. [GOC:ai]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ozone stimulus. [GOC:sm]


The process by which excess light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and not used to drive photosynthesis is emitted as heat. This process helps maintain the balance between dissipation and utilization of light energy to minimize generation of oxidizing molecules, thereby protecting the plant against photo-oxidative damage. [PMID:10667783, PMID:10938857]


negative taxis in response to light
negative phototactic behavior
negative phototactic behaviour

The directed movement of a cell or organism away from a source of light. [GOC:ai]


positive phototactic behaviour
positive phototactic behavior
positive taxis in response to light

The directed movement of a cell or organism towards a source of light. [GOC:ai]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. [GOC:mtg_far_red, GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). [GOC:sm, Wikipedia:X-ray]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a freezing stimulus, temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius. [GOC:jl]


The process of thermal induction in plants in which flowering is promoted by exposure to low temperatures. [GOC:tair_curators, ISBN:0521591392]


defence response to bacterium
defence response to bacteria
defense response to bacteria

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]


defence response to Gram-negative bacteria

defense response to Gram-negative bacteria

defence response to Gram-negative bacterium

defense response to Gram-negative bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]


defence response to Gram-positive bacterium

defense response to Gram-positive bacteria

defence response to Gram-positive bacteria

defense response to Gram-positive bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]


male-specific defense response to bacteria

male-specific defence response to bacteria

male-specific defence response to bacterium

male-specific defense response to bacterium

A set of reactions, specific to males, that are triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]


defence response to fungus
defence response to fungi
defense response to fungi

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:ai]


regulation of systemic acquired resistance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance. [GOC:sm]


downregulation of systemic acquired resistance

down regulation of systemic acquired resistance

down-regulation of systemic acquired resistance

negative regulation of systemic acquired resistance

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance. [GOC:sm]


defense response to protozoa
defense response to pathogenic protozoa
defense response to protozoon
defence response to protozoa
defence response to pathogenic protozoa
defence response to protozoon

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the antiviral response of a cell or organism. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of antiviral response

negative regulation of defense response to virus

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of antiviral response by host

negative regulation by host of antiviral response

downregulation of antiviral response by host

down regulation of antiviral response by host

down-regulation of antiviral response by host

negative regulation of defense response to virus by host

Any host process that results in the inhibition of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation by host of antiviral response

regulation of antiviral response by host

regulation of defense response to virus by host

Any host process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of a host cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment. [GOC:go_curators]


taxis in response to temperature stimulus

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a temperature gradient. Movement may be towards either a higher or lower temperature. [GOC:cab1, WB_REF:cgc467]


The response of an organism to a perceived external threat. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. [GOC:jid, PMID:10203867, PMID:12723742, PMID:12843304, Wikipedia:Pain]


The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of protein secretion
down regulation of protein secretion
down-regulation of protein secretion

negative regulation of protein secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of protein secretion
upregulation of protein secretion
up regulation of protein secretion

positive regulation of protein secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. [GOC:ai]


protein secretion by the autotransporter system

protein secretion by the type V protein secretion system

protein secretion by the type V secretion system

The process in which proteins mediate their own secretion across the outer membrane through a beta-barrel pore structure formed by the C-terminal domain of the protein precursor. Following passage across the outer membrane, the mature protein is released from the pore by an autocatalytic activity. Proteins secreted by the Type V system are first translocated across the plasma membrane by the Sec pathway. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


regulation
regulation of biological process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. [GOC:ai, GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ai, GOC:ebc, GOC:vw]


down-regulation of metalloenzyme activity

down regulation of metalloenzyme activity

downregulation of metalloenzyme activity

negative regulation of catalytic activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


down-regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

down regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

downregulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

negative regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I. [GOC:jl]


up-regulation of enzyme activity
up regulation of enzyme activity
upregulation of enzyme activity
positive regulation of enzyme activity

positive regulation of catalytic activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. [GOC:ebc, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


up-regulation of Cdc42 GTPase activity
upregulation of Cdc42 GTPase activity
up regulation of Cdc42 GTPase activity

positive regulation of Cdc42 GTPase activity


up-regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

upregulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

up regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

positive regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I. [GOC:jl]


regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase I. [GOC:jl]


Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


regulation of viral life cycle
regulation of viral reproduction

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


spread of virus in host, tissue to tissue

spread of virus within host, tissue to tissue

viral spread within host, tissue to tissue

tissue to tissue spread of virus within host

transport of virus in host, tissue to tissue

The transport of a virus between tissues in a multicellular organism. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781718325]


The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:dos, GOC:hb]


perception of sound, detection of mechanical stimulus

detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound

perception of sound, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus

sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound

perception of sound, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus

The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]

sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound


OBSOLETE. A small disulfide-containing redox protein that serves as a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase. [GOC:kd]


A structure composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials. It usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha and grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells. [GOC:clt, ISBN:0471940526]


mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase complex location

mitochondrion inner membrane peptidase complex location

Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane, consisting of at least two subunits, involved in processing of both nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins targeted to the intermembrane space. [PMID:10821182, PMID:12191769]


The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin. [CL:0000782, GOC:jl]


The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass. [ISBN:0198506732]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:mah]


The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of RNA. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


pre-replication complex location
pre-replicative complex location
pre-replication complex
pre-replicative complex

A protein-DNA complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initial step of DNA replication and allows the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication. [GOC:bf, GOC:bhm, GOC:jh2, Wikipedia:Pre-replication_complex]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:jl]


An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered. [GOC:jl]


An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores. [GOC:clt]


Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism. [ISBN:0198506732]


Any homoeostatic process in which an organism maintains its internal body temperature at a relatively constant value. This is achieved by using metabolic processes to counteract fluctuations in the temperature of the environment. [ISBN:0192801023]


modulation by symbiont of host erythrocyte aggregation

Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte aggregation in its host organism, e.g. the binding of parasite-infected erythrocytes to uninfected erythrocytes. [GOC:add, GOC:dgh, GOC:mb, GOC:pr, PMID:19467172, PMID:21305024]


Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.


A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over. [ISBN:0198506732]


hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond. [GOC:jl]


cotranslational protein modification
co-translational protein modification
cotranslational modification

The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after translation has begun but before the protein has been released from the ribosome. [GOC:jsg]


M-phase of mitotic cell cycle
mitotic M phase

A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus. [PMID:20404130]


A membrane-bounded organelle of ciliated protozoan cells that contains polyploid copies of a portion of the cell's complete genome. Transcription of genes occurs in macronuclei. Some ciliate species may contain multiple macronuclei per cell. [GOC:ns]


The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation. [GOC:as, ISBN:0198506732]


response to osmotic stress
osmotic stress response
osmoregulation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminophosphonates, phosphonic acid derivatives that contain an amino group. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of angiogenesis
down-regulation of angiogenesis
negative regulation of angiogenesis
downregulation of angiogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. [GOC:go_curators]


Binding to an angiotensin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


B cell differentiation
B lymphocyte differentiation
B-lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:mah]


A prominent mass in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic oocytes. The cloud contains both mitochondria and electron-dense granulofibrillar material (GFM) and is the source of germinal granule material. [PMID:6541166]


The ventral region of the embryological neural tube, which is comprised mostly of motor neurons.


C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:nhn, GOC:signaling]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanoamino acids, amino acid derivatives that contain a cyanide group. [GOC:mah, PMID:11575729]


hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor binding

Binding to a cytokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis.


DNA Methylation Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the process by which methyl groups are added to genomic DNA nucleotides.


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine. [GOC:jl]


DNA Repair Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the enzymatic restoration of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule that contains regions damaged by chemical or radiation exposure or by spontaneous damage.


DNA Replication Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the activities of biologic molecules or complexes involved in the process by which the two strands of a DNA double helix separate and each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand by specific base pairing.


A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. [GOC:isa_complete]


receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB2 receptors are themselves unable to bind to ligands, but act as a signal-amplifying tyrosine kinase within a heterodimeric pair. [GOC:jc, PMID:16460914, Reactome:R-HSA-1227986]


icosanoid breakdown
icosanoid catabolic process
icosanoid degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of icosanoid. [GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]


Binding to a glucagon receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Gluconeogenesis Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the biosynthesis of glucose from 3-carbon non-carbohydrate precursors, including amino acids.


Glycolysis Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the activities of the pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP.


histamine breakdown
histamine degradation
histamine catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


Any apoptotic process that is observed in leukocytes.


negative regulation of leukocyte activation

negative regulation of leucocyte activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. [GOC:add]

negative regulation of immune cell activation


negative regulation of apoptotic process

Any cellular process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis.


A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached. [GOC:jl]


cell adhesion mediated by integrin complex

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits. [GOC:add, PMID:12213832, PMID:14754902]


positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division

Meiosis Induction involves the initiation of activities involved in the special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species.


negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division

Meiosis Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the activities involved in the special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species.


negative regulation of microtubule polymerization

downregulation of microtubule polymerization

down-regulation of microtubule polymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. [GOC:mah]

down regulation of microtubule polymerization


down regulation of microtubule depolymerization

negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization

downregulation of microtubule depolymerization

down-regulation of microtubule depolymerization

negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe

negative regulation of microtubule disassembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


positive regulation of mitosis
upregulation of mitosis
up regulation of mitosis
up-regulation of mitosis

Mitosis Induction involves the initiation of activities involved in division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that contain the same chromosome and DNA content as that of the parent cell.

positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division


apoptosis of myeloid cells
myeloid cell apoptosis

Any apoptotic process occurring in a neutrophil, eosinophil or basophil.


down regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis

down-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis

downregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis in neutrophils, eosinophils or basophils.

negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process


The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


prostaglandin catabolism
prostaglandin catabolic process
prostaglandin breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of prostaglandin. [GO_REF:0000068, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25290914]


Binding to a proteasome, a large multisubunit protein complex that catalyzes protein degradation. [GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinone. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]


The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single or multimeric RNAs into the correct tertiary structure. [GOC:mah, PMID:10393192]


RNA Synthesis Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the activities involved in the polymeric linkage of ribose purine and pyrimidine nucleotides together by phosphate groups attached to their 5-prime and 3-prime sugar hydroxyls.


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. [GOC:mah]


Binding to retinoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid. [GOC:hjd]


Class I transposition
retrotransposition
transposition, RNA-mediated
RNA-mediated transposition

Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate. [GOC:jp, ISBN:1555812090]


Reverse Transcription Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, activities involved in copying RNA into DNA by reverse transcriptase.


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. [CL:0000034, GOC:isa_complete]


Development of bone marrow-derived stem cells in the thymus through stages of positive selection under the influence of epithelial cells in the thymic cortex and negative selection under the influence of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells at the corticomedullary junction. Thymic T cell precursors (thymocytes) progress through phases expressing both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors to a single positive stage expressing only CD4 or CD8 in addition to the T cell receptor. They are then allowed to leave the thymus and enter the periphery via the lymphatics or venules of the circulatory system as mature T cells. (NCI/OSP)


Testosterone Secretion Induction consists of initiation of activities involved in release into the bloodstream by testicular interstitial (Leydig's) cells of the major androgenic steroid hormone (testosterone) produced in response to adenohypophyseal luteinizing hormone that regulates gonadotropic secretion; Wolffian duct differentiation into epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle; spermatogenesis after peripheral conversion to dihydrotestosterone by 5a-reductase; and skeletal muscle and bone tissue. Alteration of positive or negative feedback mechanisms can affect hormone release.


T cell differentiation in thymus
thymocyte differentiation
thymic T cell differentiation

The progression of T cell precursors in the thymus through many stages of maturation. These stages include regulated expression of the alpha and beta (or gamma and delta) chains of the T cell receptor, expression of both CD4 and CD8 molecules (double positive stage), down regulation to a single positive stage (CD4 or CD8), as well as allowing those thymocytes to die which are unable to bind to self MHC molecules (death by neglect), selecting those thymocytes with T Cell Receptors that are able to bind to self MHC molecules with moderate affinity (positive selection), and deleting those thymocytes having T Cell Receptors that bind with high affinity to self MHC (negative selection), before allowing mature T cells to emigrate to the periphery.


thymic T lymphocyte selection
thymic T cell selection
thymic T-lymphocyte selection

The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12414722]


Binding to a vasopressin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. [GOC:dph]


negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. [GOC:isa_complete]


inhibition of cell-matrix adhesion
down-regulation of cell-matrix adhesion
downregulation of cell-matrix adhesion
down regulation of cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. [GOC:hjd]

negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion


Any cellular process that reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


down regulation of progression through cell cycle

negative regulation of cell cycle progression

negative regulation of progression through cell cycle

downregulation of progression through cell cycle

down-regulation of progression through cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of necroptotic process

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]

negative regulation of necrotic cell death


up regulation of cell differentiation
up-regulation of cell differentiation
upregulation of cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]

positive regulation of cell differentiation


negative regulation of cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). [GOC:mah]


Chemotaxis Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, characteristic movement or orientation of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either toward or away from the chemical stimulus.


The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission. [GOC:ai, GOC:rn, PMID:10827941, PMID:11389843, PMID:14623866]


Cell killing caused by the membrane attack complex formed following complement activation. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


negative regulation of complement cascade

negative regulation of complement activation

down regulation of complement activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation. [GOC:go_curators]

down-regulation of complement activation


Endocytosis Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles by invagination of the plasma membrane.


Epinephrine Secretion Inhibition consists of interference with, or restraint of, activities involved in release across the cell membrane into the bloodstream from the adrenal medulla of a sympathomimetic hormone (epinephrine) that stimulates the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. Alteration of positive or negative feedback mechanisms can affect hormone release.


Estrogen Secretion Induction consists of the initiation of activities involved in release into the bloodstream by the ovaries of a class of steroid substances (estrogens) that have a specific regulatory effect on the activity of cells involved in development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle, as well as pregnancy maintenance and an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. Alteration of positive or negative feedback mechanisms can affect hormone release.


A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]


Exocytosis Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the cellular release of secretory products granules.


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight. [GOC:jid, GOC:jl]


negative regulation of G0 to G1 transition

A cell cycle process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. [GOC:mah]


The point in G1 at which cells become committed to enter S phase and initiate DNA replication.


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor binding

Binding to a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) receptor. [GOC:ai]


G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway

G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway

G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway

G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway

G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction

G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576, PMID:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]

G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway


The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585]


Any cellular process involved in the translocation of charged macromolecules, solutes and solvents into or out of a cell.


leukotriene breakdown
leukotriene catabolism
leukotriene degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. [GOC:yaf]


Binding to a leukotriene receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, PMID:11487378]


Any apoptotic process occurring in a B cell, T cell or natural killer cell.


downregulation of lymphocyte apoptosis
down-regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis
down regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis in B cells, T cells or natural killer cells.

negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process


down regulation of lymphocyte activation

negative regulation of lymphocyte activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. [GOC:ai]

down-regulation of lymphocyte activation


negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division

A process that consists of interference with, or restraint of, activities that regulate the cellular capacity to transit the last cell cycle stage during which replicated daughter chromosomes separate into separate nuclei and cytokinesis occurs to produce separate daughter cells.


malate:aspartate shuttle
malate/aspartate shuttle
malate-aspartate shuttle

The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_electron_transport, ISBN:0716743663]


nuclear-transcribed mRNA breakdown, non-stop decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolism, non-stop decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, non-stop decay

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that is lacking a stop codon. [PMID:11910110]

nuclear-transcribed mRNA degradation, non-stop decay


double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear. [GOC:rph, PMID:10827453, PMID:24837021]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. [GOC:ai]


A thread-like complex of ribosomal components including ribosomal RNA, in various stages of transcription, and associated proteins.


A collection of preribosomes in the nucleolus.


The cytoplasm of an ovum. [PMID:19022436]


Binding to an opioid receptor. [GOC:nln]


Ubiquitinated proteins are degraded by a 26S ATP-dependent protease complex, composed of a 20S catalytic proteasome and two 19S PA700 regulatory modules. The multi-subunit PA700 complex binds two sites of the 20S proteasome and is composed of at least six related ATPases and approximately fifteen non-ATPase polypeptides. Each of the ATPases, PSMC1-6, contains an AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) domain. A protein complex containing p42 and p50 enhances PA700 activation of the proteasome.


Binding to a parathyroid hormone receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


The space between the membrane of an oocyte and a surrounding membranous structure (zona pellucida or perivitelline membrane). [GOC:dos]


peroxisome proliferation
peroxisome division

The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments. [GOC:mah, PMID:11687502, PMID:14754507]


Phagocytosis Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the process of endocytosis of particulate material by phagocytes, such as microorganisms or cellular fragments and debris, into membranous phagosomes that fuse with lysosmes and result in digestion of the ingested material; an important defense against infection. (NCI)


Phosphorylation Inhibition involves interference with, or restraint of, the enzymatic creation of a phosphate derivative of an organic molecule; often by transfer of a phosphate group from ATP via the action of a kinase.


Any process in which the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin is released or retained in the synaptic cleft, resulting in induced or sustained neurotransmission. Serotonin release can be upregulated in the presence of the empathogen MDMA. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors similarly increase steady state levels of serotonin in the brain by reducing its degradation within synapses. This process is involved in numerous functions, including regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, muscle contraction, and some cognitive functions including memory and learning.

positive regulation of serotonin release


serotonin degradation
serotonin catabolism
serotonin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Any feature of a cellular signaling process which negatively regulates the further transduction of cell signaling.


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


biopolymerisation
translation initiation
translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. [ISBN:019879276X]


The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]


protein ubiquitinylation
protein ubiquitylation

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. [GOC:ai]


V-D-J recombination
V-J joining
V-J recombination
V(D)J recombination
V-D-J joining

The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). [GOC:add, ISBN:0781700221, ISBN:0781735149]


protein targeting to vacuole
protein vacuolar targeting
vacuolar protein sorting
protein-vacuole targeting

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein. [GOC:curators]


A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments. [ISBN:0716731363]


frizzled signalling pathway
Wingless signaling pathway
Wg signaling pathway
Wnt receptor signalling pathway
Wingless signalling pathway
frizzled signaling pathway
Wg signalling pathway
Wnt receptor signaling pathway

A complex signaling pathway whose name is derived from the DROSOPHILA Wg gene, and the vertebrate INT gene. The signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of WNT PROTEINS to cell surface WNT RECEPTORS which interact with the AXIN SIGNALING COMPLEX and an array of second messengers that influence the actions of BETA CATENIN.


The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid. [GOC:ai]


A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant. [GOC:cjm, Wikipedia:Lamellar_granule]


meiotic spindle organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + 6 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 5 H+ + 3 O2 = 4-beta-hydroxymethyl-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + 6 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 4 H2O. [PMID:9811880, RHEA:55220]


A multisubunit protein complex that is involved in chromatin remodeling. It is required for the incorporation of the histone variant H2AZ into chromatin. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains Swr1p, a Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase, and 12 additional subunits. [GOC:rb, PMID:14645854, PMID:14690608, PMID:19355820]


An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes. [GOC:rb, PMID:12892785, PMID:12900393]


An endosomal sorting complex required for transport and functions downstream of ESCRT I complex. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and is required for the membrane recruitment of ESCRT III complex and binds to ubiquitinated cargoes. [GOC:rb, PMID:12892785, PMID:12900393]


A complex with membrane scission activity that plays a major role in many processes where membranes are remodelled - including endosomal transport (vesicle budding), nuclear envelope organisation (membrane closure, mitotic bridge cleavage), and cytokinesis (abscission). [PMID:17556548, PMID:22361144, PMID:28242692, PMID:31132588, PMID:32243490, PMID:34449766]


A kinetochore multiprotein complex that bridges the subunits that are in contact with centromeric DNA and the subunits bound to microtubules during kinetochore assembly. In yeast, consists of Ctf19p, Okp1p, Mcm21p, and Ame1p. [GOC:se, PMID:14633972]


Mtw1p Including Nnf1p-Nsl1p-Dsn1p complex location

A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore of a chromosome in the nucleus. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. Nuclear localization arises in some organisms because the nuclear envelope is not broken down during mitosis. In S. cerevisiae, it consists of at least four proteins: Mtw1p, Nnf1p, Nsl1p, and Dsn1. [GOC:krc, GOC:se, PMID:14633972]


The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. [GOC:ai, GOC:elh]


glycerophosphodiester transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glycerophosphodiesters from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycerophosphodiesters are small molecules composed of glycerol-3-phosphate and an alcohol, for example, glycerophosphoinositol. [GOC:mcc, PMID:12912892]


The process in which a glycerophosphodiester is transported across a membrane. Glycerophosphodiesters are small molecules composed of glycerol-3-phosphate and an alcohol, for example, glycerophosphoinositol. [GOC:mcc, PMID:12912892]


The directed movement of guanine nucleotides, GTP, GDP, and/or GMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mcc]


guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP) from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mcc]


The end, or tip, of a fungal hypha, where polarized growth occurs during hyphal elongation. [GOC:mcc]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of various polypeptides into the exocyst complex. [GOC:hjd, PMID:9700152, Wikipedia:Exocyst]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocyst assembly. [GOC:hjd]


down regulation of exocyst assembly
down-regulation of exocyst assembly
downregulation of exocyst assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of exocyst assembly. [GOC:hjd]


up-regulation of exocyst assembly
up regulation of exocyst assembly
upregulation of exocyst assembly

Any process that increases the rate or extent of exocyst assembly. [GOC:hjd]


regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. [GOC:hjd]


DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer

The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis. [PMID:11395402]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


recognition of phagocytosed substance by phagocytic cell

The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0781735149]


spindle organization and biogenesis
spindle organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah]


mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis

spindle organization and biogenesis during mitosis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah]


progression of morphogenetic furrow during compound eye morphogenesis


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. [GOC:go_curators, UBERON:0001003]


The process in which an undifferentiated cell acquires the features of a mystery cell. The mystery cells are a precluster of cells that emerge from the compound eye morphogenetic furrow, normally positioned between R3 and R4. They then disappear into the surrounding pool of undifferentiated cells and have no known fate in the mature ommatidium. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [ISBN:0632030488, PMID:1295747]


2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol CMP-lyase (cyclizing)

2-phospho-4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol CMP-lyase (cyclizing; 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate-forming)

2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + CMP. [EC:4.6.1.12, RHEA:23864]


chloroplast ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase complex location

A complex, located in the chloroplast, containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits which carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mlg, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The cascade of biological processes occurring in plants beginning when the pollen lands on the female reproductive organs of a plant and continuing up to, but not including, fertilization, as defined by sperm-egg cell fusion. [GOC:tb, PMID:10973091]


amino-terminal vacuolar sorting propeptide binding

Binding to an amino terminal propeptide, which functions as a sorting signal to sort away the soluble vacuolar protein from Golgi to lytic vacuole via clathrin-coated vesicles. [GOC:sm, PMID:10871276]


Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-phenylalanine + H2O = indole-3-acetate + phenylalanine. [GOC:syr]


Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-leucine + H2O = indole-3-acetate + L-leucine. [MetaCyc:RXN-2982]


response to ionizing radiation stimulus
response to ionising radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [PMID:12509526]


A DNA repair process that is involved in repairing UV-induced DNA damage under non-photoreactivating conditions. The mechanism by which this repair process operates has not yet been completely elucidated. [GOC:syr]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seed coat over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellulose microfibril, any of the cellulose structures laid down in orthogonal layers in a plant cell wall. [GOC:mah, PMID:12468730]


Any process involved in maintaining the methylation state of a nucleotide sequence. [PMID:11898023]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of aluminum ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:jid, GOC:lr, GOC:mah]