Binding to a collectin, a member of a group of structurally related pattern recognition molecules characterized by having a carbohydrate recognition domain of the C-type lectin family at the C-terminus and a collagenous domain at the N-terminus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Combining with a collectin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to a pentraxin, a member of a family of inflammatory proteins with a radially symmetric arrangement of five identical, noncovalently linked chains in a pentagonal array. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


NK T-cell differentiation
NK T-lymphocyte differentiation
NK T lymphocyte differentiation
natural T cell differentiation
NKT cell differentiation
NT cell differentiation
natural killer T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:10704459]


NK T-cell proliferation
NK T lymphocyte proliferation
natural T cell proliferation
NK T-lymphocyte proliferation
NKT cell proliferation
NT cell proliferation
natural killer T cell proliferation

The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:10704459]


Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


regulation of complement cascade, lectin pathway

regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the lectin pathway of complement activation. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


down regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

downregulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

negative regulation of complement cascade, lectin pathway

down-regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


positive regulation of complement cascade, lectin pathway

upregulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

up-regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

up regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

positive regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


lipopolysaccharide receptor activity
LPS receptor activity

lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity

Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate an innate immune response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system. [PMID:14609719, PMID:15379975]


Binding to lipoarabinomannan. [PMID:10586073]


LAM receptor activity
lipoarabinomannan receptor activity

lipoarabinomannan immune receptor activity

Combining with lipoarabinomannan and transmitting the signal to initiate an innate immune response. [PMID:10586073]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. [PMID:14707091]


The process in which the Mullerian ducts, primordia of the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina, undergo regression in male embryos. [GOC:dph, PMID:12368913]


Binding to a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:hjd]


Binding to a purine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:hjd]


Binding to a pyrimidine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose. [GOC:hjd]


The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]


The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


selenium compound metabolism
selenium metabolic process
selenium metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain selenium, such as selenocysteine. [PMID:12730456]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan. [EC:2.4.1.223, RHEA:16221]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]


An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome. [PMID:10358769]


The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]


Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]


A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. [GOC:add, GOC:isa_complete]


regulation of cytolysis in other organism

regulation of cytolysis of cells of another organism

regulation of cytolysis in another organism

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytolysis by an organism of cells in another organism. [GOC:ai]


activation of membrane attack complex
membrane attack complex formation
MAC assembly
MAC formation
activation of MAC

The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions. [GOC:add]


immune cell mediated cytotoxicity
immune cell mediated cell killing
leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity
immune cell mediated cell death

The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11911826]


regulation of immune cell mediated cell killing

regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity

regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity

regulation of immune cell mediated cell death

regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11911826]


downregulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

down regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

negative regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity

down-regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

negative regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity

negative regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11911826]


up-regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

up regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

positive regulation of immune cell mediated cytotoxicity

upregulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

positive regulation of leucocyte mediated cytotoxicity

positive regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11911826]


T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
T-cell mediated cell killing
T-cell mediated cell death
T cell mediated cell death
T-cell mediated apoptosis
T cell mediated apoptosis
T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity
T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
T cell mediated cell killing

The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. [GOC:add, GOC:pr, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11911826]


regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing

regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity

regulation of T cell mediated cell killing

regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity

regulation of T-cell mediated cell death

regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity

regulation of T cell mediated cell death

regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


down regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity

downregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

negative regulation of T-cell mediated cell death

negative regulation of T cell mediated cell killing

negative regulation of T cell mediated cell death

negative regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity

negative regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing

down-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

negative regulation of T cell mediated apoptosis

negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity

negative regulation of T-cell mediated apoptosis

negative regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


positive regulation of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity

positive regulation of T cell mediated cell death

positive regulation of T-cell mediated cell killing

positive regulation of T-cell mediated cell death

positive regulation of T-cell mediated apoptosis

up regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

up-regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity

positive regulation of T cell mediated cell killing

positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity

upregulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

positive regulation of T cell mediated apoptosis

positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs. [GOC:add, PMID:12019563]


Binding to a farnesylated protein. [GOC:add, PMID:14555765]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling. [GOC:add]


down-regulation of receptor recycling
down regulation of receptor recycling
downregulation of receptor recycling

negative regulation of receptor recycling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling. [GOC:add]


up regulation of receptor recycling
up-regulation of receptor recycling
upregulation of receptor recycling

positive regulation of receptor recycling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling. [GOC:add]


B-1 B lymphocyte homeostasis
B-1 B-cell homeostasis
B-1 B-lymphocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation
B-1 B-cell differentiation
B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


regulation of B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation

regulation of B-1 B-cell differentiation

regulation of B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation

regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


downregulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

down-regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

negative regulation of B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation

negative regulation of B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation

down regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

negative regulation of B-1 B-cell differentiation

negative regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


positive regulation of B-1 B lymphocyte differentiation

up-regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

up regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

positive regulation of B-1 B-cell differentiation

positive regulation of B-1 B-lymphocyte differentiation

upregulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

positive regulation of B-1 B cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


complement component C5a receptor activity

Combining with the C5a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, GOC:pg, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]


HER2 receptor ligand
Neu receptor ligand


mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex location

Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The This Eukaryotic form usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0471331309, ISBN:0716720094]


ribitol degradation to xylulose 5-phosphate

ribitol breakdown to xylulose 5-phosphate

ribitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ribitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. Ribitol is initially converted to D-ribulose, which is phosphorylated to form ribulose 5-phosphate, which is then converted into xylulose 5-phosphate. [MetaCyc:RIBITOLUTIL-PWY]


mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex location

Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the mitochondrion, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the genitalia are generated and organized. [GOC:bf]


ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein degradation

ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolism

ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein breakdown

ubiquitin-dependent SMAD protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of SMAD signaling proteins by ubiquitination and targeting to the proteasome. [GOC:go_curators]


The post-translational removal of peptide sequences from within a protein sequence, by a process not involving inteins. [GOC:mah]


The formation of a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. [GOC:dgh]


Binding to a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of a protein, the consensus sequence of which is defined by a pattern of small and large hydrophobic amino acids and a structure composed of helices. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a deep water stimulus, being immersed in standing deep water throughout the life cycle. [GOC:mah]


paranodal junction formation
paranodal junction biosynthesis
paranodal axoglial junction formation

Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier. [PMID:14715942]


A conserved complex that contains a heterodimer of SMC proteins (Smc5p and Smc6p, or homologs thereof) and several other proteins, and is involved in DNA repair and maintaining cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. In S. cerevisiae, this is an octameric complex called Mms21-Smc5-Smc6 complex, with at least five of its subunits conserved in fission yeast and humans. [GOC:rb, PMID:14701739, PMID:15738391, PMID:27373152]


The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. [GOC:dgh]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. [GOC:dgh]


The acetylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-acetyl-L-serine. [PMID:489587, PMID:7309355, RESID:AA0364]


The acetylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]


peptidyl-tyrosine dehydrogenation to form (Z)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine

The oxidation of the C alpha-C beta bond of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-(Z)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine coupled with cyclization of neighboring residues. [PMID:9631087, RESID:AA0183]


peptidyl-tyrosine dehydrogenation to form (E)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine

The oxidation of the C alpha-C beta bond of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-(E)-2,3-didehydrotyrosine coupled with cyclization of neighboring residues. [PMID:12623015, RESID:AA0365]


metal incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster

The formation of a cluster of several metal atoms, including manganese or calcium, with one or more bridging (mu-bond) oxygen atoms; amino acids residues in proteins that may ligate the metal oxygen cluster are histidine, aspartate, and glutamate. [GOC:jsg]


manganese incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster

The incorporation of manganese into a metallo-oxygen cluster. [GOC:jsg]


calcium incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster

The incorporation of calcium into a metallo-oxygen cluster. [GOC:jsg]


calcium incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster via bis-L-aspartato tris-L-glutamato L-histidino calcium tetramanganese tetroxide

The incorporation of calcium into a 4Mn-Ca-4O complex by bis-L-aspartato tris-L-glutamato L-histidino calcium tetramanganese tetroxide as in the photosystem II catalytic site. [PMID:14764885, RESID:AA0366]


manganese incorporation into metallo-oxygen cluster via bis-L-aspartato tris-L-glutamato L-histidino calcium tetramanganese tetroxide

The incorporation of manganese into a 4Mn-Ca-4O complex by bis-L-aspartato tris-L-glutamato L-histidino calcium tetramanganese tetroxide as in the photosystem II catalytic site. [PMID:14764885, RESID:AA0366]


Complex that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. In all organisms where it has been found, the complex is a tetramer. In bacteria, it is a homotetramer. In plants, the complex is a heterotetramer composed small and large subunits. [GOC:tb, PMID:9680965]


homotetrameric ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex location

A protein complex composed of four identical subunits that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


heterotetrameric ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex location

A protein complex composed of four different subunits that possesses ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


amyloplast ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex location

An ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex found in the amyloplast. [GOC:mah]


chloroplast ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex location

An ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex found in the chloroplast. [GOC:mah]


connecting collagen
anchoring collagen complex location
linking collagen

Any collagen complex which links one collagen assembly, such as a collagen fibril or sheet, to other structures. [ISBN:0721639976]


A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers assemble into a sheet. [PMID:7188361]


Any collagen trimer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane. [ISBN:0721639976]


OBSOLETE. A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a photoperiod, an intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night) photoperiod regimes, with the light phase being longer than the dark. [GOC:pj]


OBSOLETE. A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a photoperiod, an intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night) photoperiod regimes, with the dark phase being longer than the light. [GOC:pj]


Binding to a chloroplast targeting sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the chloroplast. [GOC:mah]


endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide binding

Binding to an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]


mitochondrial targeting sequence binding

mitochondrion targeting sequence binding

Binding to a mitochondrion targeting sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the mitochondrion. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a KDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence Asp-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]


protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, via thiol-phosphate intermediate

The catalysis of phosphate removal from a phosphotyrosine using cysteine as a nucleophile and proceed by means of a thiol-phosphate intermediate. [GOC:hjd]


protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, metal-dependent

Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. This reaction requires metal ions. [GOC:mah]


regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway

regulation of VEGF receptor signalling pathway

regulation of VEGF receptor signaling pathway

regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]


negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway

down regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of VEGF receptor signaling pathway

downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of VEGF receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]


up regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of VEGF receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of VEGF receptor signalling pathway

up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]


establishment or maintenance of actin cytoskeleton polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:mah]


establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:mah]


establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:mah]


astral microtubule organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of astral microtubules, any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a potassium ion (K+). [GOC:mah]


glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex location

A protein complex that possesses glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase activity, and therefore creates Gln-tRNA by amidating Glu-tRNA; usually composed of 3 subunits: A, B, and C. Note that the C subunit may not be required in all organisms. [GOC:mlg]


Binding to Tat, a viral transactivating regulatory protein from the human immunodeficiency virus, or the equivalent protein from another virus. [GOC:mah, PMID:9094689]


A protein complex required for heterochromatin assembly; contains an Argonaute homolog, a chromodomain protein, and at least one additional protein; named for RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing. [PMID:14704433]


peptide cross-linking via 3'-(3'-L-tyrosinyl)-L-tyrosine

The modification of two peptidyl-tyrosines to form a 3'-(3'-L-tyrosinyl)-L-tyrosine protein cross-link. [RESID:AA0367]


peptide cross-linking via 3'-(O4'-L-tyrosinyl)-L-tyrosine

The modification of two peptidyl-tyrosines to form a 3'-(O4'-L-tyrosinyl)-L-tyrosine protein cross-link. [PDB:1NGK, PMID:12719529, RESID:AA0368]


peptidyl-arginine dihydroxylation to peptidyl-3,4-dihydroxy-L-arginine

The dihydroxylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-3,4-dihydroxy-L-arginine. [PMID:10978343, RESID:AA0369]


peptidyl-lysine dihydroxylation to 4,5-dihydroxy-L-lysine

The dihydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-4,5-dihydroxy-L-lysine. [PMID:10978343, RESID:AA0370]


plasma membrane electron transport, NADH to quinone

The transfer of electrons from NADH to the quinone pool that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation and results in the generation of a proton gradient, mediated by the enzyme known as NADH-quinone oxidoreductase. [GOC:mah, GOC:sd]


retrograde protein transport, endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol

protein retrotranslocation, ER to cytosol

retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol

The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon. [PMID:11994744]


Binding to a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a molybdate ion (MoO4 2-). [GOC:mlg]


TPP transport
thiamin diphosphate transport
thiamin pyrophosphate transport
thiamine diphosphate transport
thiamine pyrophosphate transport

thiamine pyrophosphate transmembrane transport

The process in which thiamine pyrophosphate is transported across a membrane. [GOC:mlg]


Binding to thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver. [GOC:mlg]


thiamin pyrophosphate binding
TPP binding
diphosphothiamin binding
aneurine pyrophosphate binding
cocarboxylase binding

Binding to thiamine pyrophosphate, the diphosphoric ester of thiamine. Acts as a coenzyme of several (de)carboxylases, transketolases, and alpha-oxoacid dehydrogenases. [GOC:mlg]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by alpha-D-glucosidic bonds. [GOC:mah]


alpha-glucan biosynthesis
alpha-glucan formation
alpha-glucan synthesis
alpha-glucan anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alpha-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by alpha-D-glucosidic bonds. [GOC:mah]


alpha-glucan degradation
alpha-glucan breakdown
alpha-glucan catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alpha-glucans. [GOC:mah]


The portion of the microtubule cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]


A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell powered by the rearward secretion of carbohydrate slime. [GOC:mlg, PMID:11967173]


Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing one or more mismatches. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a kininogen, a kinin precursor. [GOC:mah, PMID:9520414]


Binding to a kininogen of high molecular mass. [GOC:mah, PMID:9520414]


Binding to a kininogen of low molecular mass. [GOC:mah, PMID:9520414]


high molecular weight kininogen receptor binding

Binding to a high molecular weight kininogen receptor. [GOC:mah]


high molecular weight kininogen receptor complex location

A protein complex that acts as a receptor for high molecular weight kininogens. In humans, this receptor includes the CK1 and uPAR proteins. [GOC:mah, PMID:11290596]


horsetail movement
HNM
horsetail nuclear movement

Oscillatory movement of the nucleus involved in meiosis I. This oscillatory movement is led by an astral microtubule array emanating from the spindle pole body, and driven by the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. [GOC:vw, PMID:16111942, PMID:9572142]

dynein-driven meiotic oscillatory nuclear movement


intraflagellar transport complex location

A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, PMID:14570576, PMID:22118932, PMID:23945166]


intraflagellar transport complex A location

The smaller subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights of 710-760 kDa. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, PMID:14570576]


intraflagellar transport complex B location

The larger subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights around 550 kDa. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, PMID:14570576, PMID:19253336]


axonemal heterotrimeric kinesin-II complex location

A kinesin complex found in eukaryotic axonemes that contains two distinct plus end-directed kinesin motor proteins and at least one accessory subunit, and that functions in the anterograde transport of molecules (cargo) from the basal body to the distal tip of the axoneme. [GOC:kmv, PMID:14570576]


hydrolysis of primary cell septum
primary cell septum hydrolysis

Dissolution of the primary septum during cell separation. [PMID:12665550]


hydrolysis of edging of cell septum
hydrolysis of cell septum edging
cell septum edging hydrolysis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the dissolution of the septum edging during cell separation. [GOC:mah, PMID:15194814]


regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion

Any process that modulates the extent to which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired; may be mediated by the assembly and disassembly of a proteinaceous linker. [PMID:11076968]


A proteinaceous scaffold associated with fission yeast chromosomes during meiotic prophase. Linear elements consist of a protein complex, LinE, with four main structural components (Rec10, Rec25, Rec27, and Mug20 in S. pombe) associated with chromatin. The resulting structure is related to but not equivalent to the synaptonemal complex. [DOI:10.2323/jgam.28.263, GOC:jb, PMID:12665553, PMID:30640914]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them. [GOC:ef, GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brefeldin A stimulus. [GOC:mah]


A cellular structure consisting of parallel, hexagonally arranged actin tubules, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins. Actin rod structures are found in diverse organisms, having been observed in spores of Dictyostelium discoideum, Drosophila melanogaster oocytes, as well as in numerous animal cells under stress conditions. [GOC:kp, GOC:krc, PMID:11858703, PMID:19459188, PMID:22623727, PMID:24813767, PMID:27535426, PMID:7820870]


A cellular structure, approximately 13 nm in diameter, consisting of three actin filaments bundled together. [GOC:kp]


potassium ion-transporting ATPase complex location

Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + K+(in). It is a high affinity potassium uptake system. The E. coli complex consists of 4 proteins: KdpA is the potassium ion translocase, KdpB is the ATPase, and KdpC and KdpF seem to be involved in assembly and stabilization of the complex. [PMID:10608856, PMID:9858692]


filamin C binding
filamin B binding
filamin-B binding
filamin-C binding

Binding to a filamin, any member of a family of high molecular mass cytoskeletal proteins that crosslink actin filaments to form networks and stress fibers. Filamins contain an amino-terminal alpha-actinin-like actin binding domain, which is followed by a rod-domain composed of 4 to 24 100-residue repetitive segments including a carboxy-terminal dimerization domain. [GOC:mah, PMID:11336782]


plastid ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex location

An ADPG pyrophosphorylase complex found in a plastid. [GOC:mah]


Ino80 complex
INO80 chromatin remodeling complex
Ino80 complex location

A multisubunit protein complex that contains the Ino80p ATPase; exhibits chromatin remodeling activity. [GOC:jh, GOC:rb, PMID:19355820]

INO80 chromatin remodeling complex location


Binding to troponin I, the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


Binding to troponin T, the tropomyosin-binding subunit of the troponin complex. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes. [GOC:cvs]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells. [GOC:cvs]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. [GOC:cvs]


mitochondrial mRNA editing complex location

An mRNA editing complex found in the mitochondrion. The best characterized example is that of Trypanosoma brucei, which catalyzes the insertion and deletion of uridylates. [GOC:mah, PMID:12139607]


plastid mRNA editing complex location
plastid editosome

An mRNA editing complex found in a plastid. [GOC:mah]


interphase microtubule organising center

interphase microtubule organizing center

A microtubule organizing center found in interphase cells, which organize a longitudinal array of three to five MT bundles from the nuclear envelope during interphase. Each MT bundle is composed of two to seven MTs arranged in an antiparallel configuration, with the dynamic MT plus ends extending toward the cell tips and stable minus ends near the nucleus. [PMID:15068790]


The directed movement of the nucleus along microfilaments within the cell, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:mah]


microtubule organising center organisation

microtubule organizing center organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


interphase microtubule organizing centre assembly

interphase microtubule organising center formation

interphase microtubule organizing center biogenesis

interphase microtubule organising center biosynthesis

interphase microtubule organizing center assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components, including gamma-tubulin and other proteins, to form an interphase microtubule organizing center. [GOC:mah, PMID:15068790]


equatorial microtubule organising center disassembly

equatorial microtubule organizing center disassembly

The process in which the equatorial microtubule organizing center is disassembled at the end of mitosis. [GOC:mah, PMID:15068790]


A complex that possesses glutamate synthase activity. [GOC:mah]


glutamate synthase complex location (NADH)

A protein complex that in yeast consists of a large and a small subunit. Possesses glutamate synthase (NADH) activity. [GOC:jl, PMID:7047525]


regulation of septation initiation network

regulation of septation initiation signalling

regulation of septation initiation signaling cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of septation initiation signaling. [GOC:mah]


actomyosin structure organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


myosin polymerization or depolymerization


myosin II polymerization or depolymerization


The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 5 O-glycan structure, GalNAc-alpha-(1->3)-GalNAc. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, PMID:10580130]


The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 6 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)-GalNAc. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, PMID:10580130]


The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 7 O-glycan structure, GalNAc-alpha-(1->6)-GalNAc. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, PMID:10580130]


The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 8 O-glycan structure, Gal-alpha-(1->3)-GalNAc. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, PMID:10580130]


A process in which an RNA molecule reduces expression of target genes. This can occur pre-transcriptionally by assembly of heterochromatin and prevention of transcription or co- or post-transcriptionally by targeting RNAs for degradation or by interfering with splicing or translation. This process starts once the inhibitory RNA molecule has been transcribed, and includes processing of the RNA such as cleavage, modifications, transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, loading onto the RISC complex, and the effect on transcription or translation. [PMID:15020054]


small RNA-mediated heterochromatic silencing

RNA interference-like chromatin silencing

Assembly of heterochromatin, directed by small RNAs sharing sequence identity to the repressed region. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung, GOC:ns, PMID:19239886]


A process in which genomic fragments or entire chromosomes are eliminated from somatic cells or from micronuclei of ciliates. This process occurs in the developing macronucleus (anlage) of a ciliate, as well as in other species, including vertebrates and is an irreversible mechanism of gene silencing. [GOC:mah, GOC:ns, PMID:18708581, PMID:24886889, PMID:32986476]


pri-miRNA processing
primary miRNA modification
primary microRNA processing

A process involved in the conversion of a primary microRNA transcript into a pre-microRNA molecule. [GOC:sl, PMID:15211354, PMID:25799998]


A process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule. [GOC:sl, PMID:15211354]


Dynamic structural changes in centromeric DNA. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of histone modification
downregulation of histone modification
down-regulation of histone modification

negative regulation of histone modification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone. [GOC:mah]


upregulation of histone modification
up regulation of histone modification
up-regulation of histone modification

positive regulation of histone modification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone. [GOC:mah]


The removal of acetyl groups from histones in centromeric DNA. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of histone methylation
downregulation of histone methylation
down regulation of histone methylation

negative regulation of histone methylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones. [GOC:mah]


up regulation of histone methylation
up-regulation of histone methylation
upregulation of histone methylation

positive regulation of histone methylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of histone deacetylation

down-regulation of histone deacetylation

negative regulation of histone deacetylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones. [GOC:mah]


up-regulation of histone deacetylation
up regulation of histone deacetylation
upregulation of histone deacetylation

positive regulation of histone deacetylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones. [GOC:mah]


regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones in centromeric DNA. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere

down regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere

downregulation of histone deacetylation at centromere

negative regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups to histones in centromeric DNA. [GOC:mah]


upregulation of histone deacetylation at centromere

up regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere

up-regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere

positive regulation of histone deacetylation at centromere

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones in centromeric DNA. [GOC:mah]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. [GOC:ln]


The biogenesis of a snoRNA molecule which resides within, and is processed from, the intron of a pre-mRNA. [GOC:vw]


Binding to a heat shock protein, a protein synthesized or activated in response to heat shock. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


Catalysis of the hydroxylation of cholesterol at position 26 of the side chain, to produce 26-hydroxycholesterol. [GOC:mah, PMID:950499]


nucleocytoplasmic shuttling complex location


The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu]


post-embryonic camera-style eye morphogenesis

post-embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during post-embryonic development. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


histone deacetylase activity (H3-K14 specific)

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 14) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 14) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 14 of the histone H3 protein. [PMID:28450737]


Nup84 complex
Nup107-160 complex
Nup107-120 complex
Nup84 complex location
Nup107-120 complex location
Nup107-160 complex location

A subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that forms the outer rings of the core scaffold, a lattice-like structure that gives the NPC its shape and strength. In S. cerevisiae, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133p, Nup120p, Nup145Cp, Nup85p, Nup84p, Seh1p, and Sec13p. In vertebrates, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133, Nup160, Nup96, Nup75, Nup107, Seh1, Sec13, Nup43, Nup37, and ALADIN. Components are arranged in 8-fold symmetrical 'spokes' around the central transport channel. A single 'spoke', can be isolated and is sometimes referred to as the Nup84 complex (S. cerevisiae) or the Nup107-160 complex (vertebrates). [GOC:dgf, PMID:18046406, PMID:19524430, PMID:20947011, PMID:22419078]


BLOC complex location
BLOC-1 related complex location
BLOC-1 related complex

Any of several protein complexes required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and other related organelles; acronym for biogenesis of lysosomal-related organelles complex. [PMID:15102850, PMID:15261680]


A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. Many of the protein subunits are conserved between mouse and human; the mouse complex contains the Pallidin, Muted, Cappuccino, Dysbindin, Snapin, BLOS1, BLOS2, AND BLOS3 proteins. [PMID:15102850]


A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps3, Hps5, and Hps6 proteins; the mouse complex contains ru2 and ru. [PMID:12548288, PMID:14718540, PMID:15031569]


A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps1 and Hps4 proteins. [PMID:12756248]


nuclear mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent decay

mRNA breakdown, deadenylation-independent decay

mRNA catabolic process, deadenylylation-independent

mRNA degradation, deadenylation-independent decay

mRNA catabolism, deadenylation-independent decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent decay

A pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of steps that is independent of deadenylation, but requires decapping followed by transcript decay, and that can regulate mRNA stability. [GOC:krc, PMID:15225542, PMID:15225544]


deadenylation-independent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that is independent of poly(A) tail shortening. [GOC:krc, PMID:15225542, PMID:15225544]


hemocyte cell migration
arthropod blood cell migration

The directed movement of a hemocyte within the embryo. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. In Drosophila, embryonic hemocytes originate from the head mesoderm as a cluster of cells. The cluster splits into two and one group of cells crosses the amnioserosa. Both populations then spread toward the middle of the embryo and then disperse evenly throughout the embryo. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:12885551]


The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. [ISBN:0582227089]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. [ISBN:0582227089]


imaginal disc-derived appendage morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0582227089]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human. [ISBN:0198612001]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal. [ISBN:0198612001]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the pectoral fin are generated and organized. Pectoral fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted laterally and located behind the gill covers of fish. These fins are used for lateral mobility and propulsion. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. The pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of an appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. [ISBN:0582227089]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. Medial fins are unpaired fins of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the dorsal fin are generated and organized. A dorsal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the dorsal aspect of a fish that provides lateral stability while swimming. Generally fish have one or two dorsal fins. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. The caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish and is the main fin used for propulsion. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the embryonic anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the genitalia are generated and organized. [GOC:bf]


The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. [ISBN:0395825172]


The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an organism. [GOC:bf]


The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized. [GOC:bf]


post-embryonic pectoral fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the pectoral fin are generated and organized. Pectoral fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted laterally and located behind the gill covers of fish. These fins are used for lateral mobility and propulsion. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. The pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion. [GOC:dgh]


post-embryonic unpaired fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. Medial fins are unpaired fins of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. The caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish and is the main fin used for propulsion. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the dorsal fin are generated and organized. A dorsal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the dorsal aspect of a fish that provides lateral stability while swimming. Generally fish have one or two dorsal fins. [GOC:dgh]


The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the pectoral fin are generated and organized. Pectoral fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted laterally and located behind the gill covers of fish. These fins are used for lateral mobility and propulsion. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. Pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion. [GOC:dgh]


median fin morphogenesis
unpaired fin morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. A medial fin is an unpaired fin of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal fin are generated and organized. A dorsal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the dorsal aspect of fish that provides lateral stability while swimming. Generally fish have one or two dorsal fins. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. A caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish, and is the main fin used for propulsion. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming. [GOC:dgh]


The joining of specific branches of a tubular system to form a continuous network. [GOC:bf]


Fusing of specific tracheal branches in an open tracheal system to branches from neighboring hemisegments to form a continuous tracheal network. Branch fusion is mediated by individual cells at the tip of each branch, which contact a similar cell and undergo a coordinated series of morphogenetic events that create a bicellular fusion joint. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:14570584]


lumen formation in an anatomical structure


Creation of the central hole of a tube in an open tracheal system through which gases flow. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Ensuring that a tube is of the correct length and diameter. Tube size must be maintained not only during tube formation, but also throughout development and in some physiological processes. [PMID:10887083]


regulation of tube size, open tracheal system

Ensuring that an epithelial tube in an open tracheal system is of the correct length and diameter. Tracheal tubes undergo highly regulated tube-size increases during development, expanding up to 40 times their initial size by the end of larval life. Tube size appears to be controlled by regulation of apical membrane expansion and secretion, rather than by changes in cell number, size or shape. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10887083, PMID:12930776, PMID:12973360]


regulation of tracheal tube architecture

regulation of tube architecture, open tracheal system

Ensuring that tracheal cells form and maintain tubular structures with the correct size and shape for their position in the network. This is essential for efficient flow of gases through the tracheal network. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:14570584]


tracheal epithelial cell type specification

epithelial cell type specification, open tracheal system

Allocation of epithelial cells within each migrating branch in an open tracheal system to distinct tracheal cell fates. During the migration phase each branch forms a well-defined number of cell types (including fusion cells, terminal cells and branch cells) at precise positions. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10684581, PMID:11063940]


terminal cell fate specification, open tracheal system

The process in which a cell in an open tracheal system becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a terminal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. Terminal cells send long and bifurcated hollow branches toward target tissues to allow oxygen exchange. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10684581, PMID:11063940]


downregulation of terminal cell fate specification

down-regulation of terminal cell fate specification

down regulation of terminal cell fate specification

negative regulation of terminal cell fate specification, open tracheal system

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a terminal cell fate in an open tracheal system. Once the terminal and fusion fates have been correctly induced, inhibitory feedback loops prevent the remaining branch cells from assuming similar fates. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10684581]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a fusion cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. Fusion cells allow the interconnection of adjacent tracheal metameres during tracheal tube fusion. [PMID:11063940]


downregulation of fusion cell fate specification

down regulation of fusion cell fate specification

down-regulation of fusion cell fate specification

negative regulation of fusion cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a fusion cell fate. Once the terminal and fusion fates have been correctly induced, inhibitory feedback loops prevent the remaining branch cells from assuming similar fates. [PMID:10684581]


regulation of tube length, open tracheal system

Ensuring that a tube in an open tracheal system is of the correct length. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


maintenance of tracheal epithelial integrity

maintenance of epithelial integrity, open tracheal system

Ensuring that tracheal tubes in an open tracheal system maintain their epithelial structure during the cell shape changes and movements that occur during the branching process. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10694415, PMID:14681183]


Formation and/or maintenance of a lineage boundary between compartments in an imaginal disc that cells cannot cross, thus separating the populations of cells in each compartment. [GOC:bf, PMID:10625531, PMID:9374402]


embryonic hematopoiesis
embryonic haematopoiesis
embryonic haemopoiesis

The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo. [GOC:bf]


embryonic arthropod blood cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the embryonic head mesoderm acquires the specialized features of a mature hemocyte. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:14602069]


embryonic plasmatocyte cell differentiation

The process in which an embryonic mesoderm-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte. [GOC:bf, PMID:11921077, PMID:8174791]


The process in which an embryonic mesoderm-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a crystal cell. Crystal cells are a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph. [GOC:bf, http://sdb.bio.purdue.edu/fly/gene/serpent3.htm]


The stages of blood cell formation that take place after completion of embryonic development. [GOC:bf]


larval lymph gland arthropod blood cell differentiation

larval lymph gland hemocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the larval lymph gland acquires the specialized features of a mature hemocyte. The lymph gland consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:14602069]


lymph gland plasmatocyte cell differentiation

lymph gland plasmatocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized larval lymph gland-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte. [GOC:bf, PMID:11921077, PMID:8174791]


lymph gland crystal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized larval lymph gland-derived hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a crystal cell. Crystal cells are a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph. [GOC:bf, http://sdb.bio.purdue.edu/fly/gene/serpent3.htm]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a lamellocyte. Lamellocytes are a hemocyte lineage that exists only in larvae, but are seldom observed in healthy animals. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes. [GOC:bf, PMID:14734104]


The multiplication or reproduction of hemocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a histone. [GOC:bf]


Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a serine residue of a histone. [GOC:bf]


histone serine kinase activity (H3-S10 specific)

histone-serine kinase activity (H3-S10 specific)

histone kinase activity (H3-S3 specific)

histone kinase activity (H3-S10 specific)

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to the serine-10 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H3. [GOC:bf, PMID:15041176]


The movement of a larva through a feeding substrate whilst feeding on food. [PMID:12848927]


Fine-tuning the spatial position of an organism in response to variability in their environment. For example, reorientation of an organism in the direction of a food source. [PMID:10880478]


Fine-tuning the spatial position of a larva in response to variability in their environment. For example, reorientation of a larva in the direction of a food source. [PMID:10880478]


The movement of a third instar larva through a substrate in search of a pupation site. This movement occurs without feeding and is characterized by short bursts of forward movement, separated by stops and repeated side-to-side head probes, followed normally by a change in direction. [PMID:12848927, PMID:12956960]


Digging into the substrate by non-feeding larvae in search for food-free sites suitable for pupation. [PMID:12848927, PMID:12848939]


Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a threonine residue of a histone. [GOC:bf]


The first nine mitotic division cycles of the insect embryo, during which the dividing nuclei lie deep in the interior of the egg and divide nearly synchronously. This is the first phase of the syncytial period where nuclei divide in a common cytoplasm without cytokinesis. [ISBN:0879694238]


Mitotic division cycles 10 to 13 of the insect embryo. This is the second phase of the syncytial period where nuclei divide in a common cytoplasm without cytokinesis. The majority of migrating nuclei reach the embryo surface during cycle 10, after which they divide less synchronously than before, and the syncytial blastoderm cycles lengthen progressively. [ISBN:0879694238]


The specific behavior of an organism during the emergence from an egg shell. In Drosophila for example, the larva swings its head reiteratively through a semicircular arc, using its mouth hooks to tear apart the chorion in front of it and thus free itself from within the egg shell. [GOC:pr, PMID:10436051]


retinoblastoma-E2F complex location
Rb-E2F complex location
retinoblastoma-E2F complex

A multiprotein complex containing a heterodimeric E2F transcription factor and a Retinoblastoma (Rb) family member. This complex is capable of repressing transcription of E2F-regulated genes in order to regulate cell cycle progression. [PMID:14616073]


The directed movement of nuclei within the syncytial embryo of insects. These precise temporal and spatial patterns of nuclear movement are coordinated with mitotic divisons and are required during blastoderm formation to reposition dividing nuclei from the interior of the syncytial embryo to the cortex. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238, PMID:8314839]


nucleus distribution along anterior-posterior axis

nuclear distribution along anterior-posterior axis

The stepwise asymmetric spreading out of nuclei internally along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing insect embryo during mitotic cycles 4 to 6. This movement leads to the distribution of nuclei in a hollow ellipsoid underlying the cortex. [PMID:8314839]


The symmetric outward movement of the syncytial nuclei from their positions in the ellipsoid toward the periphery of the embryo, during mitotic cycles 8 and 9. This movement results in the placement of nuclei in a uniform monolayer at the cortex of the developing embryo. [PMID:8314839]


CNS metamorphosis
central nervous system metamorphosis

larval central nervous system remodeling

Reorganization of the pre-existing, functional larval central nervous system into one that can serve the novel behavioral needs of the adult. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:sensu, PMID:9647692]


gene silencing by microRNA
microRNA-mediated gene silencing
gene silencing by miRNA

A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) elicit silencing of specific target genes. miRNAs are endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA (often mRNA) or mRNA translational repression, usually accompanied by poly-A tail shortening and subsequent degradation of the mRNA. miRNAs are present in all the animals and in plants, whereas siRNAs are present in lower animals and in plants. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:rl, PMID:14744438, PMID:15066275, PMID:15066283, PMID:23209154, PMID:23985560, PMID:28379604]


Binding to a small interfering RNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from double stranded RNA (dsRNA) by an RNAse enzyme. [PMID:15066275, PMID:15066283]


Binding to a microRNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from a stem-loop RNA precursor (pre-miRNA) that is encoded within plant and animal genomes. [PMID:15066283]


The specific avoidance actions or reactions of an organism in response to the perception of salt. [GOC:bf]


leg disc anterior/posterior pattern formation

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the leg imaginal disc. [GOC:bf]


leg disc anterior/posterior lineage restriction

Formation and/or maintenance of a lineage boundary between anterior and posterior compartments of the leg disc that cells cannot cross, thus separating the populations of cells in each compartment. [GOC:bf]


regulation of lamellocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellocyte differentiation. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes. [PMID:14734104]


down-regulation of lamellocyte differentiation

downregulation of lamellocyte differentiation

down regulation of lamellocyte differentiation

negative regulation of lamellocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellocyte differentiation. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes. [PMID:14734104]


up regulation of lamellocyte differentiation

up-regulation of lamellocyte differentiation

upregulation of lamellocyte differentiation

positive regulation of lamellocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellocyte differentiation. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes. [PMID:14734104]


regulation of arthropod blood cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


downregulation of hemocyte proliferation

negative regulation of arthropod blood cell proliferation

down regulation of hemocyte proliferation

down-regulation of hemocyte proliferation

negative regulation of hemocyte proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


positive regulation of arthropod blood cell proliferation

positive regulation of hemocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) that are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pupa is a dormant life stage interposed between the larval and the adult stages in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prepupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prepupal stage is a life stage interposed between the larval and the pupal stages in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. The start of the pre-pupal stage is marked by pupariation, and the end is marked by pupation. [GOC:mtg_sensu, http://sdb.bio.purdue.edu/fly/aimain/1adult.htm]


The process in which the anatomical structures of a spermathecum, a sperm storage organ, are generated and organized. Paired spermathecae lie at the anterior end of the insect uterus on the dorsal side. Each spermatheca consists of an oval shaped capsule, connected to the uterus by a spermathecal stalk. [PMID:12679097]


cell competition in a multicellular organism

Competitive interactions within multicellular organisms between cell populations that differ in growth rates, leading to the elimination of the slowest-growing cells. [GOC:bf, PMID:1116643, PMID:15066286]


development of structures derived from the clypeo-labral disc

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the clypeo-labral disc over time, from its formation to the metamorphosis to form adult structures. The clypeo-labral disc develops into the labrum, anterior cibarial plate, fish trap bristles, epistomal sclerite. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


Progression of the eye-antennal imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including the eye, antenna, head capsule and maxillary palps. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


Progression of the genital imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form the adult terminalia, comprising the entire set of internal and external genitalia and analia. Both sexes of Drosophila have a single genital disc formed from the female and male genital primordia, and the anal primordium. The anal primordium develops in both sexes, forming either male or female analia. However, only one of the genital primordia develops in each sex, forming either the male or the female genitalia. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238, PMID:11494318]


Progression of the haltere imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form the adult capitellum, pedicel, haltere sclerite, metathoracic spiracle and metanotum. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


Progression of the labial imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including parts of the proboscis. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


Progression of the leg imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including the leg, coxa and ventral thoracic pleura. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


Progression of the prothoracic disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form the adult humerous and anterior spiracle. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


Progression of the wing disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


The process that gives rise to the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in the genital imaginal disc. [GOC:bf]


The process giving rise to the pattern of cell differentiation in the wing imaginal disc. [GOC:bf]


The process that gives rise to the patterns of cell differentiation in the leg imaginal disc. [GOC:bf]


genital disc anterior/posterior pattern formation

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the genital disc. An anterior and posterior compartment form in each of the three genital disc primoridia (the female genital disc primordium, the male genital disc primordium and the anal primordium). [PMID:11494318]


determination of genital disc primordium

Allocation of embryonic cells to the genital imaginal disc founder populations. Early in development at the blastoderm stage, the anlage of the genital disc of both sexes consists of three primordia: the female genital primoridum lcoated anteriorly, the anal primoridum located posteriorly, and the male gential primordium between the two. [GOC:bf, PMID:11494318]


glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit binding

Binding to the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase. [PMID:12954617]


regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase. [GOC:bf]


down-regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity

down regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity

downregulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity

negative regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase. [GOC:bf]


up regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity

upregulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity

up-regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity

positive regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase, typically by lowering its sensitivity to inhibition by glutathione and by increasing its affinity for glutamate. [PMID:12954617]


A long, thin, polarized cell projection that contains actin and can extend for distances many times the diameter of the cell. Cytonemes represent extensions of cell cytoplasm and typically have a diameter of approximately 0.2um. [PMID:10367889, PMID:10675901]


The directed movement of a germ cell from their site of production to the gonad, through the attraction of cells towards their target. [PMID:12885551]


The directed movement of a germ cell from their site of production to the gonad, through the repulsion of cells away from a tissue. [PMID:12885551]


programmed cell death, ectopic germ cells

programmed cell death of ectopic germ cells

Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo. [PMID:12814944]


ionotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway

ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:signaling, ISBN:0198506732]


Combining with the neuropeptide proctolin, to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bf]


Combining with the neuropeptide corazonin to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bf]


vitamin A biosynthesis
vitamin A anabolism
vitamin A biosynthetic process
vitamin A synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid. Animals cannot synthesize vitamin A de novo, but form it through oxidative cleavage of carotenoids. [PMID:11158606]


The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. [GOC:bf, PMID:14624839]


Binding to dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine. [ISBN:0198506732]


protein-arginine omega-N monomethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the addition of a methyl group to either of the unmethylated terminal nitrogen atoms (also called omega nitrogen) in peptidyl-arginine to form an omega-N-G-monomethylated arginine residue. The reaction is S-adenosyl-L-methionine + [protein]-L-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + [protein]-Nomega-methyl-L-arginine. [EC:2.1.1.321, PMID:14705965, RESID:AA0069]


protein-arginine omega-N asymmetric methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the same terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that was previously methylated, resulting in asymmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N(omega)-dimethylated arginine residues. [PMID:14705965, RESID:AA0068, RESID:AA0069, RHEA:48096]


protein-arginine omega-N symmetric methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the addition of a second methyl group to methylated peptidyl-arginine. Methylation is on the terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) residue that is not already methylated, resulting in symmetrical peptidyl-N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyled arginine residues. [EC:2.1.1.320, PMID:14705965, RESID:AA0067, RESID:AA0069]


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carbon atom of an arginine residue in a protein. [GOC:bf]


The addition of a methyl group onto a carbon atom of an arginine residue in a protein. [GOC:bf]


The addition of a methyl group onto a nitrogen atom of an arginine residue in a protein. [GOC:bf]


The addition of a methyl group onto a terminal nitrogen (omega nitrogen) atom of an arginine residue in a protein. [PMID:14705965, RESID:AA0067, RESID:AA0068, RESID:AA0069]


Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an acceptor molecule, forming an alpha-1,4 linkage. [PMID:15130086]


The vesicular release of glutamate from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glutamate receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. [GOC:dos]


Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose group from UDP-galactose to an acceptor molecule. [PMID:19858195]


Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group from UDP-xylose to an acceptor molecule. [PMID:30127001]


Binding to a glutamate receptor. [GOC:bf]


Binding to an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the internal genitalia are generated and organized. The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals. [http://www.ndif.org/Terms/genitalia.html]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals. [http://www.ndif.org/Terms/genitalia.html]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals. [ISBN:0198612001]


genital disc sexually dimorphic development

The sex-specific patterns of primoridia growth and differentiation in the genital imaginal disc. The anal primordium of the genital disc develops in both sexes, but depending on the genetic sex gives rise to either male or female analia. Depending on the genetic sex, only one of the two genital primordia develop. In females the female genital primordium develops and gives rise to the female genitalia whereas the male primordium is repressed. Conversely, in males the male genital primordium develops and gives rise to the male genitalia whereas the female genital primordium is repressed. [PMID:11290302, PMID:11494318, PMID:11702781]


The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0471245208, ISBN:0721662544]


The increase in size or mass of a meristem, a region of tissue in a plant that is composed of one or more undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis and differentiation. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198547684]


NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex location

TIP60 histone acetyltransferase complex location

TIP60 histone acetylase complex location

A complex having histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ATPase, DNA helicase and structural DNA binding activities. The complex is thought to be involved in double-strand DNA break repair. Subunits of the human complex include HTATIP/TIP60, TRRAP, RUVBL1, BUVBL2, beta-actin and BAF53/ACTL6A. In yeast, the complex has 13 subunits, including the catalytic subunit Esa1 (homologous to human Tip60). [GOC:ecd, PMID:10966108, PMID:14966270]


The addition of a mannose residue to a protein acceptor molecule. [GOC:bf, GOC:pr]


protein amino acid O-linked mannosylation

The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage. [GOC:bf, PMID:9878797]


Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes. [GOC:bf, Wikipedia:Development_of_the_endocrine_system]


Progression of the ring gland over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The ring gland is a neuroendocrine organ found in higher Dipterans, which is composed of the prothoracic gland, the corpus allatum, and the corpora cardiacum. The ring gland is the site of production and release of ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones. [GOC:bf, PMID:11223816, PMID:9584098]


Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system. [GOC:bf, Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland]


Binding to a phthalate, any ester or salt of phthalic acid. [http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/pth/pth_map.html]


Binding to diphenyl phthalate, C(20)H(14)O(4). [http://www.sigmaaldrich.com]


phthalic acid dibutyl ester binding
DBP binding

Binding to dibutyl phthalate, C(16)H(22)O(4). [http://www.sigmaaldrich.com]


Binding to ethanol, CH(3)-CH(2)-OH. [ISBN:0198506732]


spiracle morphogenesis, open tracheal system

The process in which the anatomical structures of a spiracle are generated and organized. Spiracles are the openings in the insect open tracheal system; externally they connect to the epidermis and internally they connect to the tracheal trunk. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10491268]


miRNA-mediated gene silencing, negative regulation of translation


mRNA cleavage involved in gene silencing by miRNA

miRNA-mediated gene silencing, mRNA cleavage

mRNA destabilization-mediated gene silencing by miRNA

mRNA cleavage involved in gene silencing by microRNA

miRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization

An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung, PMID:14744438, PMID:15196554]


Division of the central nervous system into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments. [GOC:bf]


Division of the brain into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments. [GOC:bf]


Division of an appendage, an organ or part that is attached to the main body of an organism, into a series of semi-repetitive parts or segments. Most arthropod appendages, such as the legs and antennae, are visibly segmented. [PMID:10357895]


Partitioning the insect head anlage into a fixed number of segmental units. The number of segments composing the insect head has long been a subject of debate, but it is generally agreed that there are 6 or 7 segments. From anterior to posterior the head segments are the procephalic segments (labral, (ocular), antennal and intercalary) and the gnathal segments (mandibular, maxillary and labial). [PMID:10477305, PMID:7915837]


Partitioning the posterior region of the insect head anlage into gnathal (mandibular, maxillary and labial) segments. Unlike the anterior head (procephalic) segments, formation of the posterior head (gnathal) segments occurs by a similar mechanism to trunk segmentation, where a cascade of gap genes, pair-rule genes and segment-polarity genes subdivide the embryo into progressively smaller domains. [PMID:15382136]


Partitioning of the blastoderm embryo into trunk segmental units. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8. [PMID:1360402]


specification of segmental identity, intercalary segment

The specification of the characteristic structures of the intercalary segment of the anterior head, following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized. [ISBN:0878932437, PMID:10477305]


specification of segmental identity, trunk

The specification of the characteristic structures of trunk segments, following establishment of segment boundaries. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized. [PMID:1360402]


chitin-based larval cuticle pattern formation

The process that gives rise to the patterns of cell differentiation in the chitin-based larval cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Allocation of embryonic cells to the wing disc founder populations, groups of cells that are committed to contribute to the formation of a wing imaginal disc. [ISBN:0879694238]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. [PMID:12526790]


Any process that modulates the diameter of a tube. [GOC:bf]


regulation of Malpighian tubule diameter

Ensuring that the Malpighian tubule is the correct width. Malpighian tubules have a uniform circumference along their length; the circumference of the tubes is eight cells during the time the cells are dividing, after which the cells rearrange producting tubes with a cirumference of two cells. [PMID:9286684]


Ensuring that a Malpighian tubule is the correct length and diameter. [GOC:bf]


ATP:1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-phosphotransferase activity

inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase activity

inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+). [RHEA:20313]


Hedgehog signaling complex location
Hedgehog signalling complex location
Hedgehog signalling complex
Hedgehog signaling complex

A multiprotein complex that binds microtubules in a Hedgehog-dependent manner, and is required for signal transduction by members of the Hedgehog family of proteins. The core components of the complex are the serine/threonine protein kinase Fused, the kinesin motor protein Costal2 (Cos2), and a zinc finger transcription factor (Gli family members in humans, and Cubitus interruptus (Ci) in Drosophila). [PMID:10825151, PMID:15057936]


Catalysis of the hydroxylation of an ecdysteroid at carbon position 25. Ecdysteroids are a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development, particularly metamorphosis, in insects and other arthropods. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:15350618]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a light-responsive receptor in the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:bf]


establishment of ommatidial planar polarity

The specification of polarized ommatidia. Ommatidia occur in two chiral forms. The trapezoidal arrangement of photoreceptors in the dorsal part of the eye is the mirror image of that in the ventral part. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:3076112, PMID:3937883]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemocyte. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. [CL:0000387, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:9550723]


Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of cell fate specification

up regulation of cell fate specification

positive regulation of cell fate specification

Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate. [GOC:go_curators]


auditory receptor cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:go_curators]


auditory receptor cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of auditory hair cell fate specification

regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an auditory hair cell. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. [GOC:go_curators]


The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UBERON:0002544]


1,3-dimethyluroporphyrinogen III dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin. [EC:1.3.1.76, RHEA:15613]


regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling

Any process that modulates I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl, PMID:12773372]


up-regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

upregulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

up regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]


down regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

down-regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

downregulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

negative regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade

negative regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of -kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. [GOC:jl]


Binding to the protein-tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB-3/HER3. [GOC:jl]


regulation of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. [GOC:jl]