physiological defense response to insect

A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism. [GOC:add]


physiological defense response to nematode

A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. [GOC:add, PMID:11516579, PMID:14506883]


Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15199967, PMID:16177805]


innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signalling pathway

activation of innate immune response by cell surface receptor signaling pathway

innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor that leads to the activation of an innate immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15199967]


PRR signaling pathway
pathogen receptor signaling pathway
pathogen receptor signalling pathway
PAMP receptor signaling pathway

pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells. [GOC:add, GOC:ar, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15199967]


stimulatory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signalling pathway

stimulatory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of cellular activation. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway

stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of C-type lectin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and resulting in cellular activation. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


stimulatory Ly49 family receptor signaling pathway


toll-like receptor signaling pathway
TLR signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor on the surface of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12467241, PMID:12524386, PMID:12855817, PMID:15585605, PMID:15728447]


upregulation of antimicrobial peptide production

up regulation of antimicrobial peptide production

up-regulation of antimicrobial peptide production

positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production. [GOC:add, PMID:11807545]


Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues. [GOC:add, PMID:10719665, PMID:15971105]


The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Reactions triggered in response to the presence of oomycetes that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:add, PMID:16497589]


up regulation of antiviral response by host

up-regulation of antiviral response by host

upregulation of antiviral response by host

positive regulation of antiviral response by host

positive regulation of defense response to virus by host

Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication. [GOC:add, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0781735149]


The series of events in which a stimulus from an oomycetes is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:add, PMID:15922649]


leukocyte chemotaxis during inflammatory response

leucocyte chemotaxis during inflammatory response

immune cell chemotaxis during inflammatory response


leucocyte chemotaxis during immune response

immune cell chemotaxis during immune response

leukocyte chemotaxis involved in immune response

The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus a part of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


detection of endoplasmic reticulum overloading

The series of events in which a stimulus generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:add, PMID:10390516]


The series of events in which an unfolded protein stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:add, PMID:15226511, PMID:7765470]


The series of events in which a misfolded protein stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:add, PMID:15226511]


response to bacterium associated molecule

response to bacteria associated molecule

response to bacterial associated molecule

response to molecule of bacterial origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin. [GOC:rl, GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide. [GOC:rl, GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from an oomycetes. [GOC:add, PMID:16497589]


response to oomycetes associated molecule

response to molecule of oomycetes origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of oomycetes origin. [GOC:rl, GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a parasitic plant. [GOC:add, PMID:16547862]


Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a parasitic plant that act to protect an organism. [GOC:add]


The series of events in which a stimulus from a parasitic plant is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:add, PMID:16547862]


hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. [GOC:add, GOC:rl, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16551251]


clearance of damaged tissue during inflammatory response


connective tissue replacement during inflammatory response


Any process contributing to lymphocyte anergy, a state of functional inactivation. [GOC:add]


organ or tissue specific immune response

An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal]


Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process that initiates an immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell that occur as a result of by-products of tissue damage, including collagen, cartilage, and basement membrane. The ultimate product of the kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0721601871, PMID:11842287, PMID:14501145]


A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell initiated by the action of tissue (glandular) kallikreins on low molecular weight kininogen in response to tissue damage. Tissue kallikreins are present in glandular tissues and their fluids, such as the salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas, and kidney. The ultimate products of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability. [GOC:add, PMID:11842287, PMID:14501145]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade. [GOC:jal]


down-regulation of kinin cascade
down regulation of kinin cascade
downregulation of kinin cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade. [GOC:jal]


up-regulation of kinin cascade
up regulation of kinin cascade
upregulation of kinin cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade. [GOC:jal]


endothelial cell activation within high endothelial venule during immune response


The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:15826826, PMID:16319493, PMID:16551252, PMID:16551262]


The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within the mucosal tissue of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:15609020]


The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [CL:0000763, GOC:add]


endothelial cell activation during immune response


astrocyte activation during immune response


A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. [GOC:add, PMID:15606789]


follicular dendritic cell activation during immune response


follicular dendritic cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a follicular dendritic cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


leukocyte activation during inflammatory response

immune cell activation during inflammatory response


A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. [GOC:add, PMID:15990333, PMID:16174109]


plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation during immune response


plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response


plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell. [GOC:add, PMID:15990333, PMID:16174108]


A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


myeloid cell activation during immune response


basophil activation during immune response


myeloid dendritic cell activation during immune response


eosinophil activation during immune response


mast cell activation during immune response


monocyte activation during immune response


macrophage activation during immune response


microglial cell activation during immune response


neutrophil activation during immune response


myeloid dendritic cell differentiation during immune response


lymphocyte activation during immune response


T lymphocyte activation during immune response

T-cell activation during immune response

T-lymphocyte activation during immune response

T cell activation during immune response


alpha-beta T-cell activation during immune response

alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response

alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation during immune response

alpha-beta T cell activation during immune response


natural killer T-cell activation during immune response

NK T-lymphocyte activation during immune response

NK T cell activation during immune response

NK T lymphocyte activation during immune response

natural killer T-lymphocyte activation during immune response

NK T-cell activation during immune response

natural killer T lymphocyte activation during immune response


NK T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

natural killer T-cell proliferation during immune response

NK T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

NK T cell proliferation during immune response

NK T-cell proliferation during immune response

natural killer T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

natural killer T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response


gamma-delta T-cell activation during immune response

gamma-delta T lymphocyte activation during immune response

gamma-delta T-lymphocyte activation during immune response

gamma-delta T cell activation during immune response


T lymphocyte activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

T-lymphocyte activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

T-cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

T-cell differentiation during immune response

T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

T cell differentiation during immune response


alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response

alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response

CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response


The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]


Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, ISBN:0521436125]


Separation of a motor axon away from a bundle of axons known as a fascicle. [GOC:dgh]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the antenna over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The antenna are the sensory structures on the head that are capable of detecting various environmental stimuli. [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/.bin/cvreport2?id=FBcv0004526]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal part of the body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


imaginal disc-derived genitalia development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:ai, GOC:sensu]


imaginal disc-derived male genitalia development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:ai, GOC:sensu]


imaginal disc-derived female genitalia development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:ai, GOC:sensu]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the analia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The analia is the posterior-most vertral appendage that develops from the genital disc. An example of this process is analia development in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hemocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in the meristem. [GOC:isa_complete]


The process in which boundaries between a sensory organ and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained. [GO_REF:0000021]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ocellus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ocellus is a simple visual organ of insects. [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/.bin/cvreport2?id=FBcv0004540]


A complex possessing an activity that couples ATP hydrolysis to the severing of microtubules; usually a heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit (often 60kDa) and a regulatory subunit (often 80 kDa). [PMID:10910766]


Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0878932437]


ubiquinone biosynthesis methyltransferase activity


ubiquinone biosynthetic process methyltransferase activity


calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase, intrinsic regulator activity


cAMP-dependent protein kinase, intrinsic regulator activity


holo-[peptidyl-carrier protein] synthase activity


Growth that occurs specifically at the tip of a cell. [GOC:jid]


organ boundary specification between lateral organs and the meristem

The process in which boundaries between lateral organs and the meristem is established and maintained. [PMID:12068116]


Any process that maintains a seed in a dormant state. [ISBN:9781405139830, PMID:9580097]


An aging process that has as participant a whole multicellular organism. Multicellular organism aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Multicellular organisms aging includes processes like cellular senescence and organ senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death (GO:0016265) of an organism and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). [GOC:PO_curators]


tricyclic triterpenoid formation
tricyclic triterpenoid anabolism
tricyclic triterpenoid biosynthesis
tricyclic triterpenoid synthesis

tricyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings. [GOC:ct]


myo-inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds. [PMID:16107538]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the SKP1-Cullin/Cdc53-F-box protein ubiquitin ligase (SCF) complex. [GOC:pz]


response to thiamin
response to thiamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B1 stimulus. [GOC:pz]


production of ta-siRNAs involved in RNA interference

RNA interference, production of ta-siRNAs

A process leading to the generation of a functional trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA). ta-siRNAs function like miRNAs to guide cleavage of target mRNAs. [GOC:tb, PMID:16129836, PMID:20687832]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of brassinosteroids within an organism or cell. [PMID:15908602]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion. [GOC:mg]


photosystem II oxygen evolving complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II on a thylakoid membrane. The OEC protects the calcium-4 manganese-5 oxide cluster which is bound to the D1 and CP43 proteins. The exact protein composition of the OEC varies between cyanobacteria and plants, and in plants consists of three extrinsic nuclear-encoded polypeptides: PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ. [GOC:aa, PMID:16282331]


regulation of chlorophyll catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chlorophyll. [PMID:16361392]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a silver ion stimulus. [PMID:16367966]


Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of copper ion. These include transport of copper away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of copper ion. [GOC:kmv, PMID:16367966]


Growth or movement in a sessile organism toward or away from water, as of the roots of a plant. [ISBN:0395825172]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex, which is involved in electron transport from an unidentified electron donor, possibly NAD(P)H or ferredoxin(Fd) to the plastoquinone pool. [GOC:sm]


Catalysis of the reaction: phytol + CTP = phytyl monophosphate + CDP + H+. [RHEA:38055]


The protein transport machinery of the chloroplast outer membrane that contains at least three components Toc159, Toc75 and Toc34, interacts with precursor proteins which are imported into the chloroplast in a GTP dependant manner. [PMID:11299338]


IAA amino acid conjugate synthetase activity

indole-3-acetic acid amido synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetic acid + an amino acid = an indole-3-acetic acid amide conjugate. [PMID:15659623]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucose + NADPH + H+ = UDP-L-rhamnose + NADP+ + H2O. [MetaCyc:RXN-5482, PMID:14701918]


A lytic vacuole that is maintained at acidic pH and has different tonoplast composition compared to the central vacuole. Found during leaf senescence and develops in the peripheral cytoplasm of cells that contain chloroplast. [PMID:15743448]


Catalysis of the reaction: pinoresinol + NADPH + H+ = lariciresinol + NADP+. [PMID:10066819, PMID:7592828]


Catalysis of the reaction: lariciresinol + NADPH + H+ = secoisolariciresinol + NADP+. [PMID:10066819, PMID:7592828]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + L-glutamate + H(2)O + H(+). [EC:2.6.1.83, RHEA:23988]


Any process that increases heat tolerance of an organism in response to high temperatures. [GOC:tair_curators]


A lipoprotein particle present in chloroplasts. They are rich in non-polar lipids (triglycerides, esters) as well as in prenylquinones, plastoquinone and tocopherols. Plastoglobules are often associated with thylakoid membranes, suggesting an exchange of lipids with thylakoids. [GOC:tair_curators, PMID:16461379]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus. [GOC:tair_curators, PMID:16461380]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pectidic homogalacturonan, characterized by a backbone of (1->4)-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3. [PMID:12913136, PMID:16540543]


Catalysis of the reaction: a carotene + a reduced electron acceptor + O2 = C3-hydroxylated carotene + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. This is a general reaction to represent the C3 hydroxylation of the beta ring of a carotene. [MetaCyc:MONOMER-12386, PMID:16492736]


Catalysis of the reaction: GTP(out) + GDP(in) = GTP(in) + GDP(out). [PMID:10514379, PMID:12553910, PMID:16553903]


Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = abscisate + H(2)O(2) + H(+). [EC:1.2.3.14, RHEA:20529]


abscisic acid glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + UDP-D-glucose = abscisic acid glucose ester + UDP. [DOI:10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.11.062]


ABA 8'-Hydroxylase activity, Abscisate 8'-hydroxylase activity

(+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (+)-8'-hydroxyabscisate + H(2)O + NADP(+). [EC:1.14.14.137, RHEA:12897]


Catalysis of the reaction: protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester + H2O = protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine + methanol + H+. [PMID:16870359, RHEA:48520]


Binding to a heteropolysaccharide, a glycan composed of more than one type of monosaccharide residue. [PMID:16640603]


dihydrocamalexic acid decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrocamalexic acid = camalexin + CO2 + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-8275, PMID:16766671]


Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cobalt ion. These include transport of cobalt away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of cobalt ion. [GOC:tair_curators]


xanthoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity
xanthoxin oxidase activity
ABA2

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + xanthoxin = (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(+) + NADH. [EC:1.1.1.288, RHEA:12548]


PSII associated light-harvesting complex II catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one or more components of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. [GOC:mah, PMID:16157880]


Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the leaf of vascular plants. [GOC:tair_curators]


rhamnogalacturonan II biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan II, a low molecular mass (5 - 10KDa) pectic polysaccharide, conserved in the primary walls of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plants and gymnosperms. [PMID:12754267]


acetylglutamate kinase regulator activity

Modulates the enzyme activity of acetylglutamate kinase. [PMID:16377628]


1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one:oxygen oxidoreductase (formate- and CO-forming)

acireductone dioxygenase (Ni2+-requiring) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 3-(methylthio)propanoate + CO + formate. [EC:1.13.11.53, RHEA:14161]


acireductone dioxygenase (Fe2+-requiring) activity

acireductone dioxygenase [iron(II)-requiring] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+). [EC:1.13.11.54, RHEA:24504]


regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolism

regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide. [PMID:14765119]


The process that gives rise to a lateral root. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. A lateral root primordium represents an organized group of cells derived from the root pericycle that will differentiate into a new root, as opposed to the initiation of the main root from the embryo proper. [GOC:tair_curators, PMID:17259263]


Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of zinc ion. These include transport of zinc away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of zinc ion. [GOC:tair_curators]


Binding to a phytochrome. [PMID:15486102]


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5' position. [GOC:bf, GOC:tair_curators]


pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase complex location

Heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate into D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. [PMID:2170409]


pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase complex, alpha-subunit complex location

Refers to the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric complex that possesses pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase activity. [PMID:2170409]


pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase complex, beta-subunit complex location

Refers to the beta subunit of the heterodimeric complex that possesses pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase activity. [PMID:2170409]


Thin filamentous structure extending from the surface of all plastid types examined so far, including chloroplast, proplastid, etioplast, leucoplast, amyloplast, and chromoplast. In general, stromules are more abundant in tissues containing non-green plastids, and in cells containing smaller plastids. The primary function of stromules is still unresolved, although the presence of stromules markedly increases the plastid surface area, potentially increasing transport to and from the cytosol. Other functions of stromules, such as transfer of macromolecules between plastids and starch granule formation in cereal endosperm, may be restricted to particular tissues and cell types. [PMID:15272881, PMID:15699062, PMID:16582010]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vegetative phase change. Vegetative phase change is the set of post-embryonic processes involved in the transition of a plant from a juvenile phase of vegetative development to an adult phase of vegetative development. [GOC:tair_curators]


regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway

regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent). [PMID:16531478]


down regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway

negative regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway

down-regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway

downregulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway

negative regulation of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent). [PMID:16531478]


raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis

raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs, such as raffinose, stachyose, verbascose and other molecules with a higher degree of galactosyl polymerization). [GOC:tair_curators]


Catalysis of the reaction: methionine + a 2-oxo acid = 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate + an amino acid. [MetaCyc:RXN-2201, PMID:17056707]


acetyl CoA:(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol = CoA + (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate. [PMID:17163883]


CESA complex location
cellulose synthase complex location
CESA complex

A large, multimeric protein complex, organized in a rosette, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of cellulose for the plant cell wall. [PMID:12514238, PMID:18485800, PMID:21307367]


Binding to a gibberellin, a plant hormone that regulates aspects of plant growth. [GOC:tair_curators]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sclerenchyma cell. A sclerenchyma cell is a plant cell with thick lignified walls, normally dead at maturity and specialized for structural strength. Includes fiber cells, that are greatly elongated; and sclereids, that are more isodiametric. Intermediate types exist. Cells may or may not be devoid of protoplasm at maturity. Cell form and size are variable. [CL:0000276, GOC:ef, GOC:jid, PO:0000077]


The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. [GOC:dgh, GOC:ef]


The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system. [GOC:dgh, GOC:ef]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system. [GOC:ef]


The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dgh, GOC:ef]


regulation of microglial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. [GOC:ef]


negative regulation of microglial cell differentiation

downregulation of microglia differentiation

down regulation of microglia differentiation

down-regulation of microglia differentiation

negative regulation of microglia differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. [GOC:ef]


up regulation of microglia differentiation

positive regulation of microglial cell differentiation

up-regulation of microglia differentiation

upregulation of microglia differentiation

positive regulation of microglia differentiation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. [GOC:ef]


The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585]


Schwann cell proliferation involved in axon regeneration

The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population in response to an axonal lesion. The newly generated Schwann cells support subsequent axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585]


axon regeneration in peripheral nervous system

peripheral nervous system axon regeneration

The regrowth of axons outside the central nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord) following an axonal injury. [GOC:ef]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. [GOC:ef]


downregulation of gliogenesis
down-regulation of gliogenesis
down regulation of gliogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. [GOC:ef]


up regulation of gliogenesis
upregulation of gliogenesis
up-regulation of gliogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. [GOC:ef]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585]


The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will differentiate into a neuroblast. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585]


The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585]


primary neural tube morphogenesis
primary neural tube formation

The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585, PMID:15327780]


medullary cord formation
medullary cord biosynthesis
secondary neurulation
neural rod formation

The formation of the neural tube by coalescence of mesenchymal cells followed by their conversion to epithelial cells to form a solid cord that subsequently hollows out (cavitates) to create a hollow tube. Secondary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the neural tube posterior to the posterior neuropore in mammals. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585, PMID:15327780]


The process in which the neural plate is shaped by the intrinsic movement of the epidermal and neural plate regions. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0878932585]


The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a mesenchymal cell. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:dh, GOC:ef]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. [GOC:ef]


regulation of Schwann cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. [GOC:ef]


down regulation of Schwann cell differentiation

down-regulation of Schwann cell differentiation

downregulation of Schwann cell differentiation

negative regulation of Schwann cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. [GOC:ef]


up regulation of Schwann cell differentiation

upregulation of Schwann cell differentiation

up-regulation of Schwann cell differentiation

positive regulation of Schwann cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. [GOC:ef]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change. [GOC:ef]


up regulation of neuron maturation
up-regulation of neuron maturation
upregulation of neuron maturation

positive regulation of neuron maturation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. [GOC:ef]


down regulation of neuron maturation
down-regulation of neuron maturation
downregulation of neuron maturation

negative regulation of neuron maturation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. [GOC:ef]


The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. [GOC:dgh, GOC:ef]


The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone. [GOC:ef]


The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. [GOC:ef]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. [GOC:ef]


upregulation of glutamate secretion
up regulation of glutamate secretion
up-regulation of glutamate secretion

positive regulation of glutamate secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. [GOC:ef]


downregulation of glutamate secretion
down regulation of glutamate secretion
down-regulation of glutamate secretion

negative regulation of glutamate secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate. [GOC:ef]


The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues. [GOC:ef]


regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid. [GOC:ef]


downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

down regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid. [GOC:ef]


up regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

up-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid. [GOC:ef]


The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). [GOC:ef]


regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. [GOC:ef]


up regulation of acetylcholine secretion

up-regulation of acetylcholine secretion

positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. [GOC:ef]


down regulation of acetylcholine secretion

down-regulation of acetylcholine secretion

downregulation of acetylcholine secretion

negative regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. [GOC:ef]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine. [GOC:ef]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine. [GOC:ef]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. [GOC:ef]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. [GOC:ef]


down regulation of serotonin secretion
down-regulation of serotonin secretion
downregulation of serotonin secretion

negative regulation of serotonin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. [GOC:ef]


up regulation of serotonin secretion
up-regulation of serotonin secretion
upregulation of serotonin secretion

positive regulation of serotonin secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. [GOC:ef]


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signal transduction

A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions. [GOC:ef, http://www.biocarta.com, PMID:22525052, Wikipedia:PI3K]


regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade

regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade

regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade. [GOC:ef]


down regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade

downregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade

negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade

negative regulation of PI 3-kinase cascade

down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade

negative regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade

negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade. [GOC:ef]


upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade

positive regulation of PI 3-kinase cascade

positive regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade

up-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade

up regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade

positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade

positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade. [GOC:ef]


neuronal postsynaptic density
post-synaptic density
postsynaptic density

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:ef, GOC:jid, GOC:pr, GOC:sjp, http://molneuro.kaist.ac.kr/psd, PMID:14532281, Wikipedia:Postsynaptic_density]


The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Th1 cell lineage commitment
Th1 fate commitment
T-helper 1 cell fate commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


T-helper 2 cell fate commitment
Th2 fate commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 2 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths, enhanced production of particular antibody isotypes, and pathological conditions such as allergy. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response

CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response


alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation

alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation

alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation

alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation

CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation

CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation

CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation

CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation

CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation

CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell differentiation during immune response

CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation during immune response


gamma-delta T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

gamma-delta T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

gamma-delta T-cell differentiation during immune response

gamma-delta T cell differentiation during immune response


gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation

gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation

gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation

gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation

CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation

CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation

CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell differentiation

CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte differentiation

CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte differentiation

CD4-positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation

CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation

CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation

CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte differentiation

CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation

CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell differentiation

CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

T-cell proliferation during immune response

T cell proliferation during immune response


alpha-beta T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

alpha-beta T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

alpha-beta T-cell proliferation during immune response

alpha-beta T cell proliferation during immune response


gamma-delta T-cell proliferation during immune response

gamma-delta T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

gamma-delta T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

gamma-delta T cell proliferation during immune response


B-lymphocyte activation during immune response

B lymphocyte activation during immune response

B-cell activation during immune response

B cell activation during immune response


mature B-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

mature B-cell differentiation during immune response

mature B lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

mature B cell differentiation during immune response


germinal center B-lymphocyte differentiation

germinal center B lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA). [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


marginal zone B-lymphocyte differentiation

marginal zone B lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL). [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


follicular B-cell differentiation
follicular B lymphocyte differentiation
follicular B-lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody. [GOC:jal]


The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages. [GOC:add, PMID:16551264]


memory B lymphocyte differentiation
memory B-cell differentiation
memory B-lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a memory B cell. Memory B cells are cells that can respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure by production of high-affinity antibody. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages. [GOC:add, PMID:16551251, PMID:16551264]


natural killer cell progenitor differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell progenitor. [GOC:add, PMID:16551251, PMID:16551264]


B-cell proliferation during immune response

B-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

B lymphocyte proliferation during immune response

B cell proliferation during immune response


NK cell activation during immune response

natural killer cell activation during immune response


NK cell proliferation during immune response

natural killer cell proliferation during immune response


NK cell differentiation during immune response

natural killer cell differentiation during immune response


B-lymphocyte lineage commitment
B lymphocyte lineage commitment
B-cell lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


immature B-lymphocyte differentiation
immature B-cell differentiation
immature B lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16551251]


The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


The process leading up to expression of the pre-B cell receptor on the surface of pre-B cells, starting with the recombination of an immunuglobulin heavy chain locus, including expression of the surrogate light chain, the association of the surrogate light chain with the heavy chain, and expression of the complete pre-B cell receptor on the cell surface. pre-B cell receptor expression is a key checkpoint in the transition of pro-B cell to pre-B cell. [GOC:add, GOC:jal, PMID:15263090, PMID:22949502, PMID:9834086]


Expression of a single heavy chain allele during pre-B cell differentiation. [GOC:add, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


transitional stage B-cell differentiation

transitional stage B-lymphocyte differentiation

transitional stage B lymphocyte differentiation

transitional stage B cell differentiation

The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow become mature B cells in the spleen. Transitional stage B cells are subdivided into transitional one (T1) and transitional two (T2) stages and are short-lived and functionally incompetent. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


transitional one stage B-lymphocyte differentiation

transitional one stage B-cell differentiation

transitional one stage B lymphocyte differentiation

transitional one stage B cell differentiation

The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T1 stage B cells in the spleen. T1 stage B cells do not express either CD23 or CD21. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


transitional two stage B-cell differentiation

transitional two stage B-lymphocyte differentiation

transitional two stage B lymphocyte differentiation

transitional two stage B cell differentiation

The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T2 stage B cells in the spleen. T2 stage B cells express CD23 but not CD21. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


mature B lymphocyte differentiation
mature B-cell differentiation
mature B-lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


B-1 B-lymphocyte lineage commitment
B-1 B-cell lineage commitment
B-1 B lymphocyte lineage commitment

The process in which an immature B cell becomes committed to become a B-1 B cell. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


B-1a B lymphocyte differentiation
B-1a B-cell differentiation
B-1a B-lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1a B cells. B-1a B cells are B-1 cells that express CD5 and arise from fetal liver precursors. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


B-1b B-cell differentiation
B-1b B lymphocyte differentiation
B-1b B-lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1b B cells. B-1b B cells are B-1 cells that do not express CD5. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


B-lymphocyte selection
B lymphocyte selection
B-cell selection

The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival. [GOC:jal]


central B-cell selection
central B-lymphocyte selection
central B lymphocyte selection

Any B cell selection process that occurs in the bone marrow. [GOC:jal]


central B lymphocyte anergy
central B-cell anergy
central B-lymphocyte anergy

Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in B cells in the bone marrow. [GOC:jal]


central B lymphocyte deletion
central B-cell deletion
central B-lymphocyte deletion

The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of central tolerance induction and B cell selection. [GOC:add, GOC:jal, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


peripheral B-cell selection
peripheral B lymphocyte selection
peripheral B-lymphocyte selection

Any B cell selection process that occurs in the periphery. [GOC:jal]


B-lymphocyte affinity maturation
B lymphocyte affinity maturation
B-cell affinity maturation

The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


peripheral B lymphocyte receptor editing

peripheral B-lymphocyte receptor editing

The process that takes place mainly in germinal center B cells in which a large number of mutations are generated in the heavy chain and light chain V-region genes and their immediately surrounding introns in order to increase antibody diversity and contribute to affinity maturation. [GOC:jal]


B-lymphocyte positive selection
B lymphocyte positive selection
B-cell positive selection

Any process in which B cells are selected to survive based on signaling through the B cell antigen receptor. [GOC:jal]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


central B-cell positive selection
central B-lymphocyte positive selection
central B lymphocyte positive selection

Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the bone marrow. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors. [GOC:jal]


peripheral B lymphocyte positive selection

peripheral B-lymphocyte positive selection

Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the periphery. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors. [GOC:jal]


B-cell negative selection
B-lymphocyte negative selection
B lymphocyte negative selection

Any process leading to negative selection in B cells. Mechanisms of negative selection include anergy and deletion. [GOC:jal]


A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell occurring in response to tissue damage and initiated within blood plasma by the action of activated Factor XII (Hageman Factor) on prekallikrein to convert it to plasma kallikrein, and the subsequent reaction of plasma kallikrein with high molecular weight kininogen. The ultimate product of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade is bradykinin, an agent known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability. [GOC:add, ISBN:0721601871, PMID:11842287, PMID:14501145]


central B-lymphocyte negative selection
central B lymphocyte negative selection
central B-cell negative selection

Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the bone marrow. [GOC:jal]


The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


peripheral B lymphocyte negative selection

peripheral B-lymphocyte negative selection

Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the periphery. [GOC:jal]


Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell that act to protect the cell or organism. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


B-cell homeostatic proliferation
B-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
B lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation

The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus. [GOC:jal]


B-1 B lymphocyte proliferation
B-1 B-cell proliferation
B-1 B-lymphocyte proliferation

The expansion of a B-1 B cell by cell division. Follows B cell activation. [GOC:jal]


T-cell lineage commitment
T-lymphocyte lineage commitment
T lymphocyte lineage commitment

The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation

CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation

CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation

CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell. [GOC:add, PMID:15207821]


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte lineage commitment

CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell lineage commitment

CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte lineage commitment

CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell lineage commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell. [GOC:add, PMID:15207821]


alpha-beta T-lymphocyte lineage commitment

alpha-beta T lymphocyte lineage commitment

The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an alpha-beta T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


natural killer T-cell lineage commitment

natural killer T lymphocyte lineage commitment

natural killer T-lymphocyte lineage commitment

The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an NK T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


gamma-delta T-lymphocyte lineage commitment

gamma-delta T lymphocyte lineage commitment

The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming a gamma-delta T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


leukocyte activation during immune response

leucocyte activation during immune response

immune cell activation during immune response


cytokine production during immune response


B lymphocyte cytokine production
B-cell cytokine production
B-lymphocyte cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a B cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


T lymphocyte cytokine production
T-lymphocyte cytokine production
T-cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a natural killer cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid dendritic cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a plasmacytoid dendritic cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add]


immunoglobulin production during immune response

antibody production during immune response


regulation of glandular kallikrein-kinin cascade

regulation of tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade. [GOC:add]


immune response in brain or nervous system

An immune response taking place in the brain or nervous system. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


An immune response taking place in the liver. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Immune response taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


Immune response taking place in the Peyer's patch, nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


Tolerance induction taking place in the Peyer's patches. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


tolerance induction in gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Tolerance induction taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


immune response in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue

An immune response taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT includes the tonsils and adenoids. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591, PMID:15928678]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules. [GOC:add, PMID:15928678, PMID:15928680]


ATPase-coupled monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity

ATP-dependent monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity

ABC-type monosaccharide transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + monosaccharide(out) = ADP + phosphate + monosaccharide(in). Ribose, xylose, arabinose, galactose and methylgalactoside are imported. [EC:7.5.2.-]


hexuronate (glucuronate/galacturonate) porter activity


The directed movement of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of methionine, 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of threonine, (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


metabolic process resulting in cell growth

OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that result in an increase in the mass (size) of a cell. [GOC:dph]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure. [Wikipedia:Monoterpene]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure. [Wikipedia:Monoterpene]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure. [PMID:25076942]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sesquiterpenes, any of a class of terpenes of the formula C15H24 or a derivative of such a terpene. [GOC:ai]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:22683681]


somatic diversification of immunoglobulins

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins. [GOC:add, GOC:ma, ISBN:0781735149]


somatic recombination of antibody gene segments

somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments

The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes. [GOC:mah, Wikipedia:Myosin]


A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures. [Wikipedia:Myosin]


A portmanteau term for myosins other than myosin II. [GOC:ma]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen


ligand-dependent nuclear receptor interactor activity


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + K+(out) = amino acid(in) + K+(in). [GOC:ai]


methionine and threonine metabolic process

OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:jl]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


tolerance induction in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue

Tolerance induction taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


B cell tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) mediated by B cells. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


T cell tolerance induction in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) mediated by T cells. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16551263]


antigen sampling in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

The process of apical-to-basolateral delivery of soluble and particulate antigens to underlying mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. [GOC:jal, PMID:11896763, PMID:12843411, PMID:15681746]


antigen transport in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue


antigen sampling by dendritic cells in MALT

antigen sampling by dendritic cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

The process of antigen sampling carried out by dendritic cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. [GOC:jal, PMID:11896763, PMID:15681746]


antigen sampling by M cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

The process of antigen samples carried out by M cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. [GOC:jal, PMID:11896763]


The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus. [CL:0000451, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15814331, PMID:16056255]


The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15814331, PMID:16056255]


The movement of a Langerhans cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:16056255, PMID:16387601]


The movement of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:15159375, PMID:15814331]


T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell

A process of tolerance induction dependent on T cells which leads to immunological tolerance of a tumor. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


antigen transport by M cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

antigen transcytosis by M cells in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

The process of antigen transcytosis carried out by M cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Transcytosis is the process of the directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side. M cells are specialized epithelia cells with a microfold structure that are adept at moving antigens from the gut lumen to antigen presenting cells in the MALT. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12843411]


A process of tolerance induction which leads to immunological tolerance of a tumor. [GOC:add]


immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells

The process of transporting immunoglobulin, via transcytosis, from one side of an epithelial cell to the other. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, ISBN:081533642X, PMID:16048543]


immunoglobulin transcytosis mediated by pIgR

immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor

The process of transporting polymeric IgA and polymeric IgM immunoglobulin, via transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), from the basolateral surface to apical surface of an epithelial cell. At the apical surface the immunoglobulin binding portion of the pIgRis cleaved and remains bound to the transported immunoglobulin as secretory component (SC). The same process is used for the transport and excretion of IgA immune complexes to the luminal surface of the mucosa. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, ISBN:081533642X, PMID:16048543]


IgG antibody transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by FcRn immunoglobulin receptor

IgG immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by neonatal immunoglobulin receptor

IgG immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by FcRn immunoglobulin receptor

The process of transporting IgG immunoglobulin, via transcytosis using the FcRn (also known as the neonatal Fc receptor; gene name FCGRT), from apical surface of an epithelial cell to the basolateral surface or vice versa depending on the location. This process is used for uptake of IgG from the milk in the gut in rodents, for transplacental transport of IgG from mother to embryo in humans, and for maintenance of a steady-state distribution of IgG across epithelial boundaries in general in adult mammals. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, ISBN:081533642X]


B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by B cell receptor uptake of antigen

B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by B cell receptor uptake of antigen

B-cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by B cell receptor uptake of antigen

B cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by B cell receptor uptake of antigen

B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to the B cell receptor. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


T-lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

T-cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

T lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

The directed killing of a tumor cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


NK cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

The directed killing of a tumor cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis

B-cell antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis

B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis

B cell antigen processing and presentation following pinocytosis

B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via pinocytosis. [GOC:add, PMID:7543530]


natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

An immune response mediated by a natural killer cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

An immune response mediated by a T cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


Tolerance induction taking place in the urogenital tract. [GOC:jal]


immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue

The synthesis and release of immunoglobulin in the mucosal tissue. [GOC:jal]


Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal tissues. [GOC:jal]


peptide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib

antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family. [GOC:add, PMID:15928678]


immune response-activating cell surface receptor signalling pathway

activation of immune response by cell surface receptor signaling pathway

immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a cell capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


complement receptor mediated signalling pathway

complement receptor mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signalling pathway

Fc-receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway

Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


The formation of nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, well-structured, and containing compactly grouped T lymphocytes and modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. The center of a granuloma consists of fused macrophages, which can become necrotic. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X, ISBN:0721601464, ISBN:081533642X]


A process directed at removing immune complexes from the body. Immune complexes are clusters of antibodies bound to antigen, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]


immune complex clearance by red blood cells

The process of immune complex clearance by erythrocytes. The process often starts with binding of complement receptor 1 (CR1) on the surface of erythrocytes to a complement coated immune complex. The complex bound to erythrocyte CR1 is then transported to the liver or spleen where it is presented to phagocytes. The process ends when the complex is removed from CR1, allowing the erythrocyte to return to general circulation. [GOC:add, PMID:11414352, PMID:24022490]


immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages

The process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


production of molecular mediator of immune response

The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


production of cellular mediator of immune response


leukocyte immune effector process
immune cell mediated immunity
leucocyte mediated immunity
immune cell effector process
leucocyte immune effector process

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


myeloid leukocyte immune effector process

myeloid leucocyte immune effector process

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a mast cell. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


B-cell antigen processing and presentation

B-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation

B lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation

B cell antigen processing and presentation

The process in which a B cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


peripheral B lymphocyte tolerance induction

peripheral B-lymphocyte tolerance induction

Tolerance induction of mature B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


B-lymphocyte receptor editing
B-cell receptor editing
B lymphocyte receptor editing

The process of replacing receptors on B cells, in which RAG gene expression allows continued light-chain gene rearrangement and expression of a new light change which combines with the previous heavy chain to form a new receptor. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


peripheral B lymphocyte anergy
peripheral B-cell anergy
peripheral B-lymphocyte anergy

Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in peripheral B cells. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


peripheral B lymphocyte deletion
peripheral B-cell deletion
peripheral B-lymphocyte deletion

The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of peripheral tolerance induction and B cell selection. [GOC:add, GOC:jal, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0781735149]


circulating immunoglobulin mediated immune response

circulating antibody mediated immune response

humoral immune response mediated by circulating antibody

humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


T-lymphocyte mediated immunity
T-cell mediated immunity
T lymphocyte mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


T-cell antigen processing and presentation

T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation

T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation

T cell antigen processing and presentation

The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, PMID:11417857, PMID:15120183]


peripheral T-lymphocyte tolerance induction

peripheral T lymphocyte tolerance induction

Tolerance induction of T cells in the periphery, in this case, any location in the body other than the thymus. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0781735149, ISBN:1405196831]


immune response-dependent tolerance induction

tolerance induction dependent upon immune response

Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


Tolerance induction in response to nonself antigens. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


central tolerance induction to nonself antigen

Tolerance induction to nonself antigens in the central lymphoid organs. [GOC:jal, PMID:12547504]


peripheral tolerance induction to nonself antigen

Tolerance induction to nonself antigens in the periphery. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


Tolerance induction in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


peripheral tolerance induction to self antigen

Tolerance induction to self antigens in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


The process in which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:jal, ISBN:081533642X]


dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

The process in which a myeloid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

The process in which a plasmacytoid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771591]


monocyte antigen processing and presentation

The process in which a monocyte expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. [GOC:add, PMID:11200054]