Polycomb Group protein complex location
Polycomb Group protein complex
PcG protein complex location

A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure. [PMID:9372908]


rapamycin and nutrient-insensitive TOR complex location

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of PKB (also called AKT). In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh, PMID:14736892, PMID:15780592, PMID:16469695, PMID:21548787]


ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity

small conjugating protein transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y --> Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein. [GOC:mah, GOC:rn, PMID:10806345, PMID:10884686]


The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. [GOC:dos]


Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y --> Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages. [GOC:BioGRID, GOC:jh2, PMID:9635407]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-21 stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


transcription factor AP-1 complex location

transcription factor AP1 complex location

A heterodimeric transcription factor complex composed of proteins from the c-Fos, c-Jun, activating transcription factor (ATF) or JDP families. The subunits contain a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain that is essential for dimerization and DNA binding. Jun-Fos heterodimers bind preferentially to a heptamer consensus sequence (TPA responsive element (TRE)), whereas Jun-ATF dimers bind the cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE) to regulate transcription of target genes. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:20060892, PMID:9069263, Wikipedia:AP-1_transcription_factor]


Isoenergetic transfer of UFM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-UFM1 + Y -> Y-UFM1 + X, where both the X-UFM1 and Y-UFM1 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue. [GOC:dph]


Isoenergetic transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y -> Y-SUMO + X, where both the X-SUMO and Y-SUMO linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue. [GOC:dph]


Isoenergetic transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y -> Y-NEDD8 + X, where both the X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue. [GOC:dph]


Isoenergetic transfer of URM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-URM1 + Y -> Y-URM1 + X, where both the X-URM1 and Y-URM1 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of URM1 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue. [GOC:dph]


Isoenergetic transfer of ISG15 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ISG15 + Y -> Y-ISG15 + X, where both the X-ISG15 and Y-ISG15 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of ISG15 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue. [GOC:dph]


A protein complex which is capable of peptidase inhibitor activity. [GO_REF:0000088, GOC:bhm, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:20860624]


positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity. [GO_REF:0000059, GOC:als, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22995177]


synaptic vesicle, readily releasable pool

A synaptic vesicle belonging to the pool of vesicles that are the first to be released as a result of chemical or electrical stimulation e.g. by an action potential, have the highest presynaptic membrane fusion probability and correspond to about 1% of the total number of synaptic vesicles at a resting terminal bouton. [GOC:pad, PMID:22745285]

readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-linked alpha-D-glucose residue with release of alpha-D-glucose. [GOC:tb]


acinar cell of sebaceous gland differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an acinar cell of sebaceous gland. [GO_REF:0000086, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:17018284, PMID:18334552, PMID:19944183]


Catalysis of the transfer of a ISG15 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ISG15 + S --> X + S-ISG15, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ISG15 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ISG15 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of ISG15 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate. [GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the transfer of FAT10 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-FAT10 + S --> X + S-FAT10, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-FAT10 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-FAT10 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of FAT10 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate. [GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the transfer of URM1 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-URM1 + S --> X + S-URM1, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-URM1 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-URM1 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of URM1 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate. [GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the transfer of Pup to a substrate protein via the reaction X-Pup + S --> X + S-Pup, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-Pup linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-Pup linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of Pup and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate. [GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-UFM1 + S --> X + S-UFM1, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-UFM1 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-UFM1 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate. [GOC:dph]


cellular response to interleukin-7
response to IL-7
cellular response to IL-7

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-7 stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-8 stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-8 stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


A voltage-gated calcium-release channel complex of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of muscle cells. RyR comprises a family of ryanodine receptors, widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. [GOC:ame, PMID:22822064]


signalling cascade involved in septin checkpoint

signaling pathway involved in septin checkpoint

signalling pathway involved in septin checkpoint

signal transduction involved in septin checkpoint

mitotic morphogenesis checkpoint signaling

signaling cascade involved in septin checkpoint

signaling pathway involved in morphogenesis checkpoint

signalling pathway involved in morphogenesis checkpoint

signal transduction involved in morphogenesis checkpoint

signaling cascade involved in morphogenesis checkpoint

A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint which delays mitotic onset in response to perturbations that affect cell shape via the actin cytoskeleton, septin organization, small cell size, and/or the extent of membrane growth. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]

signalling cascade involved in morphogenesis checkpoint


A small pigmented organelle used in single-celled organisms to detect light. [Wikipedia:Eyespot_apparatus]


androst-4-ene-3,17-dione synthesis
androst-4-ene-3,17-dione anabolism
androst-4-ene-3,17-dione biosynthesis
androst-4-ene-3,17-dione formation
androstenedione biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. [GO_REF:0000068, GOC:mr, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:2028480, PMID:4149619]


The anterior most point of a dinoflagellate epicone. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO to a substrate protein via the reaction X-SUMO + S --> X + S-SUMO, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-SUMO linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-SUMO linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate. [GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-NEDD8 + S --> X + S-NEDD8, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-NEDD8 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-NEDD8 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate. [GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + 7-cyano-7-carbaguanine15 in tRNA + H2O = L-glutamate + archaeine15 in tRNA. [PMID:20129918, RHEA:54084]


chaperone-assisted selective autophagy
CASA
CMA

The autophagy process which begins when chaperones and co-chaperones recognize a target motif and unfold the substrate protein. The proteins are then transported to the lysosome where they are degraded. [GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:22743996, PMID:23434281]


A specialized secretory organelle found in neurons and associated with the formation of dendrodendritic gap junctions. [PMID:7869120]


Binding to enterobactin. [GO_REF:0000067, GOC:mr, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21951132]


A protein complex located in the inner membrane of mitochondria that is involved in the assembly of the peripheral (or stator) stalk of the mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase (also known as the F1F0 ATP synthase). In budding yeast, this complex includes Ina22p and Ina17p. [GOC:rn, PMID:24942160]


phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten homodimer

A phospholipid phosphatase complex that catalyses the hydrolysis of the second messenger PtdIns (3,4,5)P3. Will also dephosphorylate PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns3P, and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4. Dimerization is critical for its lipid phosphatase function. [GOC:bhm, PMID:24766807]

phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN homodimer


A cell surface furrow that wraps around a dinoflagellate cell; the transverse flagellum lies in it. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


The process in which nucleated precursor cells lose their nucleus during erythrocyte maturation. [GOC:hjd]


mitotic cell cycle G1 arrest in response to pheromone

The cell cycle regulatory process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during G1 as a result of a pheromone stimulus. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:clt, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:rn]


cytoplasmic translation initiation complex assembly

formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex

Joining of the large subunit, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site. [GOC:hjd]


The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base). [GOC:imk, GOC:mah, PMID:19287007, PMID:21183954, PMID:23258706]


high-affinity iron ion transmembrane transport


protein catabolic process in the vacuole

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


translation factor activity, nucleic acid binding


protein phosphatase 2 regulator activity


protein phosphatase 2, intrinsic regulator activity


regulation of cell separation following cytokinesis


low affinity sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity

low-affinity sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations. [TC:2.A.47.1.1]


high affinity sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity

high-affinity sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in). In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. [TC:2.A.47.1.4]


L-malic acid:proton symporter activity
L-malic acid permease


neutral, basic amino acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral/basic amino acid(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = neutral/basic amino acid(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in). [TC:2.A.22.2.3]


NF-Y transcription factor complex location

nuclear transcription factor Y complex location


Catalysis of the transfer of ATG12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ATG12 + Y --> Y-ATG12 + X, where both X-ATG12 and Y-ATG12 are covalent linkages. [GOC:mah, PMID:12826404]


Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier APG12, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. [GOC:mah]


A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves APG8 from a target protein to which it is conjugated. [GOC:mah, PMID:28901328]


Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y --> Y-NEDD8 + X, where both X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 are covalent linkages. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y --> Y-SUMO + X, where both X-SUMO and Y-SUMO are covalent linkages. [GOC:rn, PMID:11031248, PMID:11265250]


fibrous organelle
trans-epithelial attachment


regulation of protein phosphatase 3 activity


regulation of protein phosphatase type 2 activity


downregulation of protein phosphatase 2 activity

down regulation of protein phosphatase 2 activity


upregulation of protein phosphatase 2 activity

up-regulation of protein phosphatase 2 activity

up regulation of protein phosphatase 2 activity


Ric1-Rgp1 guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor complex location

A protein complex that acts as a nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPase Ypt6p, and is required for fusion of endosome-derived vesicles with the Golgi. [GOC:jh, GOC:mah, PMID:10990452]


autophagy-specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) complex location

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex location, class III, type I

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III, type I

A class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that is involved in autophagy. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Vps30p, Vps34p, Apg14p and Vps15p. [GOC:ha, GOC:rb, PMID:11157979, PMID:16421251]


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex location, class III, type II

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III, type II

A class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that is involved in vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) via endosomes. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Vps30p, Vps34p, Vps38 and Vps15p. [GOC:ha, GOC:rb, PMID:11157979, PMID:16421251]


calcium ion transmembrane import into mitochondrion

A process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix. [GOC:vw]


Binding to a BLOC-2 complex, a protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:22511774]


TRAIL-activated extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

TRAIL-induced apoptotic signaling pathway

tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand apoptotic signaling pathway

TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway

An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the binding of the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) to a death receptor on the cell surface. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:21785459]


tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor

Combining with the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic cell death. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:15121898]


The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:15217342, PMID:22026965, PMID:23245563]


kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling


recycling endosome localization within postsynapse

Synaptic vesicle recycling where vesicles endocytosed via clathrin-coated pits re-acidify and refill with neurotransmitters after passing through an endosomal intermediate. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:bf, GOC:dos, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:15217342]


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H+ = CO2 + serotonin. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, RHEA:18533]


Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H+ = CO2 + tryptamine. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, RHEA:30339]


tyrosine hydroxylase activator activity
TH activator activity

tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activator activity

Interacts with and increases tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase) activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:19703902]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glyoxal stimulus. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


suppression by virus of host protein:protein interaction

suppression by virus of host protein binding

suppression by virus of host protein:protein binding

suppression by virus of host protein interaction

suppression by virus of host protein-protein interaction

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interaction between host proteins. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:17297443]


cell death in response to oxidative stress

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell upon exposure to an oxidative stress stimulus. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


cell death in response to H2O2
hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell death

cell death in response to hydrogen peroxide

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


neuronal cell death in response to oxidative stress

neuron death in response to oxidative stress

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a neuron upon exposure to an oxidative stress stimulus. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


neuronal cell death in response to hydrogen peroxide

neuron death in response to hydrogen peroxide

Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a neuron upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon. [GOC:pad, GOC:PARL]


Interacts with and increases L-dopa decarboxylase activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of peroxidase. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a neuron. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:23858059]


oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis

oxidative stress-induced neuron apoptosis

neuron apoptosis in response to oxidative stress


H2O2-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

hydrogen peroxide-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to H2O2

intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


H2O2-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to H2O2

neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a neuron in response to hydrogen peroxide. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron apoptosis


neuron apoptosis in response to hydrogen peroxide

hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal apoptosis


endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

ER stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a neuron. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:21113145]


endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuron apoptosis


The characteristic movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube to other locations in the vertebrate embryo. [GOC:bf, GOC:mat, GOC:PARL, PMID:2387238]


dorsolateral trunk neural crest cell migration

The movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube, travelling dorso-laterally into the ectoderm and continuing toward the ventral midline of the belly. These migrating trunk neural crest cells become melanocytes, the melanin-forming pigment cells. [GOC:bf, GOC:mat, GOC:PARL, PMID:2387238]


trunk NCC migration through anterior sclerotome

ventral trunk neural crest cell migration

The movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube, travelling ventrally through the anterior half of each sclerotome. Trunk neural crest cells that remain in the sclerotome form the dorsal root ganglia containing the sensory neurons. Trunk neural crest cells that continue more ventrally form the sympathetic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, and the nerve clusters surrounding the aorta. [GOC:bf, GOC:mat, GOC:PARL, PMID:16319111, PMID:19386662]


CHOP-C/EBP heterodimer
GADD153-C/EBP complex
CHOP-C/EBP complex location
CHOP-C/EBP dimer
GADD153-C/EBP complex location

A heterodimeric protein complex that is composed of the transcription factor CHOP (GADD153) and a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:1547942]


neuromelanin biosynthesis
neuromelanin anabolism
neuromelanin formation
neuromelanin synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neuromelanin. Neuromelanin is a polymer of 5,6-dihydroxyindole monomers. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, Wiki:Neuromelanin]


regulation of translation in response to ER stress

regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:14676213, PMID:16835242]


regulation of translation initiation in response to ER stress

regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:14676213, PMID:16835242]


eiF2alpha phosphorylation in response to ER stress

regulation of translation initiation by eiF2alpha phosphorylation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

The addition of a phosphate group on to the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:14676213, PMID:16835242]


positive regulation of translation in response to ER stress

positive regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


positive regulation of translation initiation in response to ER stress

positive regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


negative regulation of translation initiation in response to ER stress

negative regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


regulation of translational initiation by eIF2 alpha dephosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the dephosphorylation of eIF2 alpha. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL]


eIF2alpha dephosphorylation in response to ER stress

regulation of translation initiation by eIF2alpha dephosphorylation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

The removal of a phosphate group from the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:16835242]


endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response; IRE1 signaling

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:22013210]


inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease signal transduction


IRE1 signaling in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress


endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response; PERK signaling

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). Begins with activation of PERK in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The main substrate of PERK is the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Serine-phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by PERK inactivates eIF2alpha and inhibits general protein translation. In addition, eIF2alpha phosphorylation preferentially increases the translation of selective mRNAs such as ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which up regulates a subset of UPR genes required to restore folding capacity. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:22013210, PMID:27629041]


PERK signaling in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress


endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response; ATF6 signaling

activating transcription factor 6 signaling in unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). Begins with activation of ATF6 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, ATF6 translocates to the Golgi where it is processed by proteases to release a cytoplasmic domain (ATF6f), which operates as a transcriptional activator of many genes required to restore folding capacity. [GOC:bf, GOC:PARL, PMID:22013210]


ATF6 signaling in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress


Catalysis of the transfer of ISG15 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ISG15 + Y --> Y-ISG15 + X, where both X-ISG15 and Y-ISG15 are covalent linkages. [GOC:mah, PMID:12826404]


A cytokinesis process that involves a set of conserved proteins including FtsZ, and results in the formation of two similarly sized and shaped cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815108893, PMID:12626683]


CENP-S-T-W-X
CenH3 containing nucleosome
CNP-T-W-S-X complex
CNP-T-W-S-X complex location

A form of nucleosome located only at the centromere, in which the histone H3 is replaced by the variant form CENP-A (sometimes known as CenH3). [GOC:go_curators, PMID:15175412, PMID:16183641]


A homodimeric, bifunctional enzyme complex which catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and is required for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. [GOC:jl, GOC:so]


6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 2 complex location


6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 complex location


6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 complex location


A distinct period or stage in a biological process or cycle. [GOC:jl]


The cyclical periods of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. [GOC:jl]


A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane. [GOC:jl]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a plasma membrane raft. [GOC:jl]


The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a plasma membrane. [GOC:jl]


Any process in which plasma membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:jl]


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane rafts. [GOC:jl]


The clustering and aggregation of a plasma membrane into domains. This serves as a mechanism to compartmentalize cellular activities and to establish cell polarity. [GOC:jl]


protein insertion into plasma membrane raft

The process in which a protein is incorporated into a plasma membrane raft. [GOC:jl]


protein localization to plasma membrane raft

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a plasma membrane raft. [GOC:jl]


protein transport into plasma membrane raft

The directed movement of a protein into a plasma membrane raft. [GOC:jl]


protein transport out of plasma membrane raft

The directed movement of a protein out of a plasma membrane raft. [GOC:jl]


regulation by virus of host cell division

modulation by virus of host cell division

Any process where an infecting virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of its host's cell into daughter cells. [GOC:jl]


positive regulation by virus of host cell division

Any process where an infecting virus activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its host's cell division. [GOC:jl]


negative regulation by virus of host cell division

Any process where an infecting virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its host's cell division. [GOC:jl]


modulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity

The process in which a host organism effects a change in viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. [GOC:jl]


modulation by host of viral catalytic activity

The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of a virus with which it is infected. [GOC:jl]


modulation by host of viral molecular function

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any molecular function being mediated by a virus with which it is infected. [GOC:jl]


negative regulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity

The process in which a host organism decreases viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. [GOC:jl]


modulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process. [GOC:jl]


negative regulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process. [GOC:jl]


Any process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:jl]


A process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane. [GOC:jl]


lipoprotein localization to outer membrane

A process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in an outer membrane. [GOC:jl]


gamma-glutamyl hercynylcysteine S-oxide synthase

gamma-glutamyl hercynylcysteine sulfoxide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-glutamyl cysteine + hercynine + O2 <=> gamma-glutamyl-hercynyl cysteine sulfoxide + H2O. [GOC:jl, PMID:24828577, RHEA:42672]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-selenocysteine + 2 hercynine + O2 <=> 2 H2O + 2 hercynylselenocysteine. [GOC:jl, PMID:24828577, RHEA:42680]


The process in which the anatomical structure of the adult male tail tip is generated and organized. In some species of rhabitid nematodes, the male tail tip undergoes a morphological change such that the most posterior hypodermal cells in the tail (hyp8-11 in C. elegans) fuse and retract anteriorly, changing the shape of the tail from a pointed, tapered cone, or spike, to a rounded, blunt dome. [GOC:kmv, PMID:16806150, PMID:18050419, PMID:21408209, PMID:7409314]


regulation of mitochondrial envelope permeability


negative regulation of glutamate uptake involved in conduction of nerve impulse


negative regulation of APC-Cdc20 complex activity


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to acidic pH

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to alkaline pH

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a pH >7.0. [GOC:dph, PMID:11523797, PMID:15299026, PMID:21749328]


RNA lariat debranching enzyme activator activity

Increases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of branched RNA structures that contain vicinal 2'-5'- and 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds at a branch point nucleotide. [GOC:dph, PMID:24919400]


transport-coupled glycolytic process through glucose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, in which the glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate intermediate coupled to transmembrane transport. [GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-xylose residues with release of alpha-D-xylose. [EC:3.2.1.177]


Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly. [GOC:dph]


mitotic anaphase-promoting complex activator activity


mitotic anaphase-promoting complex inhibitor activity


centromeric core region chromatin
chromatin containing CENP-A

The specialized chromatin located in the centromeric core region or the entire centromeric region in organisms with point centromeres, which is enriched for CENP-A-containing nucleosomes. This chromatin forms a 3-dimensional structure which provides a platform for kinetochore assembly and microtubule attachment. [GOC:vw, PMID:20206496, PMID:22729156, PMID:24710126]


A cytokinesis that involves a set of conserved proteins including the Cdv proteins, and results in the formation of two similarly sized and shaped cells. [GOC:dph, PMID:18987308]


A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton. [GOC:dph]


CENP-A containing chromatin organization

Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of CENP-A containing chromatin. [GOC:dph]


The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal. [GOC:dph, GOC:krc]


The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue. [GOC:dph, GOC:krc]


protein localization to CENP-A containing chromatin

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, CENP-A containing chromatin. [GOC:dph, GOC:vw]


The part of the cell cortex consisting of an aggregation of proteins that will give rise to an endocytic vesicle. [GOC:dph, PMID:22949647]


positive regulation of glutamate neurotransmitter secretion in response to membrane depolarization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion in response to membrane depolarization, where glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:pad, GOC:PARL]


The modification of histone H3 at a lysine in position 9 of the histone. [GOC:vw]


The process whose specific outcome is the replacement of an existing tooth with another tooth. [GOC:dph, PMID:15170864]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mitochondrial ribosome and of its subunits. [GOC:dph]


Neurotransmitter secretion that occurs in the absence of the action of a secretagogue or a presynaptic action potential. [GOC:dph, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:21334193]


Neurotransmitter secretion that occurs in the presence of the action of a secretagogue or a presynaptic action potential. [GOC:dph, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:21334193]


A protein complex located at the mitochondrial ribosome tunnel exit that is involved in efficient translation and protein complex assembly. [GOC:dph, GOC:rb, PMID:21670217]


Enzyme complex that in S. cerevisiae has components Dug2/Dug3 and is able to catalyze the cleavage of glutathione into glutamate and Cys-Gly. [GOC:dph]


glutamine amidotransferase II complex location


Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell. [GOC:dph]


gap filling involved in double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

Repair of the gaps in the DNA helix using a discontinuous template during double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining. [GOC:dph]


rhamnose-binding lectin family protein binding

Binding to a member of the rhamnose-binding lectin (RBL) family, a family of animal lectins that show specific binding activities to L-rhamnose or D-galactose. [PMID:22312473]


Binding to a member of the importin-alpha family. [PMID:15350979, PMID:17170104, PMID:23734157]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate <=> pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde. [EC:4.1.2.51, GOC:dph, PMID:12824170, RHEA:35583]


A cellular carbohydrate catabolic process that converts a carbohydrate to pyruvate and either glyceraldehyde or glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate by dehydration and aldol cleavage via a gluconate or 6-phosphogluconate intermediate. [GOC:dph, PMID:12921536]


Entner-Doudoroff pathway through gluconate

The Entner-Doudoroff pathway that proceeds through a D-gluconate intermediate. [GOC:dph, PMID:12921536]


Entner-Doudoroff pathway through gluconate to D-glyceraldehyde

The Entner-Doudoroff pathway that proceeds through a D-gluconate intermediate and yields pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde. [GOC:dph, MetaCyc:ENTNER-DOUDOROFF-PWY-II, PMID:12921536]


Entner-Doudoroff pathway through gluconate to D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

The Entner-Doudoroff pathway that proceeds through a D-gluconate intermediate and yields pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. [GOC:dph, MetaCyc:ENTNER-DOUFDOROFF-PWY-III, PMID:12921536]


The process in which the anatomical structures of a seminal vesicle are generated and organized. [GOC:dph]


seminal vesicle branching
gonecyst branching morphogenesis
seminal gland branching morphogenesis
seminal vesicle branching morphogenesis

branching involved in seminal vesicle morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the seminal vesicle is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916376]


Catalysis of the reaction: diphthine methyl ester + H2O <=> diphthine + H+ + methanol. [GOC:dph, PMID:24739148, RHEA:42656]


hercynylcysteine S-oxide synthase
hercynylcysteine sulfoxide synthase

hercynylcysteine sulfoxide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (hercynine) + O2 <=> hercynylcysteine sulfoxide + H2O. [GOC:dph, PMID:24828577, PMID:4276459, RHEA:42704]


Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds. [GOC:vw]


glycolytic process via Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

A glycolytic process in which the glucose is catabolized to pyruvate by first entering the Entner-Doudoroff pathway to yield pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is subsequently converted to pyruvate by the core glycolytic enzymes. [GOC:dph, PMID:9657988]


autophagy-specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex location


OBSOLETE. A protein complex consisting of cyclin H and cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner. [PMID:9857180]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah, Wikipedia:Acid]


Catalysis of the transfer of Pup from one protein to another via the reaction X-Pup + Y --> Y-Pup + X, where both X-Pup and Y-Pup are covalent linkages. [GOC:sp]


protein phosphatase 2 activator activity


protein kinase D signal transduction
PKD signal transduction

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


U2 accessory factor
U2AF
U2AF complex location

A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of conserved large and small U2AF subunits that contributes to spliceosomal RNA splicing by binding to consensus sequences at the 3' splice site. U2AF is required to stabilize the association of the U2 snRNP with the branch point. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, PMID:15231733, PMID:1538748, PMID:2963698, PMID:8657565]


undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol. [EC:2.7.8.31, GOC:dos, GOC:imk]


L-aspartate transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of L-aspartate out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane. [PMID:21307582]


L-glutamate transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of L-glutamate out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane. [PMID:21307582]


A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location the cell outer membrane. [GOC:dos, PMID:12823819]


L-ornithine transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of L-ornithine out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane. [PMID:21307582]


L-lysine transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of L-lysine out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane. [PMID:21307582]


L-histidine transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of L-histidine out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane. [PMID:21307582]


The directed movement of L-histidine across a membrane. [PMID:21307582]


Binding to a endocytic signal sequence, a specific peptide sequence, of 4-6 amino acids with an essential tyrosine (Y), found on cytoplasmic tails of some cell surface membrane proteins, which directs internalization by clathrin-coated pits. [PMID:8918456]


The directed movement of L-aspartate across a membrane. [PMID:21307582]


A heteromeric complex consisting of Cbf1 and basic leucine zipper (bZIP) containing transcriptional activators, Met4 and Met28, that forms over the sequence TCACGTG in the upstream activating sequence (UAS) of genes involved in sulfur amino acid metabolism, resulting in their transcriptional activation. [PMID:8665859, PMID:9171357]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-mannosamine + 2 NAD+ + H2O = UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-mannosaminuronate + 2 NADH + 2 H+. [EC:1.1.1.336]


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA containing N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N6-methylthreonylcarbamoyladenosine. [PMID:25063302]


A heterodimeric complex consisting of Zn(2)Cys(6) containing transcription factors Pip2 and Oaf1. It binds to the oleate response element (ORE), found in the promoters of fatty acid-inducible genes in Saccharomyces where, in the presence of oleate this bound complex activates the transcription of genes encoding peroxisomal proteins. [PMID:8972187, PMID:9288897]


The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that have some part that spans both leaflets of the membrane. [GOC:dos]


amino acid import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of an amino acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:krc, PMID:8195186]


inhibitor of apoptosis binding domain binding

Binding to an RHG (reaper/hid/grimm) domain/motif (AKA iap binding motif). [GOC:dos, GOC:ha]


Binding to a caspase family protein. [GOC:dos, GOC:ha]


phosphoenolpyruvate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a phosphoenolpyruvate from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dos]


The directed movement of phosphoenolpytuvate across a membrane. [GOC:dos]


protein-phosphocysteine-mannosylglycerate-phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + mannosylglycerate(out) = protein cysteine + mannosylglycerate phosphate(in). [PMID:14645248]


protein-phosphocysteine-D-fructose-phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + D-fructose(out) = protein cysteine + D-fructose-1-phosphate(in). [PMID:8626640]


protein-phosphocysteine-D-sorbitol-phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + D-sorbitol(out) = protein cysteine + D-sorbitol-1-phosphate(in). [PMID:8875915]


protein-phosphocysteine-galactitol-phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + galactitol(out) = protein cysteine + galactitol-6-phosphate(in). [PMID:8955298]


protein-phosphocysteine-L-ascorbate-phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + L-ascorbate(out) = protein cysteine + L-ascorbate-6-phosphate(in). [PMID:15153772]


protein-phosphocysteine-N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + N-acetylglucosamine (out) = protein cysteine + N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (in). [PMID:8246840]


protein-phosphocysteine-glucosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + glucosamine (out) = protein cysteine + glucosamine-6-phosphate (in). [PMID:8246840]


protein-phosphocysteine-N-acetylmuramate phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + N-acetylmuramate (out) = protein cysteine + N-acetylmuramate-6-phosphate (in). [PMID:15060041]


protein-phosphocysteine-trehalose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + trehalose (out) = protein cysteine + trehalose-6-phosphate (in). [PMID:7608078]


protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-D-glucosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + D-glucosamine(out) = protein histidine + glucosamine-6-phosphate(in). [PMID:8246840]


protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-N-acetyl-mannosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + N-acetyl-mannosamine(out) = protein histidine +N-acetyl- mannosamine-6-phosphate(in). [PMID:9864311]


DNA synthesis involved in DNA replication

Synthesis of DNA that is a part of the process of duplicating one or more molecules of DNA. [GOC:vw]


The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own histidine residues, or a histidine residue on an identical protein. [PMID:15947782, PMID:8962061]


The immediate defensive reaction by vertebrate tissue to injury caused by chemical or physical agents. [GOC:add]


Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + acetyl-CoA = N6-acetyl-L-lysine + CoA + H(+). [MetaCyc:LYSACET-RXN]


Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. [GOC:kmv, ISBN:978-0199210893]


nematode male tail mating organ morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nematode male tail mating organ are generated and organized. The male tail is a sensory organ required for mating and, in C. elegans, consists of ray sensilla, an acellular cuticular fan, a sensory hook, and protracting, copulatory spicules. [GOC:kmv, PMID:1782863, PMID:18050419, PMID:7409314]


The processes by which anatomical structures that are only present in the male organism are generated and organized. [GOC:kmv, GOC:tb]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->3)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose. [GOC:sd, GOC:tb]


The process in which nucleated precursor cells lose their nucleus as part of sieve element differentiation. The nuclear contents are released and degraded in the cytoplasm at the same time as other organelles are rearranged and the cytosol is degraded. [GOC:tb, PMID:25081480]


The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sieve element. [GOC:tb]


A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms grow at the surface of a liquid-air interface and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription. [GOC:di, GOC:tb]


A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms aggregate and grow on solid substrates under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription. [GOC:di, GOC:tb]


single-species surface biofilm formation

A process in which microorganisms produce an extracellular matrix and form multicellular aggregates at an air-liquid interface. [GOC:ml]


single-species submerged biofilm formation

A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species aggregate and grow on solid substrates under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription. [GOC:di, GOC:tb]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a bundle sheath cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:tb, PMID:24517883]


ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process is independent of ubiquitination. [PMID:22547407]


cyclic adenosine monophosphate deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyclic adenosine monophosphate + H2O = cyclic inosine monophosphate + NH3. [PMID:24074367, RHEA:22908]


Catalysis of the reaction: 5'deoxyadenosine + H2O = 5'deoxyinosine + NH3. [PMID:23968233, RHEA:42892]


Catalysis of the reaction: 5'methyl thioadenosine + H2O = 5'methyl thioinosine + NH3. [PMID:23968233, RHEA:25025]


Steps involved in processing precursor RNAs arising from transcription of operons in the mitochondrial genome into mature mRNAs. [GOC:tb, PMID:25181358]


Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule that derives from the mitochondrial genome. [GOC:tb, PMID:25181358]


Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an mRNA molecule that derives from the mitochondrial genome. [GOC:tb, PMID:25181358]


The process of removing the PCNA complex from DNA when Okazaki fragments are completed or the replication fork terminates. [GOC:rb, PMID:23499004]


Either of the ends of a meiotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of meiosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules. [GOC:ha, PMID:18250200]


activation of APC-fizzy related complex activity


endoribonuclease activity, cleaving miRNA-paired mRNA

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA in a double-stranded RNA molecule formed by the base pairing of an mRNA with an miRNA. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_miRNA, GOC:rph, PMID:15260970, PMID:19239888]


mRNA destabilization-mediated gene silencing by siRNA

mRNA cleavage involved in gene silencing by siRNA

siRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization

An siRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), an siRNA will typically direct cleavage by base pairing with perfect or near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_miRNA, GOC:rph, PMID:15260970]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the plant epidermis are generated and organized. [GOC:tb]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a plant epidermal cell. [GOC:tb]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a plant epidermal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:tb]


The process in which the synthesis of DNA from a template strand in a net 3' to 5' direction is started. [GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) cytidylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + Neu5Gc = diphosphate + CMP-Neu5Gc. [ISBN:978-1-60805-067-3, PMID:11479279, PMID:8381411]


cytidine 5'-monophospho-2-Keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid synthetase activity

keto-deoxynonulosonic acid (KDN) cytidylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + KDN = diphosphate + CMP-KDN. [ISBN:978-1-60805-067-3, PMID:11479279, PMID:8381411]


Binding to a centromere-specific nucleosome, a form of nucleosome located only at the centromere, in which the histone H3 is replaced by the variant form CENP-A (sometimes known as CenH3). [GOC:jp, PMID:21412236]


neurexin clustering involved in presynaptic membrane assembly

The receptor clustering process involved in assembly of the presynaptic membrane in which neurexins are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. Neurexins are synaptic cell surface proteins which act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals. [GOC:BHF, GOC:sjp, PMID:12796785]


gephyrin clustering involved in postsynaptic density assembly

The clustering process in which gephyrin molecules are localized to distinct domains in the postsynaptic density as part of postsynaptic density assembly. Gephyrin is a component of the postsynaptic protein network of inhibitory synapses. [GOC:BHF, GOC:sjp, PMID:15620359, PMID:24552784, PMID:25772192]


neuroligin clustering involved in postsynaptic membrane assembly

The receptor clustering process involved in assembly of the postsynaptic membrane in which neuroligins are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. Neuroligins are neuronal cell surface proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that mediate synapse formation between neurons. [GOC:BHF, GOC:sjp, PMID:12796785]


chromosome attachment to the nuclear envelope

The process in which chromatin is anchored to the nuclear envelope. [GOC:vw, PMID:31635174]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. [GOC:aa, GOC:BHF, GOC:go_curators, GOC:rl, PMID:10615049, PMID:19170886, Wikipedia:Acid]


cellular stress response to acid chemical

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in cellular homeostasis caused by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. [GOC:aa, GOC:BHF, GOC:go_curators, GOC:rl, PMID:10615049, PMID:19170886, Wikipedia:Acid]


A motile cilium found in dinoflagellates. It coils around the cell and provides the forward thrust for motility. It is often contained in a furrow called the cingulum, and emerges from a flagellar pore located in the cingulum. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


A motile cilium found in dinoflagellates. It trails the cell and acts as a steering rudder. It is often partially contained in a furrow called the sulcus, and emerges from a flagellar pore located in the sulcus. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


cell surface groove
cell surface furrow
furrow

A furrow that may be found on the cell surface. Examples include the cingulum and sulcus found in some dinoflagellates. [GOC:pr]


longitudinal furrow
sulcus
longitudinal groove

A cell surface furrow that occurs on the ventral side of a dinoflagellate cell. It partially houses the longitudinal flagellum. The sulcus intersects with the cingulum on the ventral side of a dinoflagellate cell. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


The part of a dinoflagellate cell above the cingulum; also referred to as the anterior portion of a dinoflagellate cell. It is separated from the hypocone by the cingulum. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


The part of a dinoflagellate cell below the cingulum; also referred to as the posterior portion of a dinoflagellate cell. It is separated from the epicone by the cingulum. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


modulation by host of bacterial type IV pilus-dependent motility

modulation by host of symbiont type IV pilus-dependent motility

The process in which an organism effects a change in the type IV pilus-dependent motility of a symbiont organism (i.e. the controlled movement of a bacterial cell which is dependent on the presence of type IV pili, and which includes social gliding motility and twitching motility). The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:als, PMID:12037568]


positive regulation by host of bacterial type IV pilus-dependent motility

positive regulation by host of symbiont type IV pilus-dependent motility

Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the type IV pilus-dependent motility of a symbiont organism (i.e. the controlled movement of a bacterial cell which is dependent on the presence of type IV pili, and which includes social gliding motility and twitching motility). The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:als, PMID:12037568]


sulcal notch
dinoflagellate sulcus notch

A dinoflagellate sulcus that extends all the way to the posterior end of the cell (also known as antapex). The presence of a sulcal notch makes the dinoflagellate hypocone appear bilobed. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


A protein complex that acts as a protein trafficking machinery and is responsible for the export of proteins across the parasitophorous (symbiont-containing) vacuolar membrane and into the human host cell. The PTEX complex is located in the vacuole membrane. It is ATP-powered, and comprises heat shock protein 101 (HSP101; a ClpA/B-like ATPase from the AAA+ superfamily, of a type commonly associated with protein translocons), a parasite protein termed PTEX150, and exported protein 2 (EXP2). EXP2 is the potential channel, as it is the membrane-associated component of the core PTEX complex. Two other proteins, PTEX88 and thioredoxin 2 (TRX2), were also identified as PTEX components. [GOC:pr, PMID:19536257, PMID:25043010, PMID:25043043]


Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate + acceptor = phenylglyoxylate + reduced acceptor. [GOC:pr, PMID:1731758, RHEA:43112]


amine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RCH2NHR' + H2O + O2 = RCHO + R'NH2 + H2O2. [GOC:pr, RHEA:26414]


cytoplasmic translational elongation through polyproline stretches

The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain, proceeding through regions of multiple repeated proline codons, during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm. [GOC:mcc, PMID:24923804]


potassium ion export from cell
potassium export across plasma membrane

potassium ion export across plasma membrane

The directed movement of potassium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region. [GOC:vw, PMID:11932440]


UDP-galactose transmembrane import into Golgi lumen

The directed movement of UDP-galactose into the Golgi lumen across the Golgi membrane. [GOC:vw, PMID:11378902]


low affinity basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

low-affinity basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Basic amino acids have a pH above 7. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations. [GOC:pr]


low affinity L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity

low-affinity L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations. [GOC:krc, PMID:8195186]


high affinity L-ornithine transmembrane transporter activity

high-affinity L-ornithine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-ornithine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. [GOC:krc, PMID:8195186]


The orderly movement of a distal tip cell. [CL:0000661, GOC:mm2, PMID:24968003]


extrinsic component of omegasome membrane

The component of the omegasome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:mf, PMID:18725538, PMID:24591649]


intrinsic component of omegasome membrane

The component of the omegasome membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:mf, PMID:18725538, PMID:24591649]


omegasome integral membrane protein
integral to omegasome membrane

integral component of omegasome membrane

The component of the omegasome membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:mf, PMID:18725538, PMID:24591649]


extrinsic component of pre-autophagosomal structure membrane


intrinsic to phagophore assembly site membrane

intrinsic component of phagophore assembly site membrane

The component of the phagophore assembly site membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:mf]


integral component of phagophore assembly site membrane

The component of the phagophore assembly site membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:mf]


extrinsic to autophagic vacuole membrane

extrinsic component of autophagic vacuole membrane

extrinsic component of autophagosome membrane

The component of the autophagosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:mf]


intrinsic component of autophagic vacuole membrane

intrinsic to autophagic vacuole membrane

intrinsic component of autophagosome membrane

The component of the autophagosome membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:mf]


autophagic vacuole integral membrane protein

integral component of autophagic vacuole membrane

integral component of autophagosome membrane

The component of the autophagosome membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:mf]


L-arginine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-arginine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:krc, PMID:8195186]


The directed movement of L-lysine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:krc, PMID:8195186]


L-ornithine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-ornithine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:krc, PMID:8195186]


2-oxoglutarate-dependent xanthine dioxygenase activity

alpha-ketoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent xanthine dioxygenase activity

alpha-ketoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent xanthine hydroxylase activity

alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent xanthine dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) + O2 + xanthine = CO2 + succinate + urate. [GOC:vw, PMID:15948966, PMID:17429948, RHEA:43120]


Combining with any member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bhm, InterPro:IPR003287, PMID:10871296, PMID:12037140, PMID:18687416]


Combining with amylin to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bhm, PMID:10871296, PMID:12037140, PMID:18687416]


Binding to a member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)). [GOC:bhm, InterPro:IPR021116, PMID:10871296, PMID:12037140, PMID:18687416]


calcitonin family receptor signalling pathway

calcitonin family receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. [GOC:bhm, PMID:10871296, PMID:12037140, PMID:18687416]


A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by amylin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. [GOC:bhm, PMID:10871296, PMID:12037140, PMID:18687416]


G protein-coupled receptor complex location

G-protein coupled receptor complex location

A protein complex that contains G protein-coupled receptors. [GOC:bhm]


A complete microtubule with 13 protofilaments that fuses with an incomplete microtubule called B tubule (containing 10 protofilaments only) to form an axonemal outer doublet. Inner and outer dynein arms, as well as the radial spoke, are attached to the A tubule. [GOC:cilia, ISBN:0716731363]


An incomplete microtubule containing 10 protofilaments that fuses with a complete microtubule called A tubule (containing 13 protofilaments) to form an axonemal outer doublet. [GOC:cilia, ISBN:0716731363]


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex location, class I

class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex location

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class I

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that contains a catalytic and a regulatory subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme, plus one or more adaptor proteins. Class I PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol [PI], phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], and are divided into subclasses A and B according to the type of adaptor subunit with which they associate. The class I PI3K subfamily of genes comprises members in vertebrates, worm and fly, but none in yeast. [GOC:ha, PMID:24587488]


class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex location

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex location, class II

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class II

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that contains a catalytic subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme and one or more adaptor proteins. There is no known obligatory regulatory subunit. The class II PI3K (PI3KC2) subfamily of genes has members in vertebrates, worm and fly, but none in yeast. [GOC:ha, PMID:24587488]


The part of a cell encompassing the intracellular environment and the plasma membrane; it excludes any external encapsulating structures. [GOC:curators]


A SNARE complex that is capable of fusing intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane of platelets for exocytosis of alpha-granules or dense granules. Contains isoforms of VAMP, SNAP and syntaxin proteins. Ternary SNARE complexes interact in a circular array to form ring complexes or channels around the membrane fusion. A common composition in human is VAMP-8, SNAP-23 and syntaxin-2 or -4. [GOC:bhm, PMID:12130530, PMID:19450911]


Binding to a member of the serpin protein family (serine protease inhibitors or classified inhibitor family I4). Serpins are a broadly distributed family of protease inhibitors that use a conformational change to inhibit target enzymes. They are central in controlling many important proteolytic cascades. The majority of serpins inhibit serine proteases, but serpins that inhibit caspases and papain-like cysteine proteases have also been identified. Rarely, serpins perform a non-inhibitory function; for example, several human serpins function as hormone transporters and certain serpins function as molecular chaperones or tumor suppressors. [GOC:mr, InterPro:IPR000215, PMID:16737556]


kin recognition
self recognition
kin discrimination

A cell-cell recognition process by which a cell distinguishes between self and non self during cooperative behavior, such as early development. [GOC:pf, PMID:21700835, PMID:23910661]


3',5'-nucleotide bisphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3',5'-nucleoside bisphosphate + H20 = 5'-nucleoside monophosphate + phosphate. [GOC:jh2, PMID:24401123, RHEA:43532]


A nuclear ubiquitin ligase multiprotein complex located in the inner nuclear membrane (INM) that recognizes and ubiquitinates misfolded INM proteins and also some proteins involved in sterol biosynthesis, during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligases Asi1p and Asi3p. [GOC:mcc, PMID:25236469]


The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). [GOC:pr, GOC:txnOH, GOC:vw]


SCF-Cdc4 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Cdc4 in S. cerevisiae. [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:9346238]


SCF-Ctf13 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Ctf13 in S. cerevisiae. [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994]


SCF-Das1 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Das1 in S. cerevisiae. [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994]


SCF-Dia2/Pof3 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Dia2 in S. cerevisiae (Pof3 in S. pombe). [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994, PMID:15147268]


SCF-Grr1/Pof2 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Grr1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof2 in S. pombe). [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:10213692, PMID:15147268]


SCF-Mdm30 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Mdm30 in S. cerevisiae. [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994]


SCF-Met30/Pof1 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Met30 in S. cerevisiae (Pof1 in S pombe). [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:15147268, PMID:9499404]


SCF-Rcy1/Pof6 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Rcy1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof6 in S. pombe). [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994, PMID:15147268]


SCF-Saf1/Pof9 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Saf1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof9 in S. pombe). [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:11283612, PMID:15147268]


SCF-Skp2 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Skp2 in S. cerevisiae. [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994]


SCF-Ufo1/Pof10 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Ufo1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof10 in S. pombe). [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994, PMID:15147268]


SCF-YDR131C ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is YDR131C in S. cerevisiae. [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994]


SCF-Pof5 ubiquitin ligase complex location

SCF-YDR306C ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Pof5 in S. pombe (YDR306C in S. cerevisiae). [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994, PMID:15147268]


SCF-Ucc1 ubiquitin ligase complex location

SCF-YLR224W ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is YLR224W in S. cerevisiae. [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994, PMID:25982115]


SCF-YLR352W ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is YLR352W in S. cerevisiae. [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:19882662]


SCF-Hrt3/Pof7 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Hrt3 in S. cerevisiae (Pof7 in S. pombe). [GOC:jd, GOC:vw, PMID:14747994, PMID:15147268]


The modification of histone H3 by addition of two methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone. [GOC:lb, PMID:21187428]


signal transducers and activators of transcription family protein binding

Binding to a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein family. STATs are, as the name indicates, both signal transducers and transcription factors. STATs are activated by cytokines and some growth factors and thus control important biological processes including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis and immune responses. [GOC:mr, InterPro:IPR001217, PMID:21447371, PMID:24470978]


suppressor of cytokine signaling family protein binding

Binding to a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins. SOCS represent an important mechanism to extinguish cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling. Individual SOCS proteins are typically induced by specific cytokines and growth factors, thereby generating a negative feedback loop. SOCS proteins have important functions in development and homeostasis, and in disease, particularly tumor suppression and anti-inflammatory functions. [GOC:mr, InterPro:IPR028413, PMID:23885323, PMID:24705897]


canonical nonhomologous end joining
C-NHEJ

double-strand break repair via classical nonhomologous end joining

An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that requires a number of factors important for V(D)J recombination, including the KU70/80 heterodimer (KU), XRCC4, ligase IV, and DNA-PKcs in mammals. It does not produce translocations (as opposed to the alternative nonhomologous end joining). [GOC:rph, PMID:18584027]


double-strand break repair via microhomology-mediated end joining

double-strand break repair via alternative nonhomologous end joining

An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that is independent of factors important for V(D)J recombination (as opposed to classical nonhomologous end joining). It often results in a deletion with microhomology (i.e. 5-25bp homology) at the repair junction. Among different subclasses of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), alternative NHEJ appears to play a significant role in the etiology of mutations that arise during cancer development and treatment. [GOC:rph, PMID:18584027, PMID:21655080, Wikipedia:Microhomology-mediated_end_joining]


intracellular phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate-sensitive cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of cations by a channel that opens when phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:ha, PMID:24375408]


The anterior most point of a dinoflagellate hypocone. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


A cell surface furrow (or groove) found on a dinoflagellate apex. It typically loops around the apex. [GOC:at, http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445, http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyl_Dinofl_Glossary.htm, ISBN:0632009152, Wikipedia:Dinoflagellate#Morphology]


A horn-shaped dinoflagellate apex found in thecate species. [GOC:at, http://species-identification.org]


A horn-shaped dinoflagellate antapex found in thecate species. [GOC:at, http://species-identification.org]


The neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering process in which glutamate receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. [GOC:krc, PMID:19723286]


iron ion transmembrane transporter inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an iron ion transmembrane transporter. [GOC:BHF, GOC:kom, PMID:15514116]


The attachment of two unicellular organisms to each other. [GOC:dos]


Binding to a peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase. [GOC:dos, GOC:kvm]


Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane. [GOC:dos, PMID:21421911]


An antiparallel dimer of two collagen VII trimers, one end of which is embedded in the lamina densa while the other end attaches to banded collagen fibrils in the dermis. [PMID:19693541]


A protein complex that includes Mis16(Yippee family) and/or Mis18 (WD repeat) subunits that is involved in the deposition of centromere specific (CENP-A containing) nucleosomes at the centromere. [PMID:24774534]


OBSOLETE. A centromere complex assembly protein that is required for the deposition of CENP-A on the centromere. The Mis18 complex localizes to centromeres just prior to the pre-nucleosomal HJURP/CENP-A/H4 complex and is absolutely required for the CENP-A-specific chaperone, Holliday junction recognition protein (HJURP) to reach the centromeres. Plk1 phosphorylation activates Mis18 complex recruitment to the centromeres during G1. CDK phosphorylation of MISBP1 during G2 and mitosis, prior to the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, negatively regulates complex assembly. [GOC:bhm, PMID:25036634]


The process in which a cation is transported across a membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]


The process in which an anion is transported across a membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw]


inorganic anion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of inorganic anions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


inorganic cation import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of inorganic cations from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


transmembrane inorganic ion transport
inorganic ion membrane transport

The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane. [GOC:mah]


inorganic anion membrane transport
transmembrane inorganic anion transport

The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane. [GOC:mah]


transmembrane inorganic cation transport

inorganic cation transmembrane transport

A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


neurotransmitter import into synaptic vesicle

synaptic vesicle neurotransmitter loading

neurotransmitter uptake into synaptic vesicle

neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle

The active transport of neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action of proton pumps. [GOC:bf, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:10099709, PMID:15217342]


The directed movement of adenine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


calcium ion uptake into cell
calcium ion import into cell

calcium ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of calcium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


carbohydrate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of a carbohydrate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


copper ion import into cell
copper cation import into cell

copper ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of copper ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


ferric iron import across cell outer membrane

iron ion import across cell outer membrane

The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell, across the cell outer membrane and into the periplasmic space. [GOC:mah, PMID:23192658]


ferrous iron import across plasma membrane


The directed movement of glucose from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


glutathione uptake
glutathione import into cell

glutathione import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of glutathione from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


The directed movement of guanine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:mah, PMID:8321236]


L-glutamate(1-) import into cell
L-glutamate import into cell

L-glutamate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


The directed movement of leucine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


The directed movement of malate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


malonic acid import into cell
malonate import into cell

malonic acid import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of malonic acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


nickel cation import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of nickel cations from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


pantothenate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of pantothenate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


The directed movement of serine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


sodium import
sodium ion import into cell

sodium ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of sodium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


The directed movement of succinate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


The directed movement of uracil from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


A myofibril of a skeletal muscle fiber. [GOC:dos]


Symmetric division of a stem cell to produce two stem cells of the same type as the parent. Symmetric stem cell division is necessary for amplification of stem cell populations in the absence of sources of stem cells external to an existing population. [PMID:19948499, PMID:23303905]


Cell division in which both daughter cells are of the same type. [GOC:dos]


symmetric division of skeletal muscle satellite stem cell

The symmetric division of a skeletal muscle satellite stem cell, resulting in two skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. This process is involved in amplification of the pool of these cells. [PMID:23303905]


Any process by which the numbers of cells of a particular type or in a tissue are maintained. [GOC:dos]


The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes. [GOC:dos]


Division of a germline stem cell to produce two germline stem cells of the same type as the parent. [GOC:dos, PMID:19948499]


male germline stem cell symmetric division

The symmetric division of a male germline stem cell to produce two male germline stem cells. An example of this is found in mammalian spermatogonial stem cells, some proportion of which divide symmetrically, so amplifying the population. The choice between asymmetric and symmetric division in this case appears to be internal and stochastic. [GOC:dos, PMID:19948499]


skeletal muscle satellite stem cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during skeletal muscle regeneration. There are at least two mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. [PMID:23303905]


The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a macromolecule. [GOC:dos]


hemidesmosome associated protein complex location

Any protein complex that is part of or has some part in a hemidesmosome. [GOC:dos]


The removal of palymitoyl groups from a macromolecule. [GOC:dos]


positive regulation of the force of heart contraction

Any process that increases the force of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:rl, PMID:17242280]


negative regulation of the force of heart contraction

Any process that decreases the force of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:rl, PMID:17242280]


The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a plasma membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers. [GOC:DOS]


The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:dos]


adhesion between unicellular organisms via cell-wall interaction


cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane. [GOC:dos]


1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. [PMID:21288895]


A protein complex consisting of a Dcp1 regulatory subunit and a Dcp2 catalytic subunit that has mRNA cap binding activity and is involved in decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA. [GOC:dos, GOC:vw, PMID:22323607]


synchronous, calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter

fast, calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The fast, initial phase of calcium ion-induced neurotransmitter release, via exocytosis, into the synaptic cleft. This depends on low affinity calcium sensors and typically begins a fraction of a millisecond after Ca2+ influx, and decays rapidly (1-10ms) with a decay constant of around 5-10ms. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this process are distinct from those of the later, slow phase of release. [GOC:dos, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:4405553, PMID:7809151, PMID:7954835]


slow, calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The slow, second phase of calcium ion-induced neurotransmitter release, via exocytosis, into the synaptic cleft. This depends on high affinity calcium sensors and decays slowly, typically with a decay constant of over 100ms. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this process are distinct from those of the earlier, fast phase of release. [GOC:dos, GOC:pad, GOC:parl, PMID:7809151, PMID:7954835]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cerebellar neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dos]


Binding to a FXYD domain. [GOC:dos, GOC:mr, PMID:10950925, PMID:16403837, PMID:18000745]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dos]


integral component of the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products that penetrate only the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. [GOC:dos]


anchored component of the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes with covalently attached hydrophobic anchors products that penetrate only the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. [GOC:dos]


maintenance of seed dormancy by absisic acid

The process by which seed dormancy is maintained by the presence of absisic acid. [GOC:dos, PMID:9580097]


One of the distinct periods or stages into which the meiotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. [GOC:dos]


One of the distinct periods or stages into which the mitotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. [GOC:dos]


A meiotic cell cycle phase prior to a during which some part of meiosis I nuclear division or the proceeding cytokinesis occurs. [GOC:dos]


A meiotic cell cycle phase that occurs after meiosis I (the first meiotic nuclear division). [GOC:dos]


The meiotic cell cycle phase in eukaryotes between meiotic prophase I and meiotic metaphase I. During meiotic prometaphase I, the nuclear envelope breaks down and one kinetochore forms per chromosome. Chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules and begin to move towards the metaphase plate. [PMID:16012859]


Binding to a member of the Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) family. TIMPs are endogenous protein regulators of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) family. [PMID:22078297]


Binding to a member of the FBXO protein family. Members of this family have an F-box protein motif of approximately 50 amino acids that functions as a site of protein-protein interaction. [PMID:11178263]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of inorganic ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:dos]


A molecular function regulator regulates the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target. Examples of molecular function regulators include regulatory subunits of multimeric enzymes and channels. Mechanisms of regulation include allosteric changes in the target and competitive inhibition. [GOC:dos, GOC:pt]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dos]


A proteinaceous extracellular fiber, produced by an enteric bacterium, that is involved in surface and cell-cell contacts that promote community behavior and host colonization. [PMID:16704339]


The process of assembly of curli, extracellular fibers produced by enteric bacteria. This process occurs outside the cell, where it is coupled to secretion across the cell outer membrane via nucleation by elements of the transporter complex. [PMID:16704339]


protein transport across the cell outer membrane

The directed movement of proteins across the cell outer membrane. [GOC:dos]


protein secretion by the type VIII secretion system

Protein secretion through the outer membrane via the mechanism used for the secretion of curli subunits. [PMID:19299134, PMID:24080089]