pyridine biosynthesis
pyridine anabolism
pyridine synthesis
pyridine formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor. [GOC:ai]


quinate anabolism
quinic acid biosynthetic process
quinate formation
quinate synthesis
quinate biosynthesis
quinic acid biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinate, the anion of quinic acid. [GOC:go_curators]


salicylate biosynthetic process
salicylic acid biosynthesis
salicylic acid anabolism
salicylic acid synthesis
salicylic acid formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid. [ISBN:0943088399]


sophorosyloxydocosanoate anabolism
sophorosyloxydocosanoate biosynthesis
sophorosyloxydocosanoate synthesis
sophorosyloxydocosanoate formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate. [GOC:ai]


aromatic compound breakdown
aromatic compound catabolism
aromatic compound degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. [GOC:ai]


coumarin degradation
coumarin breakdown
coumarin catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids. [GOC:ai]


ectoine catabolism
ectoine degradation
ectoine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), a tetrahydropyrimidine commonly synthesized by halophilic bacteria. [GOC:jl, PMID:11823218]


indole-containing compound degradation
indole-containing compound catabolism
indole-containing compound breakdown
indole derivative catabolism
indole derivative catabolic process

indole-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. [GOC:jl]


indole glucosinolate degradation
indole glucosinolate catabolism
indole glucosinolate breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan. [PMID:29122987]


indole phytoalexin catabolism
indole phytoalexin degradation
indole phytoalexin breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response. [GOC:ai]


indole acetic acid catabolism
indoleacetic acid degradation
indole acetic acid catabolic process
indoleacetic acid catabolism
indoleacetic acid breakdown
IAA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants. [GOC:jl]


mandelate breakdown
mandelate degradation
mandelate catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic. [GOC:go_curators]


pteridine and derivative catabolic process

pteridine-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


folate catabolism
folic acid breakdown
folate catabolic process
folic acid catabolic process
folic acid degradation
folic acid catabolism
vitamin B9 catabolic process
vitamin B9 catabolism
vitamin M catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. [GOC:ai]


pteridine breakdown
pteridine catabolism
pteridine degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. [ISBN:0198506732]


pyridine breakdown
pyridine degradation
pyridine catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor. [GOC:ai]


quinic acid catabolic process
quinate catabolism
quinate breakdown
quinate degradation
quinic acid catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinate, the anion of quinic acid. [GOC:jl]


salicylic acid catabolism
salicylic acid breakdown
salicylic acid degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid. [GOC:ai]


sophorosyloxydocosanoate degradation
sophorosyloxydocosanoate catabolism
sophorosyloxydocosanoate breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate. [GOC:ai]


benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis

benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids. [GOC:lr, GOC:yl]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), a tetrahydropyrimidine commonly synthesized by halophilic bacteria. [GOC:jl, PMID:11823218]


enterochelin metabolic process
enterochelin metabolism
enterobactin metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway. [ISBN:0198547684]


enterobactin breakdown
enterobactin degradation
enterobactin catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway. [GOC:ai]


folic acid and derivative metabolic process

folic acid-containing compound metabolism

vitamin M and derivative metabolic process

vitamin B9 and derivative metabolic process

folate-containing compound metabolic process

folic acid-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


10-formyl-THF metabolism
10-formyl-THF metabolic process
10-formyltetrahydrofolate metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate. [GOC:ai]


10-formyltetrahydrofolate biosynthesis
10-formyltetrahydrofolate anabolism
10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthesis
10-formyltetrahydrofolate formation
10-formyl-THF biosynthetic process
10-formyl-THF biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate. [GOC:ai]


10-formyl-THF catabolism
10-formyltetrahydrofolate catabolism
10-formyltetrahydrofolate degradation
10-formyltetrahydrofolate breakdown
10-formyl-THF catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate. [ISBN:0198506732]


7,8-dihydrofolate biosynthetic process
7,8-dihydrofolate biosynthesis
dihydrofolate synthesis
dihydrofolate formation
dihydrofolate anabolism
dihydrofolate biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate. [GOC:ai]


folate-containing compound biosynthetic process

folic acid-containing compound formation

vitamin B9 and derivative biosynthetic process

folic acid and derivative biosynthetic process

vitamin M and derivative biosynthetic process

folic acid-containing compound anabolism

folic acid-containing compound synthesis

folate and derivative biosynthetic process

folic acid-containing compound biosynthesis

folic acid-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives. [GOC:ai]


tetrahydrofolate formation
tetrahydrofolate anabolism
tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis
tetrahydrofolate synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group. [ISBN:0198506732]


vitamin M and derivative catabolic process

folic acid-containing compound breakdown

folic acid and derivative catabolic process

folic acid-containing compound degradation

vitamin B9 and derivative catabolic process

folate-containing compound catabolic process

folic acid-containing compound catabolism

folic acid-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives. [GOC:ai]


vitamin B9 metabolism
folate metabolic process
vitamin M metabolism
vitamin B9 metabolic process
vitamin M metabolic process
folic acid metabolic process
folic acid metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group. [ISBN:0198506732]


indole-containing compound metabolism
ketole metabolic process
indole derivative metabolic process
indole and derivative metabolic process
indole and derivative metabolism
ketole metabolism
indole derivative metabolism

indole-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


indole derivative biosynthetic process
indole-containing compound synthesis
indole-containing compound biosynthesis
indole-containing compound formation
indole derivative biosynthesis
indole-containing compound anabolism

indole-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. [GOC:jl]


indole glucosinolate biosynthesis
indole glucosinolate synthesis
indole glucosinolate anabolism
indole glucosinolate formation

indole glucosinolate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan. [GOC:ai]


indole-3-acetate biosynthesis
indole acetic acid biosynthesis
indole-acetic acid biosynthetic process
indole-3-acetate biosynthetic process
indole-acetic acid biosynthesis
IAA biosynthetic process
indoleacetic acid synthesis
indoleacetic acid anabolism
indoleacetic acid biosynthesis
indoleacetic acid formation
indole acetic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants. [ISBN:0387969845]


indoleacetic acid biosynthesis, tryptophan-independent

tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid formation

tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid biosynthesis

tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid synthesis

indoleacetic acid biosynthetic process, tryptophan-independent

tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid anabolism

tryptophan-independent IAA biosynthetic process

tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:lm, GOC:lr, PMID:10375566]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates. Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan; indoles are biologically active substances based on 2,3-benzopyrrole, formed during the catabolism of tryptophan. [GOC:curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response. [GOC:ai]


IAA metabolic process
indoleacetic acid metabolism
indole acetic acid metabolism
indole acetic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants. [GOC:mah]


terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis
terpenoid indole alkaloid formation
terpenoid indole alkaloid anabolism
terpenoid indole alkaloid synthesis

terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoid indole alkaloids, compounds formed from the condensation of tryptamine (derived from tryptophan) and secologanin (derived from geranyl pyrophosphate). [GOC:ai, http://rycomusa.com/aspp2000/public/P29/0525.html]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan). [GOC:jl]


indole formation
indole biosynthesis
indole synthesis
indole anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan). [GOC:jl]


indole breakdown
indole degradation
indole catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan). [GOC:jl]


mandelic acid metabolic process
mandelic acid metabolism
mandelate metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine. [GOC:ma]


nucleobase biosynthesis
nucleobase synthesis
nucleobase anabolism
nucleobase formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. [GOC:ai]


purine base formation
purine base biosynthesis
purine base biosynthetic process
purine base synthesis
purine base anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine. [ISBN:0198506732]


adenine formation
adenine anabolism
adenine synthesis
adenine biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine. [GOC:go_curators]


guanine biosynthesis
guanine anabolism
guanine synthesis
guanine formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important. [GOC:go_curators]


hypoxanthine synthesis
hypoxanthine anabolism
hypoxanthine formation
hypoxanthine biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate. [GOC:go_curators]


xanthine synthesis
xanthine formation
xanthine anabolism
xanthine biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids. [GOC:go_curators]


pyrimidine base synthesis
pyrimidine base biosynthetic process
pyrimidine base formation
pyrimidine base biosynthesis
pyrimidine base anabolism

pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases. [GOC:go_curators]


'de novo' pyrimidine base biosynthetic process

'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716720094]


5-methylcytosine formation
5-methylcytosine biosynthesis
5-methylcytosine anabolism
5-methylcytosine synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA. [GOC:go_curators]


cytosine anabolism
cytosine formation
cytosine biosynthesis
cytosine synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives. [GOC:go_curators]


thymine biosynthesis
thymine synthesis
thymine formation
thymine anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base. [GOC:go_curators]


uracil biosynthesis
uracil formation
uracil anabolism
uracil synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA. [GOC:go_curators]


nucleobase catabolism
nucleobase breakdown
nucleobase degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. [GOC:ai]


purine base catabolism
purine base degradation
purine base catabolic process
purine base breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine. [GOC:go_curators]


adenine degradation
adenine catabolism
adenine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the 5 main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine. [ISBN:0198506732]


guanine catabolism
guanine degradation
guanine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important. [GOC:go_curators]


hypoxanthine breakdown
hypoxanthine catabolism
hypoxanthine degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate. [PMID:3196295]


xanthine catabolism
xanthine breakdown
xanthine degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids. [GOC:go_curators]


pyrimidine base catabolism
pyrimidine base catabolic process
pyrimidine base degradation
pyrimidine base breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases. [GOC:go_curators]


5-methylcytosine breakdown
5-methylcytosine catabolism
5-methylcytosine degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA. [GOC:go_curators]


cytosine catabolism
cytosine degradation
cytosine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives. [GOC:go_curators]


thymine catabolism
thymine breakdown
thymine degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base. [GOC:go_curators]


uracil catabolism
uracil degradation
uracil breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA. [GOC:go_curators]


purine base metabolic process
purine base metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important. [GOC:go_curators]


GMP breakdown to guanine
GMP degradation to guanine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including guanine. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate. [GOC:go_curators]


anaerobic purine catabolic process
anaerobic purine base catabolic process
purine base fermentation
anaerobic purine base catabolism
purine fermentation

anaerobic purine nucleobase catabolic process

The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, yielding energy in the form of ATP. [GOC:mah]


regulation of purine base metabolic process

regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purines. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of purine base metabolic process

downregulation of purine base metabolic process

down regulation of purine base metabolic process

down-regulation of purine base metabolic process

negative regulation of purine base metabolism

negative regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of purine base metabolic process

upregulation of purine base metabolic process

up regulation of purine base metabolic process

positive regulation of purine base metabolism

up-regulation of purine base metabolic process

positive regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purine bases. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids. [GOC:go_curators]


pyrimidine base metabolism
pyrimidine base metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives. [GOC:ai]


regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process

regulation of pyrimidine base metabolism

regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases. [GOC:go_curators]


downregulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process

negative regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process

down regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process

negative regulation of pyrimidine base metabolism

down-regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process

negative regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of pyrimidine base metabolism

positive regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process

up regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process

up-regulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process

upregulation of pyrimidine base metabolic process

positive regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye. [ISBN:0198506732]


ommochrome biosynthesis
ommochrome formation
ommochrome synthesis
ommochrome anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye. [ISBN:0198506732]


ommochrome catabolism
ommochrome degradation
ommochrome breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye. [ISBN:0198506732]


pteridine and derivative metabolic process

pteridine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


Mo-molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands. [http://www.sunysb.edu/biochem/BIOCHEM/facultypages/schindelin/, ISSN:09498257]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


regulation of pteridine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of pteridine metabolism

down-regulation of pteridine metabolic process

down regulation of pteridine metabolic process

downregulation of pteridine metabolic process

negative regulation of pteridine metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of pteridine metabolic process

positive regulation of pteridine metabolism

up-regulation of pteridine metabolic process

upregulation of pteridine metabolic process

positive regulation of pteridine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. [PMID:21871890]


W-molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the W-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear tungsten ion (W) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands. [ISSN:09498257]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor. [GOC:curators]


2,5-dihydroxypyridine degradation to fumarate

2,5-dihydroxypyridine breakdown to fumarate

pyridine-2,5-diol catabolic process to fumarate

2,5-dihydroxypyridine catabolic process to fumarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,5-dihydroxypyridine to form fumarate. 2,5-dihydroxypyridine is dioxygenated to give maleamate and formate; the maleamate from this reaction is then converted to maleate, which is then isomerized to fumurate. [MetaCyc:PWY-722]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid. [ISBN:0943088399]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate, an aromatic hydrocarbon. [MetaCyc:DIGLUCODIACETYL-DOCOSANOATE]


alkaloid formation
alkaloid anabolism
alkaloid synthesis
alkaloid biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). [EC:1.1.1.51, GOC:lr, ISBN:0122146743]


dipyrromethane biosynthetic process
dipyrrin synthesis
dipyrrin biosynthesis
dipyrrin anabolism
dipyrromethane biosynthesis
dipyrrin formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dipyrrins (pyrromethanes), compounds containing two pyrrole rings linked through a methine, -CH=, group. [http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/class/tetpy.html#03]


nicotine anabolism
nicotine biosynthesis
nicotine formation
nicotine synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine. [GOC:sm, ISBN:0198547684]


purine alkaloid biosynthesis
purine alkaloid anabolism
purine alkaloid formation
purine alkaloid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine alkaloids, compounds derived from purine and composed of an N-containing double ring structure. [GOC:ai]


tropane alkaloid synthesis
tropane alkaloid anabolism
tropane alkaloid biosynthesis
tropane alkaloid formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


alkanesulfonate synthesis
alkanesulphonate biosynthesis
alkanesulphonate biosynthetic process
alkanesulfonate formation
alkanesulfonate anabolism
alkanesulfonate biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. [GOC:ai]


aldonic acid formation
aldonic acid synthesis
aldonic acid anabolism
aldonic acid biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group. [ISBN:0198506732]


D-gluconate formation
D-gluconate synthesis
D-gluconate biosynthesis
D-gluconate anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose. [ISBN:0198506732]


ketogluconate synthesis
ketogluconate formation
ketogluconate anabolism
ketogluconate biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group. [ISBN:0198506732]


L-idonate synthesis
L-idonate biosynthesis
L-idonate formation
L-idonate anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-idonate, the anion of idonic acid, an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose. [GOC:curators]


disaccharide synthesis
disaccharide anabolism
disaccharide formation
disaccharide biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units. [GOC:ai]


lactose biosynthetic process
lactose synthesis
lactose anabolism
lactose formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose. [GOC:go_curators]


malt sugar biosynthesis
maltose anabolism
malt sugar biosynthetic process
maltose biosynthesis
maltose formation
maltose synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose). [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


melibiose formation
melibiose anabolism
melibiose biosynthesis
melibiose synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


sucrose synthesis
sucrose anabolism
sucrose biosynthesis
sucrose formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside. [GOC:go_curators]


trehalose biosynthesis
mycose biosynthetic process
trehalose anabolism
trehalose synthesis
trehalose formation
mykose biosynthesis
mykose biosynthetic process
mycose biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0028623819]


glucuronoside synthesis
glucuronoside anabolism
glucuronoside formation
glucuronoside biosynthesis
glucuronide biosynthetic process
glucuronide biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronosides, compound composed of a hydroxy compound linked to a glucuronate residue. [ISBN:0198506732]


glycoside formation
O-glycoside biosynthetic process
O-glycoside anabolism
O-glycoside formation
glycoside synthesis
O-glycoside biosynthesis
glycoside biosynthesis
O-glycoside synthesis
glycoside anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound. [GOC:go_curators]


cyanogenic glycoside synthesis
cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis
cyanogenic glycoside anabolism
cyanogenic glycoside formation

cyanogenic glycoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyanogenic glycosides, any glycoside containing a cyano group that is released as hydrocyanic acid on acid hydrolysis; such compounds occur in the kernels of various fruits. [ISBN:0198506732]


glycosinolate formation
glycosinolate synthesis
glycosinolate anabolism
glycosinolate biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosinolates, substituted thioglycosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae. [GOC:mah, http://www.gardeneaters.net/family_characteristics.html]


glucosinolate formation
glucosinolate synthesis
glucosinolate biosynthesis
glucosinolate anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates, substituted thioglucosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae. [GOC:ai]


S-glycoside anabolism
thioglycoside biosynthesis
thioglycoside biosynthetic process
S-glycoside synthesis
S-glycoside formation
S-glycoside biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group. [ISBN:0198506732]


saponin formation
saponin anabolism
saponin synthesis
saponin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) group is a terpene or steroid and the sugar group is a glucose, a galactose, a pentose, a methylpentose or an oligosaccharide. Saponins are powerful surfactant agents and membrane active; they are, hence, toxic to animals on injection. [GOC:go_curators]


oligosaccharide synthesis
oligosaccharide formation
oligosaccharide biosynthesis
oligosaccharide anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. [ISBN:0198506732]


lipopolysaccharide core region formation

lipopolysaccharide core region biosynthesis

lipopolysaccharide core region synthesis

lipopolysaccharide core region anabolism

lipopolysaccharide core region biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues. [ISBN:0198506732]


A complex cycle of enzyme-mediated reactions which catalyzes the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar. As well as carbon dioxide the cycle requires reducing power in the form of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The reduced NADP (NADPH) and ATP are produced by the 'light' reactions. [ISBN:0582015952]


The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) in the mesophyll cells to make a 4-carbon acid which is immediately converted to malic acid. The malic acid is then passed across to the bundle sheath cells where it is broken down again to pyruvic acid and CO2. The acid is passed back to the mesophyll cells to be used again, while the CO2 is fed into the reductive pentose-phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) and converted into sugar and starch. [ISBN:0816017360]


The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is NAD-malic enzyme. [PMID:11788762]


The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is NADP-malic enzyme. [PMID:11788762]


The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). [PMID:11788762]


The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to make malic acid. The malic acid is then passed into the vacuole where it is stored until daylight, when it is shuttled back out to be used as a substrate in the light reaction of photosynthesis. [ISBN:0582015952]


The fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as glucose in the chloroplasts of C3 plants; uses ATP and NADPH formed in the light reactions of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (catalyzed by the function of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase) to yield two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate; these are then phosphorylated by ATP to 1,3-bisphosphateglyceraldehyde which, in turn, is then reduced by NADPH to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to fructose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate by aldolase and other enzymes; the ribulose 5-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. [ISBN:0198547684]


polysaccharide anabolism
glycan biosynthesis
polysaccharide synthesis
glycan biosynthetic process
polysaccharide formation
polysaccharide biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [GOC:go_curators]


alginate biosynthetic process
alginic acid biosynthesis
alginic acid anabolism
alginic acid synthesis
alginate biosynthesis
alginic acid formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds). [ISBN:0198506732]


beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


cuticle chitin anabolism
cuticle chitin synthesis
cuticle chitin biosynthesis
cuticle chitin formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles. [GOC:ai]


colanic acid anabolism
colanic acid biosynthesis
M antigen biosynthesis
colanic acid synthesis
colanic acid formation
M antigen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide. [GOC:ai]


enterobacterial common antigen synthesis

enterobacterial common antigen formation

enterobacterial common antigen anabolism

enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis

enterobacterial common antigen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enterobacterial common antigen, an acidic polysaccharide containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronic acid, and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. A major component of the cell wall outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:ma]


extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures. [GOC:ai, GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol, a substance composed of mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate. [GOC:ai]


glucan synthesis
glucan biosynthesis
glucan formation
glucan anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. [GOC:go_curators]


beta-1,3 glucan biosynthetic process
1,3-beta-glucan biosynthesis
1,3-beta-glucan formation
beta-1,3 glucan biosynthesis
1,3-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
1,3-beta-glucan anabolism
beta-1,3 glucan synthesis
beta-1,3 glucan formation
beta-1,3 glucan anabolism
1,3-beta-glucan synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds. [GOC:ai]


1,6-beta-glucan synthesis
beta-1,6 glucan synthesis
1,6-beta-glucan biosynthesis
1,6-beta-glucan anabolism
beta-1,6 glucan anabolism
beta-1,6 glucan biosynthesis
1,6-beta-glucan biosynthetic process
beta-1,6 glucan formation
1,6-beta-glucan formation
beta-1,6 glucan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->6)-beta-D-glucans. [GOC:ai]


cellulose formation
cellulose anabolism
cellulose biosynthesis
cellulose synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


glycogen formation
glycogen anabolism
glycogen biosynthesis
glycogen synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. [ISBN:0198506732]


regulation of glycogen formation
regulation of glycogen synthesis
regulation of glycogen anabolism
regulation of glycogen biosynthesis

regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of glycogen formation

down-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

down regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

negative regulation of glycogen biosynthesis

negative regulation of glycogen anabolism

downregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

negative regulation of glycogen synthesis

negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of glycogen biosynthesis

positive regulation of glycogen formation

up regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

up-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

positive regulation of glycogen anabolism

positive regulation of glycogen synthesis

upregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. [GOC:go_curators]


starch synthesis
starch anabolism
starch formation
starch biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. [GOC:ai]


heparan sulfate proteoglycan anabolism, polysaccharide chain anabolism

heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis, polysaccharide chain synthesis

heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthesis

heparan sulfate proteoglycan formation, polysaccharide chain biosynthesis

heparan sulfate proteoglycan formation, polysaccharide chain formation

heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

heparan sulfate proteoglycan chain elongation

heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. [GOC:ai]


K antigen anabolism
K antigen biosynthesis
K antigen synthesis
K antigen formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens. [ISBN:0198506732]


lipopolysaccharide synthesis
lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic process
lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis
lipopolysaccharide anabolism
LPS biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:ai, GOC:mr]


keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, an acidic sugar present in lipopolysaccharides of the outer membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria. [ISBN:0198506732]


lipid A biosynthesis
lipid A anabolism
lipid A synthesis
lipid A formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of four to six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues. Further modifications of the backbone are common. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20974832, PMID:22216004]


O antigen anabolism
O antigen biosynthesis
O antigen synthesis
O antigen formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the O side chain of a lipopolysaccharide, which determines the antigenic specificity of the organism. It is made up of about 50 repeating units of a branched tetrasaccharide. [ISBN:0198506732]


mannan anabolism
mannan formation
mannan synthesis
mannan biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannan, the main hemicellulose of soft (coniferous) wood, made up of D-mannose, D-glucose and D-galactose. [ISBN:0198506732]


pectin anabolism
pectin formation
pectin synthesis
pectin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:11931668]


xylan synthesis
xylan biosynthesis
xylan anabolism
xylan formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:11931668]


proteoglycan biosynthesis
proteoglycan formation
proteoglycan synthesis
proteoglycan anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis

heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis

heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0198547684, RESID:AA0210]


heparan sulfate proteoglycan formation, enzymatic modification

heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, enzymatic modification

heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis, enzymatic modification

heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification

heparan sulfate proteoglycan anabolism, enzymatic modification

heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification

The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization. [ISBN:0815316194]


heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis, linkage to polypeptide

heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, linkage to polypeptide

heparan sulfate proteoglycan formation, linkage to polypeptide

heparan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, linkage to polypeptide

heparan sulfate proteoglycan anabolism, linkage to polypeptide

heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, linkage to polypeptide

The polymerization of one or more heparan sulfate chains via a xylose link onto serine residues in the core protein of a proteoglycan. [ISBN:0815316194]


coenzyme and prosthetic group biosynthetic process

coenzyme and prosthetic group biosynthesis

OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes and prosthetic groups. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A. [GOC:ai]


ATP anabolism
ATP biosynthesis
ATP synthesis
ATP formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into ADP, adenosine diphosphate, to produce ATP. [GOC:ai]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP. [GOC:ai]


coenzyme A synthesis
coenzyme A biosynthesis
coenzyme A anabolism
coenzyme A formation
CoA biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester. [ISBN:0198547684]


coenzyme B synthesis
coenzyme B anabolism
coenzyme B formation
coenzyme B biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes. [PMID:10940051]


coenzyme M anabolism
coenzyme M formation
coenzyme M biosynthesis
coenzyme M synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme M (2-thioethansulfonate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes. [ISBN:0198547684]


coenzyme pyrroloquinoline-quinone biosynthetic process

pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ); it is synthesized from a small peptide containing tyrosine and glutamic acid; these amino acids in the peptide are multiply cross-linked and the rest of the peptide is removed. [PMID:7665488, RESID:AA0283]


oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis

oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process

oxidized flavin-adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process

oxidized flavin-adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FAD, the oxidized form of flavin-adenine dinucleotide. [GOC:ai, PMID:20822113]


FMN anabolism
FMN synthesis
FMN formation
FMN biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FMN, the oxidized form of flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)), which acts as a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase. [GOC:ai]


glutathione anabolism
glutathione synthesis
glutathione formation
glutathione biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins. [GOC:ai, GOC:al, GOC:pde, ISBN:0198506732]


lipoic acid formation
lipoic acid synthesis
lipoic acid biosynthetic process
lipoic acid anabolism
lipoic acid biosynthesis
lipoate formation
lipoate anabolism
lipoate synthesis
lipoate biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


vitamin B5 biosynthetic process
pantothenate biosynthesis
pantothenate synthesis
vitamin B5 biosynthesis
pantothenate anabolism
pantothenate formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0721662544]


pyridine nucleotide formation
pyridine nucleotide biosynthesis
pyridine nucleotide synthesis
pyridine nucleotide anabolism

pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base. [GOC:jl, GOC:pde, GOC:vw]


reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthetic process

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthesis

oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthesis

oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH. [GOC:mah]


oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis

oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0618254153]


nicotinamide nucleotide anabolism
nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis
nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthesis
nicotinamide nucleotide formation

nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide. [GOC:go_curators]


nicotinamide nucleotide anabolism from niacinamide

nicotinamide nucleotide formation from niacinamide

nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis from niacinamide

nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process from niacinamide

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotide from other compounds, including niacinamide. [GOC:go_curators]


nicotinate nucleotide synthesis
nicotinate nucleotide biosynthesis
nicotinate nucleotide formation
nicotinate nucleotide anabolism

nicotinate nucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinate (pyridine 3-carboxylic acid). [GOC:go_curators]


nicotinate nucleotide biosynthesis, salvage pathway

nicotinate nucleotide biosynthetic process, salvage pathway

The generation of nicotinate nucleotide without de novo synthesis. [GOC:go_curators]


pyridoxine formation
pyridoxine anabolism
pyridoxine synthesis
pyridoxine biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. [GOC:ai]


ubiquinone biosynthesis
coenzyme Q biosynthetic process
coenzyme Q biosynthesis
ubiquinone formation
ubiquinone anabolism
ubiquinone synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme. [GOC:mah]


vitamin K anabolism
vitamin K synthesis
vitamin K biosynthesis
vitamin K formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. [GOC:jl, http://www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/biochem/thcme/vitamins.html#k]


phylloquinone synthesis
phylloquinone anabolism
phytylmenaquinone biosynthetic process
vitamin K1 biosynthesis
phytomenadione biosynthetic process
phytylmenaquinone biosynthesis
vitamin K1 biosynthetic process
phylloquinone formation
phytonadione biosynthetic process
phytonadione biosynthesis
phytomenadione biosynthesis
phylloquinone biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants. [GOC:jl, http://www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/biochem/thcme/vitamins.html#k]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2. [GOC:jl, http://www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/biochem/thcme/vitamins.html#k]


thiamin diphosphate biosynthetic process

thiamin pyrophosphate biosynthetic process

thiamine pyrophosphate biosynthetic process

thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0140512713]


corrin formation
corrin biosynthesis
corrin anabolism
corrin synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of corrin, C19H22N4, the fundamental heterocyclic skeleton of the corrinoids. It consists of four reduced pyrrole rings joined into a macrocyclic ring. Corrin is the core of the vitamin B12 molecule. [GOC:ai]


chlorophyll synthesis
chlorophyll anabolism
chlorophyll formation
chlorophyll biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment, from less complex precursors. [GOC:jl]


bacteriochlorophyll synthesis
bacteriochlorophyll anabolism
bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis
bacteriochlorophyll formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bacteriochlorophyll, any of the chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria. They differ structurally from the chlorophylls of higher plants. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


haem A biosynthetic process
haem A biosynthesis
heme A formation
heme A synthesis
heme A biosynthesis
heme A anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme A, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3. [GOC:ai, PMID:11788607]


protoheme biosynthesis
protoheme biosynthetic process
heme B biosynthesis
heme B anabolism
haem B biosynthetic process
haem B biosynthesis
heme B synthesis
heme B formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme B, a Fe(II) porphyrin complex readily isolated from the hemoglobin of beef blood, but also found in other proteins including other hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes P-450, catalases, peroxidases as well as b type cytochromes. [GOC:yaf, PMID:29414780, UniPathway:UPA00252]


haem C biosynthesis
heme C anabolism
haem C biosynthetic process
heme C formation
heme C synthesis
heme C biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme c, a derivative of heme found in cytochromes c, b4, and f. [GOC:curators, PubChem_Compound:122208]


protoporphyrinogen IX formation
protoporphyrinogen IX synthesis
protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthesis
protoporphyrinogen IX anabolism

protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX. [GOC:go_curators]


siroheme biosynthesis
siroheme synthesis
siroheme formation
sirohaem biosynthetic process
siroheme anabolism
sirohaem biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings. [ISBN:0198506732]


uroporphyrinogen III formation
uroporphyrinogen III biosynthesis
uroporphyrinogen III synthesis
uroporphyrinogen III anabolism

uroporphyrinogen III biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III. [GOC:ai]


biosynthesis of protoporphyrin IX via succinyl-CoA

biosynthetic process of protoporphyrin IX via succinyl-CoA

biosynthetic process of protoporphyrin IX via succinyl CoA

biosynthesis of protoporphyrin IX via succinyl CoA

The chemical reactions that utilize succinyl-CoA in the synthesis of protoporphyrin IX. [GOC:isa_complete, ISBN:0879010479]


cobalamin synthesis
cobalamin biosynthesis
cobalamin formation
vitamin B12 biosynthetic process
cobalamin anabolism
vitamin B12 biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


aerobic vitamin B12 biosynthetic process

vitamin B12 biosynthetic process, aerobic

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the presence of oxygen. [GOC:go_curators]


vitamin B12 biosynthetic process, anaerobic

anaerobic vitamin B12 biosynthetic process

cobalamin biosynthetic process, anaerobic

anaerobic cobalamin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the absence of oxygen. [GOC:go_curators]


siderophore anabolism
siderophore synthesis
siderophore formation
siderophore biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action. [PMID:20376388]


hydroxymate-containing siderophore biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a siderophore from other compounds, including hydroxamic acid. Hydroxamate is one of the three major chemical groups incorporated into siderophore structures with catechol and a-hydroxycarboxylate, each having a high selectivity for iron(3+). [PMID:20376388]


cuticle biosynthetic process
cuticle synthesis
cuticle biosynthesis
cuticle formation
cuticle anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss. [ISBN:0192800825]


chitin-based cuticle biosynthetic process

Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


adult chitin-based cuticle biosynthetic process

Synthesis and deposition of the chitin-based cuticle of adults following the apolysis of the pupal cuticle. The adult insect cuticle contains cuticullin, a protein epicuticle and a lamellate procuticle. An example of this process is adult chitin-based cuticle development in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


chitin-based cuticle development during molting

cuticle development involved in chitin-based cuticle molting cycle

The synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based non-cellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet, occurring as part of the molting cycle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb]


Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based larval cuticle. The insect larval cuticle is a secretion from epidermal cells that is shed at each molt. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based pupal cuticle. At the end of the prepupal period the insect is covered by the pupal cuticle which continues to be elaborated into the pupal period. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


chitin-based embryonic cuticle biosynthetic process

Synthesis, including the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin and other components, and deposition of a chitin-based embryonic cuticle by the underlying epidermal epithelium. This tough, waterproof cuticle layer is essential to provide structural integrity of the larval body. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:12019232]


collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle synthesis

collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle anabolism

collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle biosynthetic process

collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle formation

collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle development

Synthesis and deposition of a collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle development during molting


cuticle hydrocarbon synthesis
cuticle hydrocarbon formation
cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthesis
cuticle hydrocarbon anabolism

cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons that make up the cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss. [GOC:ai]


deoxyribonucleoside anabolism
deoxyribonucleoside synthesis
deoxyribonucleoside biosynthesis
deoxyribonucleoside formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside). [GOC:ai]


purine deoxyribonucleoside anabolism
purine deoxyribonucleoside synthesis
purine deoxyribonucleoside formation
purine deoxyribonucleoside biosynthesis

purine deoxyribonucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine deoxyribonucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside). [GOC:ai]


deoxyadenosine formation
deoxyadenosine biosynthesis
deoxyadenosine anabolism
deoxyadenosine synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA. [GOC:go_curators]


deoxyguanosine formation
deoxyguanosine biosynthesis
deoxyguanosine anabolism
deoxyguanosine synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [GOC:jl]


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside). [GOC:ai]


deoxycytidine synthesis
deoxycytidine formation
deoxycytidine anabolism
deoxycytidine biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA. [GOC:go_curators]


deoxyinosine anabolism
deoxyinosine biosynthesis
deoxyinosine synthesis
deoxyinosine formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside. [GOC:go_curators]


deoxyuridine formation
deoxyuridine biosynthesis
deoxyuridine synthesis
deoxyuridine anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyribosyluracil, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. [GOC:go_curators]


glycerol ether anabolism
glycerol ether formation
glycerol ether biosynthesis
glycerol ether synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol. [GOC:ai]


ether lipid biosynthesis
ether lipid anabolism
ether lipid formation
ether lipid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:15337120]


heterocycle synthesis
heterocycle biosynthesis
heterocycle formation
heterocycle anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). [ISBN:0198547684]


oxazole or thiazole anabolism
oxazole or thiazole synthesis
oxazole or thiazole formation
oxazole or thiazole biosynthesis

oxazole or thiazole biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oxazole or thiazole, five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen and a sulfur, respectively, in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position. [GOC:curators]


peptide cross-linking via an oxazole or thiazole

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl glycine, or peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl glycine cross-link by the condensation of the serine hydroxyl or cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation. [GOC:jsg]


peptide cross-linking via glycine oxazolecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl glycine cross-link by the condensation of a serine hydroxyl with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation. [RESID:AA0240]


peptide cross-linking via glycine thiazolecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl glycine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation. [RESID:AA0241]


peptide cross-linking via L-cysteine oxazolecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl cysteine cross-link by the condensation of a serine hydroxyl with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation. [PMID:8895467, RESID:AA0238]


peptide cross-linking via L-cysteine oxazolinecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl serine-peptidyl cysteine cross-link by the condensation of a serine hydroxyl with the carbonyl of the preceding residue. [RESID:AA0239]


peptide cross-linking via L-cysteine thiazolecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl cysteine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation. [RESID:AA0244]


peptide cross-linking via L-lysine thiazolecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl lysine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation. [RESID:AA0245]


peptide cross-linking via L-phenylalanine thiazolecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl phenylalanine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation. [RESID:AA0243]


peptide cross-linking via L-serine thiazolecarboxylic acid

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl serine cross-link by the condensation of a cysteine thiol with the carbonyl of the preceding residue and alpha-beta dehydrogenation. [RESID:AA0242]


androgen synthesis
androgen anabolism
androgen formation
androgen biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics. [ISBN:0198506732]


auxin anabolism
auxin synthesis
auxin formation
auxin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth. [GOC:lm, GOC:lr, ISBN:0122146743]


C21-steroid hormone anabolism
C21-steroid hormone synthesis
C21-steroid hormone biosynthesis
C21-steroid hormone formation

C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones. [GOC:ai]


progesterone anabolism
progesterone formation
progesterone synthesis
progesterone biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/]


ecdysteroid formation
ecdysteroid anabolism
ecdysteroid biosynthesis
ecdysteroid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis
regulation of ecdysteroid synthesis
regulation of ecdysteroid anabolism
regulation of ecdysteroid formation

regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of ecdysteroid anabolism

down-regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of ecdysteroid synthesis

negative regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis

down regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

downregulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of ecdysteroid formation

negative regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of ecdysteroid synthesis

up-regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

positive regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis

positive regulation of ecdysteroid anabolism

upregulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

up regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

positive regulation of ecdysteroid formation

positive regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids. [GOC:go_curators]


estrogen biosynthesis
oestrogen biosynthesis
oestrogen biosynthetic process
estrogen synthesis
estrogen anabolism
estrogen formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants. [ISBN:0198506732]


glucocorticoid biosynthesis
glucocorticoid formation
glucocorticoid synthesis
glucocorticoid anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. [ISBN:0198506732]


juvenile hormone biosynthesis
juvenile hormone anabolism
juvenile hormone formation
juvenile hormone synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]


regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis

regulation of juvenile hormone anabolism

regulation of juvenile hormone formation

regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis

regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis

down regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

negative regulation of juvenile hormone anabolism

downregulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

negative regulation of juvenile hormone formation

negative regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis

down-regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

negative regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

positive regulation of juvenile hormone anabolism

up-regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

positive regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis

positive regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis

positive regulation of juvenile hormone formation

up regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

positive regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone. [GOC:go_curators]


mineralocorticoid synthesis
mineralocorticoid formation
mineralocorticoid biosynthesis
mineralocorticoid anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. [ISBN:0198506732]


ketone anabolism
ketone formation
ketone synthesis
ketone biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. [GOC:go_curators]


(+)-camphor anabolism
(+)-camphor synthesis
(+)-camphor biosynthesis
(+)-camphor formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (+)-camphor, a bicyclic monoterpene ketone. [GOC:ai]


acetoin formation
acetoin biosynthesis
acetoin anabolism
acetoin synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetoin, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. [GOC:mlg]


icosanoid biosynthesis
icosanoid anabolism
icosanoid formation
eicosanoid biosynthetic process
eoxin biosynthesis
eicosanoid biosynthesis
icosanoid synthesis
eoxin synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. [ISBN:0198506732]


leukotriene anabolism
leukotriene biosynthesis
leukotriene formation
leukotriene synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways by which an unsaturated fatty acid (such as arachidonic acid or linolenic acid) is converted to other compounds, and in which the first step is hydroperoxide formation catalyzed by lipoxygenase. [GOC:mah, PMID:17163881]


prostanoid formation
prostanoid anabolism
prostanoid biosynthesis
prostanoid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure. [GOC:ai]


prostaglandin formation
prostaglandin biosynthesis
prostaglandin synthesis
prostaglandin anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2. [PMID:19854273]


The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units. [ISBN:0716720094]


fatty acid elongation, saturated fatty acid

Elongation of a saturated fatty acid chain. [GOC:mah]


fatty acid elongation, unsaturated fatty acid

Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one or more C-C double bonds have been introduced. [GOC:mah]


regulation of fatty acid anabolism
regulation of fatty acid synthesis
regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis
regulation of fatty acid formation

regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl]


down regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis

negative regulation of fatty acid formation

downregulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of fatty acid synthesis

down-regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of fatty acid anabolism

negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

upregulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

up-regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis

positive regulation of fatty acid synthesis

positive regulation of fatty acid formation

positive regulation of fatty acid anabolism

positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids. [GOC:go_curators]


glycerolipid biosynthesis
glycerolipid anabolism
glycerolipid formation
glycerolipid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. [GOC:ai]


acylglycerol formation
acylglycerol biosynthesis
acylglycerol anabolism
acylglycerol synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids. [GOC:ai]


diacylglycerol formation
diacylglycerol synthesis
diacylglycerol biosynthesis
diglyceride biosynthesis
diacylglycerol anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group. [GOC:curators]


CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthesis
CDP-diacylglycerol synthesis
CDP-diacylglycerol anabolism
CDP-diacylglycerol formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate. [PMID:24533860]


monoglyceride biosynthetic process
monoacylglycerol anabolism
monoacylglycerol synthesis
monoacylglycerol biosynthesis
monoglyceride biosynthesis
monoacylglycerol formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified. [ISBN:0198506732]


triglyceride synthesis
triacylglycerol biosynthesis
triglyceride anabolism
triacylglycerol biosynthetic process
triglyceride biosynthesis
triglyceride formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoprene, C5H8. [GOC:jl]


farnesyl diphosphate biosynthesis
farnesyl diphosphate formation
farnesyl diphosphate synthesis
farnesyl diphosphate anabolism

farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate. [GOC:jl]


isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]

isopentenyl pyrophosphate biosynthetic process


isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis, mevalonate-independent

mevalonate-independent isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

mevalonate-independent isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis

isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway

isopentenyl diphosphate formation, mevalonate-independent pathway

isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process via 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate

isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent pathway

isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, non-mevalonate pathway

isopentenyl diphosphate anabolism, mevalonate-independent pathway

isopentenyl diphosphate synthesis, mevalonate-independent pathway

isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, MEP pathway

isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate by the mevalonate-independent pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis and is biosynthesized from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via intermediates, including 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate. [GOC:go_curators, MetaCyc:NONMEVIPP-PWY, PMID:18948055]


terpenoid biosynthetic process
terpenoid biosynthesis
terpenoid anabolism
terpenoid formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure. [GOC:ai]


diterpenoid formation
diterpenoid synthesis
diterpenoid biosynthesis
diterpenoid anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


gibberellic acid biosynthesis
gibberellin biosynthesis
gibberellic acid synthesis
gibberellic acid biosynthetic process
gibberellic acid formation
gibberellic acid anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators. [ISBN:0387969845]


monoterpenoid anabolism
monoterpenoid biosynthesis
monoterpenoid formation
monoterpenoid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton. [GOC:go_curators]


polyterpenoid biosynthesis
polyterpenoid synthesis
polyterpenoid anabolism
polyterpenoid formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with more than eight isoprene units. [GOC:go_curators]


sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis
sesquiterpenoid synthesis
sesquiterpenoid formation
sesquiterpenoid anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units. [GOC:go_curators]


abscisic acid formation
abscisic acid biosynthesis
abscisic acid synthesis
abscisic acid anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid. [ISBN:0387969845]


tetraterpenoid biosynthesis
tetraterpenoid synthesis
tetraterpenoid anabolism
tetraterpenoid formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetraterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with eight isoprene units. [GOC:go_curators]


carotenoid formation
carotenoid anabolism
carotenoid biosynthetic process
carotenoid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail. [GOC:go_curators]


carotene biosynthesis
carotene anabolism
carotene formation
carotene synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids. [GOC:go_curators]


xanthophyll biosynthesis
xanthophyll formation
xanthophyll synthesis
xanthophyll anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthophylls, oxygen-containing carotenoids. [GOC:go_curators]


triterpenoid anabolism
triterpenoid synthesis
triterpenoid biosynthesis
triterpenoid formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units. [GOC:go_curators]


pentacyclic triterpenoid anabolism
pentacyclic triterpenoid synthesis
pentacyclic triterpenoid biosynthesis
pentacyclic triterpenoid formation

pentacyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings. [ISBN:0198506732]


hopanoid biosynthesis
hopanoid formation
hopanoid anabolism
hopanoid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hopanoids, pentacyclic sterol-like compounds based on the hopane nucleus. [ISBN:0198547684]


prenol anabolism
prenol synthesis
prenol biosynthesis
prenol formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prenols, isoprenoids of general formula (H-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-CH2-)n-OH, any primary monohydroxy alcohol whose carbon skeleton consists of two or more isoprenoid residues linked head to tail. [GOC:go_curators]


polyprenol formation
polyprenol biosynthesis
polyprenol synthesis
polyprenol anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:11108713]


dolichol anabolism
dolichol synthesis
dolichol formation
dolichol biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units. [ISBN:0198506732]


dolichyl diphosphate synthesis
dolichyl diphosphate anabolism
dolichyl diphosphate biosynthesis
dolichyl diphosphate formation

dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative. [ISBN:0198506732]


membrane lipid anabolism
membrane lipid synthesis
membrane lipid formation
membrane lipid biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane. [GOC:ai]


glycolipid biosynthesis
glycolipid formation
glycolipid synthesis
glycolipid anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). [GOC:go_curators]


galactolipid biosynthesis
galactolipid anabolism
galactolipid formation
galactolipid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine. [ISBN:0198506732]


galactosylceramide anabolism
galactosylceramide formation
galactosylceramide biosynthesis
galactosylceramide synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group. [GOC:ai]


glycosphingolipid synthesis
glycosphingolipid formation
glycosphingolipid biosynthesis
glycosphingolipid anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. [GOC:go_curators]


ganglioside anabolism
ganglioside biosynthesis
ganglioside synthesis
ganglioside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues. [ISBN:0198506732]


lactosylceramide formation
lactosylceramide anabolism
lactosylceramide synthesis
lactosylceramide biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides. [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0471586501]


globoside synthesis
globoside formation
globoside biosynthesis
globoside anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I). [ISBN:0198506732]