coenzyme F420-dependent aflatoxin reductase activity

aflatoxin:coenzyme F420 oxidoreductase activity

coenzyme F420-aflatoxin reductase activity

aflatoxin:reduced coenzyme F420 reductase activity

aflatoxin reductase (coenzyme F420) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: aflatoxin + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = aflatoxin with reduced furanocoumarin moiety + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420. [GOC:mengo_curators, PMID:20807200]


coenzyme F420-dependent NADP reductase activity

coenzyme F420-dependent NADP oxidoreductase activity

reduced coenzyme F420:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = NADPH + H+ + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420. [GOC:mengo_curators, PMID:11726492]


Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond in acharan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with a uniformly repeating disaccharide structure of alpha-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-2-O-sulfo-alpha-L-iduronic acid. [GOC:mengo_curators, PMID:19566715]


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+). [PMID:12270933, PMID:9660759, RHEA:44680]


phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate. [GOC:ai]


medium-chain aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity

medium-chain fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain aldehyde + NAD+ = a medium-chain carboxylate + NADH + H+. Medium-chain aldehydes have a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons. [EC:1.2.1.48]


long-chain acyl coenzyme A hydrolase activity

long-chain acyl-thioester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a long-chain acyl-CoA = a long-chain carboxylate + CoA. A long chain is a chain of greater than 12 carbons in length. [EC:3.1.2.19]


very long-chain acyl-thioester hydrolase activity

very long-chain acyl coenzyme A hydrolase activity

very long-chain-acyl-CoA hydrolase activity

very long chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a very long chain acyl-CoA = a very long chain carboxylate + CoA. A very long chain has chain length greater than C18. [EC:3.1.2.19]


guanosine diphosphomannose-heteroglycan 3-alpha-mannosyltransferase activity

GDP mannose 3-alpha-mannosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->3)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP. [EC:2.4.1.48, MetaCyc:RXN-7992]


guanosine diphosphomannose-heteroglycan 2-alpha-mannosyltransferase activity

GDP mannose 2-alpha-mannosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->2)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP. [EC:2.4.1.48, MetaCyc:2.4.1.48-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: DNA with 1-N6-ethenoadenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 1-N6-ethenoadenine. This reaction is the removal of 1,N6-ethenoadenine by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. [PMID:21960007]


Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 7-methyladenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 7-methyladenine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 7-methyladenine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 7-methyladenine, leaving an abasic site. [GOC:jl, PMID:16468998]


Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methylguanine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methylguanine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methylguanine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 3-methylguanine, leaving an abasic site. [EC:3.2.2.21, GOC:elh, PMID:10872450, PMID:9224623]


deoxyribonucleate 3-methylguanine glycosidase I


2-hydroxy-6-ketonona-2,4,7-trienedoic acid hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,4Z,7E)-2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4,7-trienedioate + H2O = (2E)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate + fumarate + H+. [RHEA:25046]


Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + phosphate. [GOC:ai]


inositol hexakisphosphate 2-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.62]


inositol pentakisphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + phosphate. [GOC:bf]


Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + phosphate. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-3,4,6-trisphosphate + phosphate. [GOC:ai]


inositol monophosphate 3-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 3-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.25]


inositol monophosphate 4-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 4-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.25]


inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate 1-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+). [GOC:curators]


inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate = ADP + inositol 5-triphosphate pentakisphosphate. [PMID:11502751, PMID:18355727]


thiazole formation
thiazole anabolism
thiazole synthesis
thiazole biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring structure containing a sulfur in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position. [GOC:curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring structure containing a sulfur in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position. [GOC:curators]


inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate = ADP + inositol bisdiphosphate trisphosphate. [PMID:10827188, PMID:11502751, PMID:18355727]


inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-10963, PMID:10827188, PMID:11502751]


inositol bisdiphosphate tetrakisphosphate diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: inositol bisdiphosphate tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate + phosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-10965, MetaCyc:RXN-10975, MetaCyc:RXN-10976, PMID:10827188, PMID:11502751]


inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol hexakisphosphate + phosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-10964, MetaCyc:RXN-10977, MetaCyc:RXN-10978, PMID:10827188, PMID:11502751]


Catalysis of the reaction: inositol 1-diphosphate 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate + phosphate + 2 H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-10977, PMID:10827188, PMID:11502751]


inositol 1,5-bisdiphosphate 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate 1-diphosphatase activity

inositol 1,5-bispyrophosphate 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate 1-pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-10965, PMID:10827188, PMID:11502751]


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-10975, PMID:10827188, PMID:11502751]


Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 3-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-10976, PMID:10827188, PMID:11502751]


NADPH-dependent curcumin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: curcumin + NADPH + H+ = dihydrocurcumin + NADP+. [MetaCyc:RXN0-6676]


dihydrocurcumin reductase (NADPH) activity

NADPH-dependent dihydrocurcumin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrocurcumin + NADPH+ + H+ = tetrahydrocurcumin + NADP+. [MetaCyc:RXN0-6677]


ferric reductase, NADPH-dependent activity

ferric-chelate reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+-siderophore + NADP(+) + H(+) -> 2 Fe2+-siderophore + NADPH. [RHEA:28795]


ADP-dependent H4NAD(P)OH dehydratase activity

ADP-dependent H(4)NAD(P)OH dehydratase activity

ADP-dependent NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ADP = AMP + 3 H(+) + NADH + phosphate. [EC:4.2.1.93, PMID:21994945]


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-NADHX = (S)-NADHX. [PMID:21994945]


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-NADPHX = (S)-NADPHX. [PMID:21994945]


peptidyl-lysine N-acetyltransferase activity, acting on acetyl phosphate as donor

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + peptidyl-L-lysine = phosphate + peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine. [GOC:tb]


2'-deoxymugineic acid,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxymugineic acid + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 3-epihydroxy-2'-deoxymugineic acid + succinate + CO2. [EC:1.14.11.25]


glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucanase activity, C-3 substituted reducing group

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->3)-linkages in beta-D-glucans when the glucose residue whose reducing group is involved in the linkage to be hydrolysed is itself substituted at C-3. [EC:3.2.1.6]


(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate metabolic process

(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate metabolism

1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis. [GOC:curators]


(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate catabolism

(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate breakdown

(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate catabolic process

(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate degradation

1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis. [GOC:curators]


(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate formation

(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate biosynthesis

(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate anabolism

(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate biosynthetic process

(2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentyl dihydrogen phosphate synthesis

1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis. [GOC:curators]


phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate. [GOC:curators]


phosphatidylinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate phosphatase activity


Catalysis of the reaction: protein-lysine + protein-lysine = protein N6-(lysyl)-L-lysine + protein. This reaction is the addition of lysine group from one protein to a lysine residue in a second protein, producing N6-(lysyl)-L-lysine. [PMID:20729861]


arachidonic acid:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase activity

arachidonic acid omega-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonic acid + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 20-HETE + NADP+ + H2O. Arachidonic acid is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid, and 20-HETE is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-20-hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid. [KEGG_REACTION:R07041]


Catalysis of the reaction: tocopherol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-tocopherol + NADP+ + H2O . [MetaCyc:RXN-11003]


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-tocopherol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-alpha-tocopherol + NADP+ + H2O . [MetaCyc:RXN-11003]


Catalysis of the reaction: tocotrienol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-tocotrienol + NADP+ + H2O . [MetaCyc:RXN-11003]


riboflavin mononucleotide (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+. [RHEA:31455]


methylamine:amicyanin oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

methylamine dehydrogenase (amicyanin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2O + methylamine + 2 oxidized [amicyanin] = formaldehyde + 2 H+ + NH4+ + 2 reduced [amicyanin]. [RHEA:30207]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, with a copper protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and a copper protein is the acceptor. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + linoleate = (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate. [RHEA:25395]


5,8-linoleate diol synthase (bifunctional enzyme) activity


7,8-linoleate diol synthase (bifunctional enzyme) activity


9,12-octadecadienoate 8-hydroperoxide 8S-isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate = (7S,8S,9Z,12Z)-7,8-dihydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate. [RHEA:25399]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, with copper protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a copper protein. [GOC:jl]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, with a copper protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a phosphorus- or arsenic-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a copper protein. [GOC:jl]


all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl palmitate = 11-cis-retinol + H(+) + palmitate. [RHEA:31775]


all-trans-retinyl ester acylhydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming activity

all-trans-retinylester 11-cis isomerohydrolase activity

all-trans-retinyl-ester hydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl ester = 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid. [RHEA:31771]


Catalysis of the reaction: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + a quinone = 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene + a quinol. [RHEA:30959]


7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene biosynthesis from 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene

9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene catabolism to 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene

9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene desaturation to 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene

The series of reactions in which 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene is desaturated to 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene, and then 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. The overall reaction for this process is: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 2 quinol + 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. [EC:1.3.5.6, KEGG_REACTION:R07511]


Catalysis of the reaction: 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene + a quinone = 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene + a quinol. [EC:1.3.5.6]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, with a flavin as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin. [GOC:jl]


aliphatic (S)-hydroxynitrile lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + cyanide. [EC:4.1.2.47]


(S)-cyanohydrin carbonyl-lyase (cyanide forming) activity


(S)-cyanohydrin producing hydroxynitrile lyase activity


(S)-selective hydroxynitrile lyase activity


aromatic (S)-hydroxynitrile lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aromatic aldehyde + cyanide. [EC:4.1.2.47, KEGG_REACTION:R09359]


N1-acetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N1-acetylspermine + oxygen + H2O = N-(3-acetamidopropyl)-4-aminobutanal + propane-1,3-diamine + hydrogen peroxide. [MetaCyc:RXN-10465]


polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity


N1-acetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (N1-acetylspermidine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N1-acetylspermine + oxygen + H2O = N1-acetylspermidine + 3-aminopropanal + hydrogen peroxide. [MetaCyc:POLYAMINE-OXIDASE-RXN]


spermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermidine = 1,3-diaminopropane + 4-aminobutanal + H(2)O(2). [RHEA:25820]


N8-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(8)-acetylspermidine + O(2) = 1,3-diaminopropane + 4-acetamidobutanal + H(2)O(2). [RHEA:25972]


N(8)-acetylspermidine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity


N1-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermidine + O(2) = 1,3-diaminopropane + 4-acetamidobutanal + H(2)O(2). [RHEA:25864]


N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + N(1)-acetylspermidine. [RHEA:25868]


spermine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermine = 1,3-diaminopropane + H(2)O(2) + N-(3-aminopropyl)-4-aminobutanal. [RHEA:25824]


spermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermine = 3-aminopropanal + H(2)O(2) + spermidine. [RHEA:25804]


spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-aminopropanal-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermidine = 3-aminopropanal + H(2)O(2) + putrescine. [RHEA:25808]


N1-acetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + spermidine. [RHEA:25800]


N1-acetylspermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermidine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + putrescine. [RHEA:25812]


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(9) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(9) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [EC:2.1.1.221]


tRNA (m(1)G(37)) methyltransferase activity

transfer RNA (m(1)G(37)) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(37) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(37) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [EC:2.1.1.228]


23S rRNA (adenine(1618)-N(6))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(1618) in 23S rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N(6)-methyladenine(1618) in 23S rRNA. [EC:2.1.1.181]


rRNA large subunit methyltransferase F activity


S-adenosylmethionine-6-N',N'-adenosyl (rRNA) dimethyltransferase activity

16S rRNA (adenine(1518)-N(6)/adenine(1519)-N(6))-dimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(1518)/adenine(1519) in 16S rRNA = 4 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-dimethyladenine(1518)/N(6)-dimethyladenine(1519) in 16S rRNA. [RHEA:19609]


18S rRNA (adenine(1779)-N(6)/adenine(1780)-N(6))-dimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(1779)/adenine(1780) in 18S rRNA = 4 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-dimethyladenine(1779)/N(6)-dimethyladenine(1780) in 18S rRNA. [RHEA:42780]


23S rRNA (adenine(2085)-N(6))-dimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(2085) in 23S rRNA = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-dimethyladenine(2085) in 23S rRNA. [EC:2.1.1.184]


ermC 23S rRNA methyltransferase activity


rRNA:m(6)A methyltransferase ermC' activity


23S rRNA m(1)G(745) methyltransferase activity

23S rRNA (guanine(745)-N(1))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(745) in 23S rRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(745) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [EC:2.1.1.187]


23S rRNA (guanine(748)-N(1))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(748) in 23S rRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(748) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [EC:2.1.1.188]


23S rRNA m(1)G(748) methyltransferase activity


16S rRNA (guanine(966)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(966) in 16S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(966) in 16S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [EC:2.1.1.171]


16S rRNA (guanine(1207)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1207) in 16S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1207) in 16S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [EC:2.1.1.172]


23S rRNA (guanine(2445)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(2445) in 23S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(2445) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [EC:2.1.1.173]


23S rRNA (guanine(1835)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [EC:2.1.1.174]


Catalysis of the addition of mannose to dolichyl-pyrophosphate Man7GlcNAc2 (also written as Man7GlcNAc2-PP-Dol) in alpha-(1->6) linkage, producing Man8GlcNAc2-PP-Dol. [PMID:10336995, RHEA:29535]

dolichyl-pyrophosphate Man7GlcNAc2 alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H(+) + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate. [EC:2.4.1.261, RHEA:29539]


aliphatic (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (R)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + hydrogen cyanide. [EC:4.1.2.46]


Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanenitrile = butan-2-one + hydrogen cyanide. [EC:4.1.2.46]


acetone-cyanohydrin acetone-lyase (cyanide-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetone cyanohydrin = hydrogen cyanide + acetone. [KEGG_REACTION:R01553, MetaCyc:ACETONE-CYANHYDRIN-LYASE-RXN]


hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase (geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate = 2 diphosphate + all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate. [RHEA:27555]


(all-E) hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase activity


all-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase (geranyl-diphosphate specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate. [RHEA:27563]


nonaprenyl diphosphate synthase activity


solanesyl diphosphate synthetase activity


all-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase (geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate = 5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate. [RHEA:27594]


Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H(+) + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate. [RHEA:29527]


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H(+) + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate. [EC:2.4.1.259, RHEA:29531]


dolichylphosphomannose-dependent ALG9 mannosyltransferase activity


Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA precursor + CTP = a tRNA with a 3' cytidine end + diphosphate. [KEGG_REACTION:R09383]


Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA with a 3' cytidine + CTP = a tRNA with a 3' CC end + diphosphate. [KEGG_REACTION:R09384]


Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA with a 3' CC end + ATP = a tRNA with a 3' CCA end + diphosphate. [RHEA:60012]


alcohol:cytochrome c(L) oxidoreductase activity

alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c(L)) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 [Fe(III)cytochrome cL] + a primary alcohol = 2 [Fe(II)cytochrome cL] + an aldehyde + 2 H+. [RHEA:51004]


PQQ-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity

alcohol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity

alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 [Fe(III)cytochrome c] + a primary alcohol = 2 [Fe(II)cytochrome c] + an aldehyde + 2 H+. [RHEA:51020]


apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involution

Any apoptotic process that triggers the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle the mammary epithelial cells resulting in their programmed cell death. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


clathrin sculpted glutamate transport vesicle

clathrin sculpted glutamate constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle

clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle

A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing glutamate. [GOC:dph]


clathrin sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle

clathrin sculpted acetylcholine constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle

clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle

A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing acetylcholine. [GOC:dph]


clathrin sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle membrane

clathrin sculpted acetylcholine constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane

clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle. [GOC:dph]


clathrin sculpted acetylcholine constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle lumen

clathrin sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle lumen

clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle. [GOC:dph]


clathrin sculpted glutamate transport vesicle membrane

clathrin sculpted glutamate constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane

clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle. [GOC:dph]


clathrin sculpted glutamate transport vesicle lumen

clathrin sculpted glutamate constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle lumen

clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle. [GOC:dph]


apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol pentakisphosphate (mixed isomers) + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.62]


Any process that modulates the extent of cell growth. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


Any process that modulates the rate of cell growth. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


Any process that modulates the direction of cell growth. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


positive regulation of direction of cell growth

Any process that increases the direction of cell growth. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


negative regulation of direction of cell growth

Any process that decreases the direction of cell growth. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to arsenic-containing substance

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to arsenic-containing substance

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to cobalt ion

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to a cobalt ion stimulus. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to calcium ion

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to a calcium ion stimulus. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to acidity


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to nitrosative stress

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hydrostatic pressure

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to glucose starvation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of glucose. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hydrogen peroxide

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to heat stress

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to freezing

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a freezing stimulus, temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to ethanol

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an ethanol stimulus. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to cold

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to amino acid starvation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of amino acids. [GOC:dph]


regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by a nonfermentable carbon source

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. [GOC:dph, PMID:19686338]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by a nonfermentable carbon source

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source leads to an increase of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. [GOC:dph, PMID:19686338]


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by a nonfermentable carbon source

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source leads to a decrease of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. [GOC:dph, PMID:19686338]


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:dph, PMID:9767597]


regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus. [GOC:dph, PMID:12511571]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus. [GOC:dph]


regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to biotin starvation

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of biotin. [GOC:dph, PMID:16533810]


positive regulation of transcription by oleic acid

Any process involving oleic acid that activates or increases the rate of transcription. [GOC:dph, PMID:20395639]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to alkalinity


positive regulation of sodium ion transport by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter resulting in the increased frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:dph, PMID:11523797]


positive regulation of ethanol catabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter and activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ethanol catabolic process. [GOC:dph, PMID:10608811, PMID:7760841]


positive regulation of sulfite transport by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter and activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sulfite transport. [GOC:dph, PMID:10234785, PMID:10870099]


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus. [GOC:dph, PMID:17785431]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by oleic acid

Any process involving oleic acid that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:dph, PMID:20395639]


The process of shaping a trabecula in bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:vk]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methionine stimulus. [GOC:dph, PMID:7891681]


cellular response to caloric restriction

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a of caloric restriction, insufficient food energy intake. [GOC:dph, PMID:17914901]


positive regulation of transcription from a mobile element promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a mobile element promoter. [GOC:dph, PMID:12230120, PMID:9271107]


Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability. [GOC:dph]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, PMID:11891195]


The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, PMID:11891195]


The process in which the kidney vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, PMID:11891195]


The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, PMID:11891195]


The process involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph]


endocardial cushion cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cushion cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endocardial cushion cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph]


endocardial cushion cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cushion cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cushion cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph]


endocardial cushion cell fate determination

The process involved in endocardial cushion cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph]


endocardial cushion cell fate specification

The process involved in the specification of endocardial cushion cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph]


clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicle

clathrin sculpted monoamine constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle

clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle

A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing monoamines. [GOC:mg2]


clathrin sculpted monoamine constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle lumen

clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicle lumen

clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle. [GOC:mg2]


clathrin sculpted monoamine constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane

clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicle membrane

clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle. [GOC:mg2]


attachment of telomeric chromatin to nuclear envelope


negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis


positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis

positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0781765196]


negative regulation of thymocyte apoptosis

negative regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0781765196]


L-threonine breakdown to propionate
L-threonine degradation to propionate
L-threonine catabolism to propionate

L-threonine catabolic process to propionate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) to form the compound propionate. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-5437]


L-threonine degradation to acetyl-CoA
L-threonine catabolism to acetyl-CoA
L-threonine breakdown to acetyl-CoA

L-threonine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) into glycine and acetaldehyde, with acetaldehyde being subsequently converted to acetyl-CoA. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-5436]


termination of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade


MAPKKK cascade involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

conjugation with cellular fusion, MAPKKK cascade

MAPK cascade involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

MAPKKK cascade involved in mating response

A MAPK cascade that is part of a pheromone response ending in conjugation with cellular fusion. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:17604854]


A ribonucleoprotein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of axons and dendrites, and transports translationally silenced mRNAs to dendritic synapses, where they are released and translated in response to specific exogenous stimuli. [GOC:BHF, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah, PMID:19015237, PMID:20368989]


High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) MAPK pathway


ligand-dependent transcription factor activity


RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding

ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Nuclear receptor ligands are usually lipid-based (such as a steroid hormone) and the binding of the ligand to its receptor often occurs in the cytoplasm, which leads to its tranlocation to the nucleus. [GOC:txnOH-2018]


transmembrane signalling receptor activity

transmembrane signaling receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor]


G-protein coupled GABA receptor activity

G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity

Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, IUPHAR_RECEPTOR:1276, Wikipedia:GABAB_receptor]


netrin receptor activity involved in negative chemotaxis

netrin receptor activity involved in chemorepulsion

Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to contribute to the directed movement of a motile cell away from a higher concentration of netrin. [GOC:dph, GOC:signaling]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:go_curators]


A specialized cell-cell junction found between nephrocytes of the insect kidney, which is adapted for filtration of hemolymph. The insect nephrocyte is anatomically and functionally similar to the glomerular podocyte of vertebrates. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:sart, PMID:18971929]


1,3-beta-D-glucan metabolism
beta-1,3 glucan metabolic process
1,3-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
beta-1,3 glucan metabolism
1,3-beta-glucan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds. [ISBN:0198506732]


nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process


porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, Wikipedia:Porphyrin#Natural_formation]


porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, Wikipedia:Porphyrin#Natural_formation]


porphyrin-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis

cellular component disassembly involved in apoptotic process


negative regulation of detachment induced cell death

negative regulation of suspension induced apoptosis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis. [GOC:obol]


establishment or maintenance of cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulate the shape of a cell. [GOC:mah]


establishment of cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any cellular process that results in the specification or formation of a polarized intracellular organization or cell growth pattern that regulates the shape of a cell. [GOC:mah]


A spindle that forms as part of meiosis. Several proteins, such as budding yeast Spo21p, fission yeast Spo2 and Spo13, and C. elegans mei-1, localize specifically to the meiotic spindle and are absent from the mitotic spindle. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:11408572, PMID:18367542, PMID:8027178]


establishment and maintenance of SHREC complex localization

Any process in which a SHREC complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:mah]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MCM complex, a hexameric protein complex required for the initiation and regulation of DNA replication. [GOC:mah, PMID:21813639]


vegetative growth of a single-celled organism

single-celled organism vegetative growth phase

A phase of population growth during which single celled organisms reproduce by budding, fission, or other asexual methods. [GOC:mah, GOV:vw]


DNA replication initiation involved in meiotic DNA replication

Any DNA replication initiation involved in meiotic cell cycle DNA replication. [GO_REF:0000060, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:10888871]


regulation of DNA recombination at telomere

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination within the telomere. [GOC:mah]


up-regulation of telomeric recombination at telomere

positive regulation of telomeric recombination

upregulation of telomeric recombination at telomere

up regulation of telomeric recombination at telomere

positive regulation of DNA recombination at telomere

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination within the telomere. [GOC:mah]


activation of telomeric recombination at telomere


endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell

viral penetration via endocytosis followed by endosome disruption

Any endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:977]

viral entry into host cell via endocytosis


viral entry into host cell via macropinocytosis

macropinocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell

Any macropinocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. [GOC:jl, GOC:sp, PMID:17077125, PMID:19404330, VZ:800]


macropinosome lysis involved in viral entry into host cell

Viral-induced lysis of the macropinosome involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs after internalization of the virus in a macropinosome, and results in the release of viral contents from the macropinosome into the host cell cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


viral entry into host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis

viral penetration via clathrin-mediated endocytosis

clathrin-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell

clathrin-dependent endocytosis of virus by host cell

Any clathrin-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Begins by invagination of a specific region of the host cell plasma membrane around the bound virus to form a clathrin-coated pit, which then pinches off to form a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle containing the virus. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:957]


caveolin-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell

viral entry into host cell via caveolae-mediated endocytosis

Any caveolin-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Begins when material is taken up into plasma membrane caveolae - specialized lipid rafts that form 50-70 nm flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane - which then pinch off to form endocytic caveolar carriers containing the virus. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:976]

viral penetration via caveolae-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome disruption


viral entry into host cell via caveolae-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome lysis

endosome lysis involved in viral entry into host cell

Viral-induced lysis of the endosome involved in uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the viral contents from the endosome into the host cell cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


viral entry into host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome lysis


viral penetration via endocytosis followed by clathrin-mediated membrane fusion with the endosome membrane

viral entry into host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane


viral entry into host cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome membrane permeabilization


Any process involved in the formation of branches in lateral roots. [GOC:tb]


The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone. [GOC:BHF, GOC:se, GOC:tb]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as the result of a photooxidative stress, the light-dependent generation of active oxygen species. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb03042.x]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as the result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. A phenylpropanoid is any of secondary metabolites with structures based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin. [GOC:tb]


induction by organism of host gene-for-gene resistance

activation by organism of host resistance gene-dependent defense response

positive regulation by organism of host gene-for-gene resistance

activation by organism of host gene-for-gene resistance

positive regulation by symbiont of plant hypersensitive response

positive regulation by symbiont of plant HR

induction by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response

activation by symbiont of host resistance gene-dependent defense response

effector-mediated induction of plant hypersensitive response by symbiont

A symbiont process in which a molecule secreted by the symbiont activates a resistance gene-dependent defense response signaling pathway in the plant host, in order to activate a hypersensitive response to induce necrosis. In the plant, this process involves the direct or indirect recognition of the symbiont effector protein for example through plant resistance receptor or R proteins (or R genes). [PMID:16497589, PMID:22241993, PMID:23411798, PMID:27641772]


The increase in size or mass of non-reproductive plant parts. [PO:0007134]


The last stage of flower development during which programmed degradation of macromolecules and nutrient recycling take place. [PMID:19380421, PMID:21689171]


An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction

An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane repolarization during action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

The process in which cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the cardiac muscle cell plasma membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in an atrial cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential

SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential

SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential

AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


An action potential that occurs in a Purkinje myocyte. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling

sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling

SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling

SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signalling

SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cell-cell signalling involved in cardiac conduction

cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


gap junction channel activity involved in sinoatrial node cell-atrial cardiomyocyte electrical coupling

gap junction channel activity involved in sinus node cell-atrial cardiomyocyte electrical coupling

gap junction channel activity involved in SAN cell-atrial cardiomyocyte electrical coupling

gap junction channel activity involved in SA node cell-atrial cardiomyocyte electrical coupling

gap junction channel activity involved in SA node cell-atrial cardiac muscle cell electrical coupling

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from an SA node cell to an atrial cardiomyocyte. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication by electrical coupling

sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication by electrical coupling

SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication by electrical coupling

SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication by electrical coupling

SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication by electrical coupling

The process that mediates signaling interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and an atrial cardiomyocyte by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


SA cardiomyocyte-atrial cardiomyocyte adhesion involved in cell communication

SAN cardiomyocyte-atrial cardiomyocyte adhesion involved in cell communication

SA cardiac muscle cell-atrial cardiac muscle cell adhesion involved in cell communication

sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte-atrial cardiomyocyte adhesion involved in cell communication

SA node cell-atrial cardiac muscle cell adhesion involved in cell communication

The attachment of SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


atrial cardiomyocyte to AV node cell signalling

atrial cardiomyocyte to atrioventricular node cell signaling

atrial cardiomyocyte to AV node cell signaling

atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an atrial cardiomyocyte to an AV node cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


bundle of His cardiac muscle cell to Purkinje myocyte signalling

bundle of His cardiac muscle cell to Purkinje myocyte signaling

bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a bundle of His cardiomyocyte to a Purkinje myocyte. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signalling

Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


P-type sodium:potassium-exchanging transporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) + K+(in), that contributes to regulating the membrane potential of a cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


calcium:sodium antiporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in), which contributes to regulating the membrane potential of a cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


calcium-transporting ATPase activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

P-type calcium transporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

A calcium-transporting P-type ATPase activity involved in regulation of the plasma membrane potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


sodium:hydrogen antiporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

sodium:proton antiporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a cardiac muscle cell membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out). This transfer contributes to the regulation of the cardiac muscle cell plasma membrane potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in SAN cell action potential depolarization

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in sinus node cell action potential depolarization

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in sinoatrial node cell action potential depolarization

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential depolarization

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cardiac muscle cell-cardiac muscle cell adhesion

The attachment of one cardiomyocyte to another cardiomyocyte via adhesion molecules. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


bundle of His cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in a bundle of His cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


atrial cardiomyocyte to AV node cell communication by electrical coupling

atrial cardiomyocyte to atrioventricular node cell communication by electrical coupling

atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell communication by electrical coupling

The process that mediates signaling interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and an AV node cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane depolarization during atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane depolarization during AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potential

The process in which AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane depolarization involved in regulation of SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane depolarization involved in regulation of SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane depolarization involved in regulation of sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potential

The process in which SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane depolarization during Purkinje myocyte cell action potential

The process in which Purkinje myocyte membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane depolarization during bundle of His cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane depolarization during bundle of His cell action potential

The process in which bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane repolarization involved in regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization involved in regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization during AV node cell action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane repolarization during bundle of His cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization during bundle of His cell action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the bundle of His cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane repolarization during Purkinje myocyte action potential

The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the Purkinje myocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


membrane repolarization involved in regulation of sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization involved in regulation of sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization involved in regulation of SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization involved in regulation of SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential

membrane repolarization during SA node cell action potential

The process in which an SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


atrioventricular node cell to bundle of His cell communication by electrical coupling

AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication by electrical coupling

The process that mediates signaling interactions between an AV node cardiomyocyte and a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


bundle of His cardiac muscle cell to Purkinje myocyte communication by electrical coupling

bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte communication by electrical coupling

The process that mediates signaling interactions between a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell and a Purkinje myocyte by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication by electrical coupling

The process that mediates signaling interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and a ventricular cardiac muscle cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in bundle of His cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an Purkinje myocyte cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved SA node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in bundle of His cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a Purkinje myocyte contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction

The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels and contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cell communication involved in cardiac conduction

Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


atrial cardiomyocyte to AV node cell communication

atrial cardiomyocyte to atrioventricular node cell communication

atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell communication

The process that mediates interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the atrial cardiomyocyte communicating with an AV node cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


atrioventricular node cell to bundle of His cell communication

AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication

The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication

The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


bundle of His cardiac muscle cell to Purkinje myocyte communication

ventricular conduction system cell to cell communication

bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte communication

The process that mediates interactions between a bundle of His cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the bundle of His cell communicating with a Purkinje myocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication

SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication

SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication

sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication

SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication

The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


atrial cardiomyocyte-AV node cell adhesion involved in cell communication

atrial cardiomyocyte-atrioventricular node cell adhesion involved in cell communication

atrial cardiac muscle cell-AV node cell adhesion involved in cell communication

The attachment of an atrial cardiomyocyte to an AV node cell via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


atrioventricular node cell-bundle of His cell adhesion involved in cell communication

AV node cell-bundle of His cell adhesion involved in cell communication

The attachment of an AV node cell to an bundle of His cell via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte adhesion involved in cell communication

The attachment of a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


Purkinje myocyte-ventricular cardiac muscle cell adhesion involved in cell communication

The attachment of an Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell via adhesion molecules that results in the cells being juxtaposed so that they can communicate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


gap junction channel activity involved in cardiac conduction electrical coupling

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from one cardiomyocyte to an adjacent cardiomyocyte. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


gap junction channel activity involved in atrial cardiomyocyte-AV node cell electrical coupling


gap junction channel activity involved in atrioventricular node cell-bundle of His cell electrical coupling

gap junction channel activity involved in AV node cell-bundle of His cell electrical coupling

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from an AV node cell to a bundle of His cell. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


gap junction channel activity involved in bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte electrical coupling

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from a bundle of His cell to a Purkinje myocyte. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


gap junction channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte-ventricular cardiac muscle cell electrical coupling

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


protein binding involved in heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

Binding to a protein or protein complex contributing to the adhesion of two different types of cells. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cell adhesive protein binding involved in atrial cardiomyocyte-atrioventricular node cell communication

cell adhesive protein binding involved in atrial cardiomyocyte-AV node cell communication

cell adhesive protein binding involved in atrial cardiac muscle cell-AV node cell communication

Binding to a protein or protein complex that results in the connection of an atrial cardiomyocyte with an AV node cell and contributes to the communication between the two cells. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cell adhesive protein binding involved in atrioventricular node cell-bundle of His cell communication

cell adhesive protein binding involved in AV node cell-bundle of His cell communication

Binding to a protein or protein complex that results in the connection of an AV node cell with a bundle of His cell and contributes to the communication between the two cells. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cell adhesive protein binding involved in bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte communication

Binding to a protein or protein complex that results in the connection of a bundle of His cell with a Purkinje myocyte and contributes to the communication between the two cells. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cell adhesive protein binding involved in Purkinje myocyte-ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication

Binding to a protein or protein complex that results in the connection of a Purkinje myocyte with an ventricular cardiac muscle cell and contributes to the communication between the two cells. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


cell adhesive protein binding involved in SA cardiomyocyte-atrial cardiomyocyte communication

cell adhesive protein binding involved in SA cardiac muscle cell-atrial cardiac muscle cell communication

Binding to a protein or protein complex that results in the connection of an SA cardiomyocyte with an atrial cardiomyocyte and contributes to the communication between the two cells. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potential repolarization

Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potential repolarization

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a bundle of His cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte action potential repolarization

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of a Purkinje myocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in atrial cardiomyocyte action potential repolarization

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiomyocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in sinoatrial node cell action potential

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in sinus node cell action potential

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in SAN cell action potential

voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential repolarization

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cell contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction

A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


regulation of the force of heart contraction by cardiac conduction

A cardiac conduction process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


positive regulation of transmembrane calcium influx


negative regulation of transmembrane calcium influx


regulation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis


positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis


negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis


regulation of cell wall 1,3-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process

regulation of cell wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells. [GOC:tb]


Catalysis of the reaction: malonate + ATP + coenzyme A = malonyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-12359]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of malonate, the propanedioate ion. [GOC:tb]


The directed movement of molybdate ions out of the vacuole. [GOC:tb]


7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ chlorophyll a + 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2O. [GOC:kad, PMID:21934147]


nicotinate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nicotinate from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:tb]


negative regulation of transcription involved in G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that inhibits or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of target genes that are transcribed as part of the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:10747051]


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dendritic spine. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20410104]


The organization process that preserves a dendritic spine in a stable functional or structural state. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20410104]


Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of cadmium (Cd++). [GOC:rs, PMID:19456862]


The directed movement of a non-coding RNA transcript (ncRNA) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:dgf, PMID:11352936]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior part of the head over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:yaf, PMID:14695376, PMID:15857913]


A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus. [GOC:sjw, PMID:9916872]


cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulus

A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus. [GOC:sjw, PMID:9916872]


response to T4 stimulus
response to thyroxine stimulus
response to T4

A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroxine stimulus. [GOC:sjw, PMID:9916872]


A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroxine stimulus. [GOC:sjw, PMID:9916872]


The morphogenesis process in which the ductus arteriosus changes to no longer permit blood flow after birth. The ductus arteriosus is the shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which allows blood to bypass the fetus' lungs. [GOC:hw]


interferon regulatory factor complex location

A protein complex that consists of two interferon regulatory proteins (IRFs); may be homodimeric or heterodimeric. The activation of a latent closed conformation of IRF in the cytoplasm is triggered by phosphorylation of Ser/Thr residues in a C-terminal region. Phosphorylation stimulates the C-terminal autoinhibitory domain to attain a highly extended conformation triggering dimerization through extensive contacts to a second subunit. [GOC:cna, PMID:20043992]


interferon regulatory factor 3 complex location

An interferon regulatory factor complex that consists of a homodimer of interferon regulatory factor 3. [GOC:cna, PMID:12855817, PMID:14556004, Reactome:R-HSA-166272]


interferon regulatory factor 5 complex location

An interferon regulatory factor complex that consists of a homodimer of interferon regulatory factor 5. [GOC:cna, PMID:12138184, PMID:16751392]


interferon regulatory factor 7 complex location

An interferon regulatory factor complex that consists of a homodimer of interferon regulatory factor 7. [GOC:cna, PMID:18068231, Reactome:R-HSA-450344]


interferon regulatory factor 3-interferon regulatory factor 7 complex location

An interferon regulatory factor complex that consists of a heterodimer of interferon regulatory factor 3 and interferon regulatory factor 7. [GOC:cna, PMID:18068231, Reactome:R-HSA-1027367]


transforming growth factor beta activated kinase 1 complex location

A protein complex that possesses protein kinase activity and activates the I-kappa B kinase complex (IKK) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in response to TRAF6 signaling. It comprises the catalytic subunit TAK1 complexed to the regulatory subunits, termed TABs (TAK1-binding subunits). [GOC:cna, PMID:16410796, PMID:17496917, PMID:18021073]


Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of copper(I) (Cu+). [GOC:rs, PMID:19928961]


A protein complex involved in the 18S rRNA biogenesis. In S. cerevisiae this complex consists of Fal1p and Sgd1p and in humans this complex consists of NOM1 and eIF4AIII subunits. [GOC:rb, PMID:21576267]


selenite:H+ symporter activity
selenite:hydrogen symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: selenite(out) + H+(out) = selenite(in) + H+(in). [GOC:mcc, PMID:20861301]


plasma membrane hydrogenselenite transport

The directed movement of inorganic selenite (HSeO3-1 at physiological pH) across a plasma membrane. [GOC:mcc, PMID:20861301]


vascular smooth muscle cell fate commitment

vascular associated smooth muscle cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to a vascular smooth muscle cell fate and their capacity to differentiate into vascular smooth muscle cells. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. [GOC:BHF]


vascular smooth muscle cell fate specification

vascular associated smooth muscle cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a vascular smooth muscle cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. [GOC:BHF]


vascular smooth muscle cell fate determination

vascular associated smooth muscle cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a vascular smooth muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. [GOC:BHF]


vascular associated smooth muscle cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. [GOC:BHF]


interferon regulatory factor 3-interferon regulatory factor 5 complex location

An interferon regulatory factor complex that consists of a heterodimer of interferon regulatory factor 3 and interferon regulatory factor 5. [GOC:cna, PMID:12138184]


The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an amniotic stem cell. An amniotic stem cell is a mesenchymal stem cell extracted from amniotic fluid. Amniotic stem cells are able to differentiate into various tissue types such as skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone. [CL:0002639, GOC:yaf, PMID:20942606, Wikipedia:Amniotic_stem_cells]


The appearance of interleukin-17A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv, PMID:27901018]


The appearance of interleukin-17F due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv, Wikipedia:Interleukin_17]


methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain. [GOC:rs, PMID:19933331]


pre-synaptic membrane organization
presynaptic membrane organisation

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynaptic membrane, including any proteins associated with the membrane, but excluding other cellular components. A presynaptic membrane is a specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:pr, GOC:sjp, PMID:19730411]


The process that results in grouping synaptic vesicles in presynaptic structures. [GOC:ans, GOC:pr, PMID:19900895, PMID:7568108]