The excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (INTEINS) of a precursor protein, coupled with ligation of the flanking sequences (EXTEINS). Protein splicing is an autocatalytic reaction and results in the production of two proteins from a single primary translation product: the intein and the mature protein.


The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]


Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.


A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.


Splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA CLEAVAGE at multiple sites. It includes the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which along with chromatin condensation, are considered to be the hallmarks of APOPTOSIS.


The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation. [http://hebb.mit.edu/courses/9.03/lecture4.html, ISBN:0582227089]


phosphoenol transphosphorylase activity
pyruvate kinase activity
phosphoenolpyruvate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: = ADP + H(+) + phosphoenolpyruvate => ATP + pyruvate. [EC:2.7.1.40, RHEA:18159]


Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid. [EC:3.5.2.6]


An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0877797099]


A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete]


Metabolic products of chylomicron particles in which TRIGLYCERIDES have been selectively removed by the LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. These remnants carry dietary lipids in the blood and are cholesterol-rich. Their interactions with MACROPHAGES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; and SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS in the artery wall can lead to ATHEROSCLEROSIS.


visual behaviour
visual behavior
behavioral response to visual stimulus

The behavior of an organism in response to a visual stimulus. [GOC:jid, GOC:pr]


The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]


Small granular inclusions (about 1-3 microns in diameter) found in the anterior horn cells, and appearing either singly or in a group. Sometimes they are arranged in small beaded chains. Bunina bodies express cystatin C and consist of electron-dense amorphous material that contains tubules or vesicular structures. The amorphous material frequently includes a cytoplasmic island containing neurofilaments and other micro-organelles. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090101, PMID:18026741]


pyrimidine-dimer repair, DNA damage excision

A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts). [PMID:10197977]


An axon arising from cerebellar projecting cells in the cochlea, vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellar nuclei and basilar pontine nuclei. Mossy fibers enter through all three cerebellar peduncles and send collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then branch in the white matter and terminate in the granule cell layer. Through this branching, a given mossy fiber can innervate several folia. Mossy fibers synapse on granule cells. The synaptic contacts are made at enlargements along the length of the mossy fiber called mossy fiber rosettes. The enlargements of the rosettes give the axons a mossy-looking appearance in Golgi stained preparations. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090209]


Axons of certain cells in the DENTATE GYRUS. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of PYRAMIDAL CELLS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).


The space between the inner and outer membranes of a cell that is shared with the cell wall.


Mode of communication wherein a bound hormone affects the function of the cell type that produced the hormone.


Cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment. This term is often used to denote the action of INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS on surrounding cells.


A process, occurring in skeletal muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control. [GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]


Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]


cellular amino acid anabolism
cellular amino acid biosynthesis
amino acid biosynthetic process
cellular amino acid formation
cellular amino acid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. [ISBN:0198506732]

cellular amino acid biosynthetic process


cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells. [ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. [GOC:mah]


release of sequestered calcium ion into cytoplasm

release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+) into cytoplasm

cytoplasmic release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)

large scale movement of calcium ions at the cellular level, as across the cell membrane, between organelles, or through the cytoplasm; a fundamental cellular signal transduction mechanism; do not confuse with CALCIUM METABOLISM, which applies to bodily balance.

cytoplasmic release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)


carbohydrate synthesis
anabolic carbohydrate metabolic process
carbohydrate biosynthesis
carbohydrate anabolism
anabolic carbohydrate metabolism
carbohydrate formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. [ISBN:0198506732]


conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide to organic carbon compounds as in photosynthesis.


The directed movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]


All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.


separation of chromosomes during cell division.


The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:BHF]


A period of arrested growth or development in animals that is triggered by external conditions, such as length of day, extreme temperatures, or reduced food availability. It can occur at the embryonic, larval, pupal, or adult stage, depending on the species.


icosanoid metabolic process
eicosanoid metabolism
eicosanoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. [GOC:ma]


fatty acid formation
fatty acid synthesis
fatty acid anabolism
fatty acid biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [ISBN:0198547684]


The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [GOC:ai]


cellular glucose metabolic process
glucose metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. [ISBN:0198506732]


glycogen degradation
glycogen breakdown
glycogen catabolic process
glycogenolysis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. [ISBN:0198506732]


The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:10082468]


hormone biosynthesis
hormone anabolism
hormone formation
hormone synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. [GOC:jl]


movement of hydrogen ions (protons) across biological membranes; may be active, passive, or facilitated.


viral dormancy
phage lysogeny
viral latency

The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (LATENT INFECTION). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat. [GOC:dph]


The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. [ISBN:0198506732]


The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. [GOC:ai]


A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane. [GOC:jl]


A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829]


The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. [GOC:dgh, GOC:mah]


The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


neurotransmitter biosynthesis
neurotransmitter biosynthetic process
neurotransmitter formation
neurotransmitter anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. [GOC:jl]


The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates). [GOC:ma]


behavior manifested and/or studied in a standardized environmental arrangement in order to study its approach-avoidance responses or signs of emotionality and locomotor activity.


state of immunologic unresponsiveness induced by the prior ingestion of antigen.


The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The structure enclosing certain parasite cells such as certain apicomplexa and Euglenozoa; consists of the cell membrane with its associated infrastructure of microtubules, microfilaments and other organelles. [GOC:mah, GOC:mb]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4). [GOC:ai]


Protection mechanism used by plants under conditions of excess energy absorption as a consequence of the light reactions of photosynthesis. [GOC:mg]


A complex located in a photosynthetic membrane that consists of a photoreaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. Examples of this component are found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in photosynthetic bacterial and archaeal species. [GOC:ds, GOC:mah, ISBN:0140514031, PMID:9821949]


porphyrin biosynthetic process
porphyrin synthesis
porphyrin formation
porphyrin anabolism

anabolic formation of porphyrins in organisms or living cells.


sum of chemical changes that occur within the tissues of an organism consisting of anabolism (biosynthesis) and catabolism of porphyrins; the buildup and breakdown of porphyrins for utilization by the organism.


protein biosynthetic process
protein anabolism
translation
protein synthesis
protein translation
protein biosynthesis

The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. [GOC:go_curators]


protein metabolic process and modification

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification. [GOC:ma]


The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]


Receptor Binding involves a temporary non-covalent, typically highly specific and high affinity, interaction through intermolecular physical forces of attraction and spatial complementarity with a diverse group of intrinsic membrane or cytoplasmic proteins that mediate the biological effects of secreted regulatory signaling molecules through modification of the activity of signal transduction pathways.


An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]


Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor. [GOC:hjd, PMID:21823225]


steroidogenesis
steroid biosynthetic process
steroid anabolism
steroid biosynthesis
steroid formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. [ISBN:0198547684]


sulfonation
sulphur addition
sulfur addition
sulphation

The addition of a sulfate group to a molecule. [Wikipedia:Sulfation]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional). [GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism. [GOC:cab2]


The directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side. [ISBN:0716731363]


urea biosynthesis
ornithine cycle
urea cycle

The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate. [GOC:pde, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]


The rhythmical contraction and relaxation of arterioles, observed as slow and fast waves, with frequencies of 1-2 and 10-20 cpm. [GOC:sl, PMID:14993429, PMID:15678091, PMID:1932763]


phototransduction, visible light
visual cascade

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


vitamin synthesis
vitamin anabolism
vitamin formation
vitamin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems. [GOC:ai]


protein localization
protein localisation
cellular protein localization
cellular protein localisation

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:ai]

establishment and maintenance of protein localization


The microtubule organizing center in fungi; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome. [ISBN:0879693568]


The emergence of an immature organism from a protective structure. [GOC:dgh, GOC:isa_complete, ISBN:0198612001]


cartilage organ development
cartilage biogenesis
cartilage formation
cartilage development
cartilage biosynthesis
chondrogenesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [GOC:cjm, PMID:23251424]


Remak nuclear division
direct nuclear division

Nuclear division that occurs by simple constriction of the nucleus without chromosome condensation or spindle formation. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0721662544]


A reverse developmental process in which terminally differentiated cells with specialized functions revert back to a less differentiated stage within their own CELL LINEAGE.


An envelope that surrounds a bacterial cell and includes the cytoplasmic membrane and everything external, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present. [GOC:ds, GOC:mlg, http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/cell_envelope.htm]


The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:vw]


Granule free cytoplasm, lying immediately below the plasma membrane. [GOC:curators, PMID:12211103]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]


The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.


Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.


homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis

The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.


The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division. [GOC:add]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. [GOC:ma]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane. [GOC:mah]


The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


The directed slow movement of non-membranous molecules in nerve cell axons. It is comprised of a Slow Component a (SCa) and a Slow Component b (SCb) which differ in transport rates and protein composition. [PMID:6378920]


neurotransmitter import into glial cell
neurotransmitter recycling
neurotransmitter import
neurotransmitter import into neuron
neurotransmitter reuptake

The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. [ISBN:0123668387]


neurotransmitter secretory pathway
neurotransmitter secretion

The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. [GOC:dph]


autotrophy
carbon fixation
autotrophic CO2 fixation

A metabolic process in which carbon (usually derived from carbon dioxide) is incorporated into organic compounds (usually carbohydrates). [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


A photosystem that contains an iron-sulfur reaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, photosystem I functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin; in photosynthetic bacteria that have only a single type I photosystem, such as the green sulfur bacteria, electrons can go either to ferredoxin (Fd) -> NAD+ or to menaquinone (MK) -> Cytb/FeS -> Cytc555 -> photosystem I (cyclic photophosphorylation). [GOC:ds, GOC:mah, ISBN:0140514031, PMID:9821949]


A photosystem that contains a pheophytin-quinone reaction center with associated accessory pigments and electron carriers. In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, in the presence of light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone, whereas other photosynthetic bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis and oxidize other compounds to re-reduce the photoreaction center. [GOC:ds, GOC:mah, ISBN:0943088399, PMID:9821949]


heme synthesis
haem biosynthetic process
haem biosynthesis
heme formation
heme anabolism
heme biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors. [GOC:jl, PMID:11788607]


5'-end processing
5' mRNA capping
5'-end mRNA processing
5' end capping
mRNA capping

Addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap to the 5' end of a nascent messenger RNA transcript. [GOC:mah, PMID:9266685]


A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:15006537, PMID:19643732]


The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal. [GOC:dph]


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800981]


neuronal cell body
perikaryon
neuronal cell soma

The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus. [GOC:jl]


cholesterol anabolism
cholesterol biosynthetic process
cholesterol biosynthesis
cholesterol formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. [GOC:ai]


A reflex process in which a response to an angular or linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the inner ear and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. [PMID:11784757]


Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions. [GOC:add]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages. [ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of substances within a cell. [GOC:ai]


The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


modulation by virus of host anatomy or process

The process in which a virus effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781718325, UniProtKB-KW:KW-0945]


Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, ISBN:0815316194]


calcium signaling
calcium-mediated signaling
calcium-mediated signalling
calcium signalling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions. [GOC:signaling]


Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.


The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the zona pellucida. [GOC:dph, PMID:11175768, PMID:21042299, PMID:3886029]


Organelles of phototrophic bacteria which contain photosynthetic pigments and which are formed from an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane.


Rod-shaped storage granules for VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR specific to endothelial cells.


A layer of extracellular matrix deposited onto the surface of the pollen wall upon disintegration of the tapetal layer of the anther wall in the late stages of pollen development. The composition of this material is highly heterogeneous and includes waxes, lipid droplets, small aromatic molecules, and proteins. The pollen coat is proposed to have many functions, such as holding pollen in the anther until dispersal, facilitation of pollen dispersal, protection of pollen from water loss and UV radiation, and facilitation of adhesion of pollen to the stigma. [GOC:mah, GOC:rph, PMID:12930826, PMID:15012271]


relationship between two organisms where one (parasite) lives on or in the other (host) and derives nutrients and protection while injuring or killing the host; see RTs for specific organisms.


Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:mah, GOC:pr, GOC:vw]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


acetate catabolism
acetate degradation
acetate breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid. [GOC:go_curators]


ethanol formation
ethanol synthesis
ethanol biosynthesis
ethanol anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. [GOC:go_curators]


The act, or process, of natural progression in physical and psychological maturation from a previous, lower, or embryonic stage to a later, more complex, or adult stage.


The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings. [GOC:go_curators]


Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0721643949]


The elimination of substances from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs. [GOC:rph, PMID:25287933, Wikipedia:Renal_secretion#Secretion]


endocrine process
endocrine physiological process

The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. [ISBN:0721662544]


detection of temperature stimulus
detection of thermal stimulus
detection of temperature

The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]


Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. [GOC:dos, Wikipedia:Observational_learning&oldid=603524137]


That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]


The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198547684]


The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released. [GOC:jl, http://synapses.mcg.edu/anatomy/chemical/synapse.stm]


A series of chemical modifications of a drug compound by enzymatic activity that make the substrate (drug) more water soluble to allow its clearance from the body. Drug metabolism occurs in two phases: Phase I (biotransformation) involves oxidation, hydroxylation reduction, and hydrolysis. Phase II (conjugation) involves synthesis and conjugation.


Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. [ISBN:0198506732]


The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. [ISBN:0198506732]


sensory perception, sensory transduction of stimulus

detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos, GOC:dph]


The process in which the number of copies of a gene is increased in certain cells as extra copies of DNA are made in response to certain signals of cell development or of stress from the environment. [ISBN:0721601464]


A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells. [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:11732910]


The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]


OBSOLETE. The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to induce an abnormal, generally detrimental state in another organism. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. [ISBN:0198547684]


The pigmented membrane of any thylakoid. [GOC:jl, GOC:pr]


A membranous cellular structure that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation. [GOC:ds, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198506732]


A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_090901, PMID:10944589, PMID:11031238, PMID:7559785]


Microbodies which occur in animal and plant cells and in certain fungi and protozoa. They contain peroxidase, catalase, and allied enzymes. (From Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)


Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins. [PMID:27026396]


mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11, PMID:20811974, PMID:9561267]


Generation of cells within the nervous system. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:curators, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]


The regrowth of a lost or destroyed animal organ. [GOC:mah]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. [GOC:go_curators]


The associative learning process by which an animal learns and remembers an association between a neutral, unchanging environment and a putatively rewarding, internal state produced by a xenobiotic or drug. [PMID:21549821]


A conditioned aversion to a specific chemical compound as a result of that compound being coupled with a noxious stimulus. [GOC:dph, PMID:9920659]


interspecies interaction with other organisms

biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms

Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species. [GOC:cc]


The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse. [GOC:dph, PMID:10341260]


A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid). [Wikipedia:Sexual_reproduction]


The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. [GOC:go_curators]


detachment induced cell death
suspension induced apoptosis

Apoptosis triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix. [GOC:jl, http://www.copewithcytokines.de/]


The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg. [GOC:clt, ISBN:0070524300]


A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity. [GOC:nln]


The covalent attachment of sialic acid to a substrate molecule. [GOC:cjm]


Vesicles derived from the GOLGI APPARATUS containing material to be released at the cell surface.


Golgi trans face
Golgi trans-face
trans-Golgi network
trans Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0815316194]


The directed movement of substances into the nucleus. [GOC:ai]


substance nuclear export
nucleus export
export from nucleus

The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus. [GOC:ai]


Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.


cell-matrix junction
cell-matrix adhesion

The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb]


focal adhesion
focal contact
hemi-adherens junction
connecting hemi-adherens junction

A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ). [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, ISBN:0124325653, ISBN:0815316208, PMID:10419689, PMID:12191915, PMID:15246682, PMID:1643657, PMID:16805308, PMID:19197329, PMID:23033047, PMID:26923917, PMID:28796323, PMID:8314002]


A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:17854762, PMID:20571587, PMID:21422226, PMID:28096264]


The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]


constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle

Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. [GOC:mah, PMID:22160157]


endocytotic vesicle
endocytic vesicle
endocytotic transport vesicle

A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]


A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]


A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894]


COPI-coated vesicle
COPI vesicle coat
COPI vesicle coating

A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894]


COPII-associated ER to Golgi transport vesicle

A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins. The COPII coat complex is formed by the Sec23p/Sec24p and the Sec13p/Sec31p heterodimers. COPII-associated vesicles transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus (anterograde transport). [PMID:11252894, PMID:17499046, PMID:22160157, PMID:8004676, Wikipedia:COPII]

COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle


A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber. [PMID:16651381]


genetic transfer
horizontal gene transfer

The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).


The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10873824, PMID:11389764]


Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted. [NIF_Subcellular:sao772007592, PMID:14690495]


A membrane-bounded organelle found in organisms from the order Kinetoplastida that houses the enzymes of glycolysis. [GOC:mb]


developmental process by which some axons and dendrites become bundled into fascicles.


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0198506732]


Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule. [GOC:jl]


The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).


The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone. [GOC:dos]


The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. [PMID:8999798]


A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell. [PMID:29880547]


An elongated spindle-shaped contractile cell, peculiar to an involuntary muscle, containing a single nucleus and longitudinally arranged myofibrils.


The highly organized segment of the sperm flagellum which begins at the connecting piece and is characterized by the presence of 9 outer dense fibers (ODFs) that lie outside each of the 9 outer axonemal microtubule doublets and by a sheath of mitochondria that encloses the ODFs and the axoneme; the midpiece terminates about one-fourth of the way down the sperm flagellum at the annulus, which marks the beginning of the principal piece. [GOC:cjm, MP:0009831]


posttranscriptional gene silencing by RNA

post-transcriptional gene silencing by RNA

RNA-mediated posttranscriptional gene silencing

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.


The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. The polypeptides of the lamina are thought to be concerned in the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and its re-formation during mitosis. The lamina is composed of lamin A and lamin C filaments cross-linked into an orthogonal lattice, which is attached via lamin B to the inner nuclear membrane through interactions with a lamin B receptor, an IFAP, in the membrane. [ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363]


long term synaptic depression
long-term synaptic depression

A persistent activity-dependent decrease in synaptic efficacy between NEURONS. It typically occurs following repeated low-frequency afferent stimulation, but it can be induced by other methods. Long-term depression appears to play a role in MEMORY.


A growth from a pollen grain down into the flower style which allows two sperm to pass, one to the ovum within the ovule, and the other to the central cell of the ovule to produce endosperm of SEEDS.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. [ISBN:0198506732]


A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process. [GOC:pdt]


OBSOLETE. Functions to retard or prevent coagulation. Often used in the context of blood or milk coagulation. [ISBN:0198506732]


OBSOLETE. Inhibits the formation of ice crystals in organismal fluid (e.g. blood) at below freezing exogenous temperatures. [GOC:jl]


OBSOLETE. Inhibits the formation of ice crystals. [GOC:ai]


Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage. [ISBN:0198506732]


glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) activity

glutathione dehydroascorbate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = L-ascorbate + glutathione disulfide. [RHEA:24424]

glutathione:dehydroascorbic acid oxidoreductase activity


glutathione-disulfide reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + NADP+ = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H+. [EC:1.8.1.7, ISBN:0198506732]


NADPH:oxidized thioredoxin oxidoreductase activity

thioredoxin disulfide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + thioredoxin = H(+) + NADPH + thioredoxin disulfide. [RHEA:20345]

NADPH2:oxidized thioredoxin oxidoreductase activity


apoptosis regulator activity
regulation of apoptosis

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


OBSOLETE. The function held by products which directly activate any step in the process of apoptosis. [GOC:hb]


peptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process

Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase that is involved in the apoptotic process. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:rl]


OBSOLETE. The function held by products which directly block any step in the process of apoptosis. [GOC:hb]


Binding to an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. [GOC:ai]


Binding to glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. [GOC:ai]


aminoacetic acid binding
Gly binding
aminoethanoic acid binding

Binding to glycine, aminoethanoic acid. [GOC:ai]


Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0721662544]


OBSOLETE. Binds to a lipoprotein toxin, which is usually derived from a microorganism, thereby neutralizing it. [GOC:jl]


OBSOLETE. Binds to microorganisms or other particulate material (for example, foreign erythrocytes) to increase the susceptibility of the latter to phagocytosis. [ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to a calcium ion (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


Binding to a carbohydrate, which includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [GOC:mah]


Binding to chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to aldohexose galactose (galacto-hexose), a common constituent of many oligo- and polysaccharides. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to a glycoside in which the sugar group is galactose. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to D- or L-enantiomers of glucose. [GOC:jl]


Binding to lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose, the carbohydrate of milk. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800981]


Binding to mannose, a monosaccharide hexose, stereoisomeric with glucose, that occurs naturally only in polymerized forms called mannans. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800981]


Binding to a chlorophyll; a compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment. [GOC:jl]


Binding to bacteriochlorophyll, a form of chlorophyll found in photosynthetic bacteria, such as the purple and green bacteria. There are several types, designated a to g. Bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll b are structurally similar to the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b found in plants. [ISBN:0192800981]


Binding to bacteriochlorophyll c, a chlorophyll of photosynthetic bacteria, for example green sulfur bacteria. [ISBN:0192800981]


Binding to cocaine (2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-benzoxytropane), an alkaloid obtained from dried leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca or by chemical synthesis. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide that contains several N-methylated and unusual amino acids. [GOC:mb]


Binding to a macrolide, any of a large group of structurally related antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to a 23-membered macrolide lactone FK506. [GOC:jl]


OBSOLETE. Interacts selectively with the immunosuppressant FK506, and possesses peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity (catalysis of the reaction: peptidoproline (omega=180) = peptidylproline (omega=0)). [EC:5.2.1.8, ISBN:0198506732]

FK506-sensitive peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase


Binding to phenylalkylamine or one of its derivatives. [GOC:jl]


Binding to thienylcyclohexylpiperidine. [GOC:jl]


Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine. [GOC:jl]


OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with a heavy metal, a metal that can form a coordination bond with a protein, as opposed to an alkali or alkaline-earth metal that can only form an ionic bond; this definition includes the following biologically relevant heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W, Zn. [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


Binding to a ferric iron ion, Fe(III). [GOC:ai]


Binding to a ferrous iron ion, Fe(II). [GOC:ai]


Binding to a heme, a compound composed of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a manganese ion (Mn). [GOC:ai]


Binding to a mercury ion (Hg). [GOC:go_curators]


Binding to a molybdenum ion (Mo). [GOC:ai]


Binding to a nickel (Ni) cation. [GOC:ai]


Binding to an hormone, a naturally occurring substance secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Hormones may be produced by the same, or different, cell as express the receptor. [GOC:jl]


Binding to an androgen, a male sex hormone. [GOC:jl]


Binding to a juvenile hormone, a sesquiterpenoid derivative that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to a peptide with hormonal activity in animals. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to the extracellular matrix of a host cell. [PMID:7996163]


Binding to the surface of a host cell. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a receptor on the host cell surface. [GOC:ai, PMID:11511370]


Binding to an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues. [GOC:jl]


Binding to a retinoid, a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina. [ISBN:0198506732]


11-cis retinaldehyde binding
11-cis retinal binding

Binding to 11-cis retinal, an isomer of retinal that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin or visual purple. Retinal is one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A. [PMID:24403072]


all-trans retinaldehyde binding
trans retinal binding
visual yellow binding

Binding to all-trans retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. All-trans retinal (trans r., visual yellow) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A. [GOC:curators]


vitamin A1 binding
vitamin A1 alcohol binding

Binding to retinol, vitamin A1, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. Retinol is an intermediate in the vision cycle and it also plays a role in growth and differentiation. [GOC:curators]


OBSOLETE. Interacting selectively with acyl-CoA or acyl, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group, or any group formally derived by removal of a hydroxyl group from the acid function of an organic acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


ACP phosphopantetheine attachment site binding involved in fatty acid biosynthetic process

Binding an acyl group and presenting it for processing or offloading to a cognate enzyme. Covalently binds the acyl group via a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group and mediates protein-protein interactions with the enzyme conferring specificity. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) presents substrates to enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis or in polyketide secondary metabolite biosynthesis. [GOC:jl, GOC:vw]


Binding to a diacylglycerol, a diester of glycerol and two fatty acids. [GOC:ma]


Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. [ISBN:0198506732]


Phospholipid Interaction involves the molecular interaction between a phospholipid molecule and a macromolecule (usually protein) for transport, catalysis, localization, or modification of function.


Binding to a phospholipid, a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester, in the presence of calcium. [GOC:jl]


Binding to a phosphatidylethanolamine, a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. [ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to an inositol-containing glycerophospholipid, i.e. phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:11395417]


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' and 5' positions. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


Enables the directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phospholipids are a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


phospholipid translocating ATPase activity


Catalysis of the movement of phospholipids from one membrane bilayer leaflet to the other, by an ATP-independent mechanism. [GOC:cjm, PMID:20043909, PMID:20302864]


Binding to a sphingolipid, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). [ISBN:0198506732]


Enables the directed movement of sphingolipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


sphingolipid floppase activity (cytosolic to exoplasmic leaftlet)

Catalysis of the movement of a sphingolipid from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai, PMID:12034738]


Binding to a triester of glycerol. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to a lipopolysaccharide. [PMID:11079463]


Binding to a magnesium (Mg) ion. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. [ISBN:0198506732]


Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. [GOC:ai]


Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:jl, GOC:signaling]


muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity

G protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity

G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity

acetylcholine receptor activity, G-protein coupled

metabotropic acetylcholine receptor activity

Combining with acetylcholine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, GOC:fj, GOC:mah]

G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity


acetylcholine-gated cation-selective channel activity

nicotinic acetylcholine-activated cation-selective channel activity

acetylcholine-gated cation channel activity

nicotinergic acetylcholine receptor activity

Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine. [GOC:mah, PMID:2466967]

ionotropic acetylcholine receptor activity


Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:jl, GOC:signaling]


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor activity

Combining with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) is an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms. [GOC:jl, GOC:signaling, PMID:10637650]


Combining with the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) to initiate a change in cell activity. GABA-A receptors function as chloride channels. [PMID:8974333]


Combining with benzodiazepines, a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and myorelaxant properties, to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:jl]


Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


AT DNA binding
AT binding
AT-rich DNA binding

OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:go_curators]

minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA binding


Binding to DNA in a bent conformation. [GOC:jl, PMID:12627977]


Binding to a centromere, a region of chromosome where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis. [GOC:jl, SO:0000577]


Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


deoxyribonucleate pyrimidine dimer lyase (photosensitive)

deoxyribonucleic cyclobutane dipyrimidine photolyase activity

DNA cyclobutane dipyrimidine photolyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyclobutadipyrimidine (in DNA) = 2 pyrimidine residues (in DNA). This reaction represents the reactivation of irradiated DNA by light. [EC:4.1.99.3]


Catalysis of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site. [GOC:elh, PMID:11554296]


AlkA
3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II
DNA glycosidase II activity
alkylbase DNA glycosidase activity
alkylbase DNA N-glycosylase activity
DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase II

Catalysis of the reaction: DNA with alkylated base + H2O = DNA with abasic site + alkylated base. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar to remove an alkylated base, leaving an apyrimidinic or apurinic site. [EC:3.2.2.21, GOC:elh, PMID:10872450, PMID:9224623]

DNA-3-methyladenine glycosidase II activity


DNA-3-methyladenine glycosidase I activity

Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methyladenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methyladenine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methyladenine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 3-methyladenine, leaving an abasic site. [EC:3.2.2.20, GOC:elh, PMID:10872450, PMID:9224623]

DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase I activity


mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of single bases present in mismatches by the cleavage the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site. [GOC:elh, PMID:9224623]


purine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of purines present in mismatches, especially opposite oxidized purines, by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic (AP) site. [GOC:elh, PMID:9224623]


G/T-mismatch-specific thymine-DNA glycosylase activity

pyrimidine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of mismatched pyrimidine bases in DNA. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove pyrimidines present in mismatches by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site. [GOC:elh, PMID:9224623]


oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of oxidized bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site. [GOC:elh, PMID:11554296]


purine-specific oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity


pyrimidine dimer DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of pyrimidine dimers by removing the 5' pyrimidine of the dimer by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the 5' pyrimidine of the dimer and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases the 5' pyrimidine of the dimer and leaves an apurinic (AP) site. The reaction involves the formation of a covalent enzyme substrate intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site. [GOC:elh, PMID:9224623]


Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases in DNA that result from the deamination of cytosine or the misincorporation of dUTP opposite an adenine. [GOC:elh, GOC:pr, PMID:9224623]


single-strand selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase activity

single-strand selective uracil DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar, releasing a free base and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove uracil bases present in single-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, PMID:9224623]


DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity

deoxyribonuclease (apurinic or apyrimidinic) activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of the C-O-P bond in the AP site created when DNA glycosylase removes a damaged base, involved in the DNA base excision repair pathway (BER). [Wikipedia:AP_endonuclease]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid at sites flanking regions of damaged DNA to which the Uvr ABC excinuclease complexes bind. [GOC:mah, PMID:15192705]


Catalysis of the reaction: DNA (containing 6-O-methylguanine) + (protein)-L-cysteine = DNA (without 6-O-methylguanine) + protein S-methyl-L-cysteine. [EC:2.1.1.63]


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = a polynucleotide + phosphate. Hydrolyzes the free 3'-phosphate resulting from single strand breaks in DNA due to oxidative damage. [EC:3.1.3.32]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5' phosphomonoesters

endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters. [GOC:ai]


thymonuclease, dornase activity
DNA endonuclease activity
DNase activity
alkaline DNase activity
DNAase activity
deoxyribonuclease I activity
DNase I
DNA nuclease activity
deoxyribonucleic phosphatase activity
DNA depolymerase activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end products. [EC:3.1.21.1]


deoxyribonuclease IV (phage-T4-induced) activity

endodeoxyribonuclease IV (phage T(4)-induced) activity

endodeoxyribonuclease IV (phage T4-induced) activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products. [EC:3.1.21.2]


deoxyribonuclease (ATP- and S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent)

type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA. [PMID:15300241, PMID:15788748]

adenosine triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease activity


type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates and 3' hydroxyls. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site; cleavage occurs at or very near this recognition site. [EC:3.1.21.4, PMID:12654995]


Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. ATP hydrolysis is required. Cleavage is dependent on the presence of two copies of a specific recognition sequence in an inverse orientation in the DNA. Cleavage occurs at a specific distance from one of the recognition sites. [EC:3.1.21.5, PMID:12654995]

type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity


endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing other than 5'-phosphomonoesters

endodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters. [GOC:ai]


Holliday junction-cleaving endonuclease activity

crossover junction endoribonuclease activity

crossover junction endodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction). [EC:3.1.22.4]


Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to 3'-phosphodinucleotide and 3'-phosphooligonucleotide end products. [EC:3.1.22.1]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [PMID:12444964, PMID:12928502, PMID:12941691]


Catalysis of the cleavage of a 5' flap structure in DNA, but not other DNA structures; processes the 5' ends of Okazaki fragments in lagging strand DNA synthesis. [PMID:9778254]


restriction endonuclease activity
restriction enzyme activity

Catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks. [GOC:mlg]


single-stranded DNA specific endodeoxyribonuclease activity

single-stranded DNA endodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks. [GOC:mah]


site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease activity, specific for altered base

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages at specific sites within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks. [GOC:jl]


Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a DNA molecule. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


exodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5' phosphomonoesters

exodeoxyribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a DNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


double-stranded DNA specific 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

double-stranded DNA 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule. [GOC:mah, PMID:22562358]


ssDNA-specific 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

single-stranded DNA specific 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

single-stranded DNA 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule. [GOC:mah, PMID:22562358]


double-stranded DNA specific exodeoxyribonuclease activity

double-stranded DNA exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the degradation of single-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides. [EC:3.1.11.1]


Catalysis of the degradation of double-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides. [EC:3.1.11.2]


gene recBC DNase activity
RecBC deoxyribonuclease activity
exodeoxyribonuclease V activity

Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides. [EC:3.1.11.5]


Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphomononucleotides. [EC:3.1.11.6]


Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of supercoiled plasma DNA to linear DNA duplexes. [EC:3.1.22.5]


Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of oligonucleotides to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates. [EC:3.1.13.3]


Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction, leaving an undigested core of 3-5 nucleotides. [PMID:11948193]


single-stranded DNA specific exodeoxyribonuclease activity

single-stranded DNA exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


ssDNA-specific 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

single-stranded DNA specific 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

single-stranded DNA 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of nucleotides (such as mononucleotides or dinucleotides) from a free 5' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule. [GOC:ai, GOC:elh, PMID:20086101]


Facilitating the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their closing around the DNA duplex, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:16082778]


Binding to DNA ends exposed by the creation of double-strand breaks (DSBs). [GOC:jl]


Unwinding of a DNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [EC:3.6.4.12, GOC:jl]


Binding to a DNA replication origin, a unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. [GOC:curators]


Binding to a DNA secondary structure element such as a four-way junction, a bubble, a loop, Y-form DNA, or a double-strand/single-strand junction. [GOC:krc]


Binding to double-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, GOC:vw]


Binding to double-stranded telomere-associated DNA. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]


Catalysis of the identification and base-pairing of homologous sequences between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh]


Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique target DNA sequences. [GOC:elh, PMID:6286142]


site-specific tyrosine recombinase activity

tyrosine-based site-specific recombinase activity

Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique DNA target sequences; occurs through a phosphotyrosyl intermediate in which the target sequence is first cleaved by the nucleophilic attack by a tyrosine in the active site. [GOC:elh, PMID:11090626]


Binding to DNA in the Z form, i.e. a left-handed helix in which the phosphate backbone zigzags. [ISBN:0716720094]


Binding to a methylated cytosine/guanine dinucleotide. [GOC:jl, PMID:11746232]


Binding to a P-element, a class of Drosophila transposon responsible for hybrid dysgenesis. [GOC:jl, PMID:9440262]


Binding to satellite DNA, the many tandem repeats (identical or related) of a short basic repeating unit; many have a base composition or other property different from the genome average that allows them to be separated from the bulk (main band) genomic DNA. [GOC:jl, SO:0000005]


Binding to single-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, GOC:vw, PMID:22976174]


telomeric repeat binding
telomere binding

Binding to a telomere, a specific structure at the end of a linear chromosome required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. [GOC:jl, SO:0000624]


Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence. [GOC:krc, PMID:28732250]


telomerase RNA reverse transcriptase activity

Catalysis of the extension of the 3' end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time. Cannot initiate a chain de novo; uses the RNA subunit of the telomerase enzyme complex as its template. [EC:2.7.7.49, PMID:11812242]


template for synthesis of G-rich strand of telomere DNA activity

Provision of the template used by reverse transcriptase to synthesize the G-rich strand of telomeric DNA. [PMID:11812242, PMID:7958872]


RNA polymerase I transcription factor activity

OBSOLETE. Functions to initiate or regulate RNA polymerase I transcription. [GOC:jl]


RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity

OBSOLETE. Functions to initiate or regulate RNA polymerase II transcription. [GOC:jl]


basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity

general RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity

RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity

A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The general transcription factors for RNA polymerase II include TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH and TATA-binding protein (TBP). In most species, RNA polymerase II transcribes all messenger RNAs (mRNAs), most untranslated regulatory RNAs, the majority of the snoRNAs, four of the five snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, and U5), and other small noncoding RNAs. For some small RNAs there is variability between species as to whether it is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. However there are also rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I transcribes certain mRNAs in addition to its normal role in rRNA transcription. [GOC:txnOH-2018, PMID:10384286, PMID:10747032, PMID:23442138, PMID:25693126]


ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity


RNA polymerase III transcription factor activity

OBSOLETE. Functions to initiate or regulate RNA polymerase III transcription. [GOC:jl]


OBSOLETE. Functions to prevent the termination of RNA synthesis. Acts as a regulatory device, e.g. in phage lambda, enabling a terminator to be masked from RNA polymerase so that distal genes can be expressed. [ISBN:0198506732]


transcriptional elongation regulator activity

transcription elongation regulator activity

transcription elongation factor activity

A molecular function that regulates transcriptional elongation by enabling the transition from transcription initiation to elongation or by altering the elongation properties of the enzyme during the elongation phase of transcription. [GOC:txnOH-2018, PMID:23878398, PMID:28892040]


RNA polymerase I transcription elongation factor activity

OBSOLETE. Any activity that modulates the rate of transcription elongation, the addition of ribonucleotides to an RNA molecule catalyzed by RNA polymerase I following transcription initiation. [GOC:mah]


RNA polymerase II transcription elongation factor activity

OBSOLETE. Any activity that modulates the rate of transcription elongation, the addition of ribonucleotides to an RNA molecule catalyzed by RNA polymerase II following transcription initiation. [GOC:mah]


RNA polymerase III transcription elongation factor activity

OBSOLETE. Any activity that modulates the rate of transcription elongation, the addition of ribonucleotides to an RNA molecule catalyzed by RNA polymerase III following transcription initiation. [GOC:mah]


transcription initiation factor activity

OBSOLETE. Plays a role in regulating transcription initiation. [GOC:curators]


Binding to an antisigma factor, a factor which inhibits the ability of the sigma factor to function as a transcriptional initiator. [GOC:mlg]


DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter selection factor

core DNA-dependent RNA polymerase binding promoter specificity activity

Sigma factors act as the promoter specificity subunit of eubacterial and plant plastid multisubunit RNA polymerases, whose core subunit composition is often described as alpha(2)-beta-beta-prime. Although sigma does not bind DNA on its own, when combined with the core to form the holoenzyme, the sigma factor binds specifically to promoter elements. The sigma subunit is released once elongation begins. [GOC:txnOH-2018]


The function of binding to a sigma factor and stopping, preventing or reducing the rate of its transcriptional activity. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, Wikipedia:Anti-sigma_factors]


transcription termination factor activity

OBSOLETE. Any activity that brings about termination of transcription. [GOC:mah]


RNA polymerase I transcription termination factor activity

OBSOLETE. Any activity that brings about termination of transcription by RNA polymerase I. [GOC:mah]


RNA polymerase II transcription termination factor activity

OBSOLETE. Any activity that brings about termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:mah]


RNA polymerase III transcription termination factor activity

OBSOLETE. Any activity that brings about termination of transcription by RNA polymerase III. [GOC:mah]


OBSOLETE. Any transcription regulator activity that prevents or downregulates transcription. [GOC:mah]


two-component response regulator activity


Binding to a DNA triple helix. The formation of triple helical DNA has been evoked in several cellular processes including transcription, replication, and recombination. [PMID:10681538]


Binding to uan nmethylated CpG motif. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are often associated with gene promoters. [GOC:ai, PMID:10688657]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. [ISBN:0198547684]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [PMID:12713806]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


endoribonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters. [GOC:mah]


endoribonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

endonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters. [GOC:mah]


endoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 5'-phosphomonoesters. [GOC:ai]


RNA*DNA hybrid ribonucleotidohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids to 5'-phosphomonoesters. [EC:3.1.26.4]


RNase III activity
ribonuclease III activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA with 5'-phosphomonoesters and 3'-OH termini; makes two staggered cuts in both strands of dsRNA, leaving a 3' overhang of 2 nt. [PMID:11157775, PMID:15242644]


Catalysis of the digestion of double-stranded RNAs into 20 to 30-nucleotide products. These products typically associate to the RNA-induced silencing complex and serve as guide RNAs for posttranslational RNA interference. [PMID:15242644]


tRNA 5' leader endonuclease activity
RNase P

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing 5' extra nucleotides from tRNA precursor. [EC:3.1.26.5]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of branched RNA structures that contain vicinal 2'-5'- and 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds at a branch point nucleotide. [PMID:7519612]


endoribonuclease activity, producing other than 5'-phosphomonoesters

endoribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. [EC:4.6.1.21]


ceratitis capitata alkaline ribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in C-P or U-P with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. [EC:4.6.1.18]


transfer ribonucleate intron endoribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron. [EC:3.1.27.9]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' end. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


RNase II activity
RNase II
ribonuclease II activity
BN ribonuclease activity
5'-exoribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction. [EC:3.1.13.1, ISBN:0198547684]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 5' end. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of an RNA molecule. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 3' phosphomonoesters. [GOC:mah]


exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5' phosphomonoesters

exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of an RNA molecule. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


exoribonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 3' phosphomonoesters. [GOC:ai]


exoribonuclease activity, producing 5' phosphomonoesters

exoribonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to 5'-phosphomonoester oligonucleotides in both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5' directions. [EC:3.1.13.2, ISBN:0198547684]


poly(A)-specific RNase activity
poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of poly(A) to 5'-AMP. [EC:3.1.13.4, ISBN:0198547684]


orthophosphoric diester phosphohydrolase activity

5' nucleotide phosphodiesterase/alkaline phosphodiesterase I activity

Catalysis of the sequential hydrolytic removal of 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated oligonucleotides. [EC:3.1.4.1]

nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase I activity


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at 5 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group. [PMID:10722715, PMID:16854990]


Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at positions 5 and 6 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group. [PMID:10722715, PMID:16854990]


Catalysis of the site-specific cleavage of RNA by a catalytic RNA-mediated mechanism; substrates include the A3 site in the ITS1 of pre-rRNA. [PMID:17881380]


Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to nucleoside 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in Gp with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. [GOC:curators]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in tRNA molecules. [GOC:mah]


Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


Binding to a 7S RNA, the RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP). [GOC:jl, PMID:6181418]


Binding to double-stranded RNA. [GOC:jl]


double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a double-stranded RNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


Binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. mRNA includes UTR and coding sequences, but does not contain introns. [GOC:kmv, GOC:pr, SO:0000234]


Binding to an iron-responsive element, a regulatory sequence found in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding many iron-binding proteins. [PMID:3198610, PMID:8710843]


Binding to a 3' untranslated region of an mRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


poly(A) binding, within an RNA molecule
poly-A binding
polyadenylate binding
poly(rA) binding

Binding to a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA. [GOC:jl]


pre-mRNA cleavage required for polyadenylation

OBSOLETE. Any activity required for the process of mRNA cleavage. [GOC:mah, PMID:10357856]


OBSOLETE. A factor is necessary for cleavage but not for poly(A) addition in mRNA 3' end processing; can stimulate poly(A) addition on substrates with a CstF binding site upstream of the AAUAAA hexanucleotide. [PMID:10357856]


cleavage and polyadenylylation specificity factor activity

OBSOLETE. A factor required in mRNA 3' end processing for both the cleavage and poly(A) addition reactions and, consistent with this function, recognizes AAUAAA, a signal also essential for both reactions. [PMID:10357856]


Binding to a stretch of pyrimidines (cytosine or uracil) in an RNA molecule. [GOC:jl]


uridine-rich cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding

uridine-rich cytoplasmic polyadenylylation element binding

Binding to a U-rich sequence in the 3'-end of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs; required for cytoplasmic polyadenylylation. [GOC:krc, PMID:7954828]


Binding to a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an RNA molecule. [GOC:krc]


Binding to a 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5' end of RNA molecules transcribed by polymerase II. [GOC:krc]


Binding to a hypermethylated cap structure consisting of 7-methylguanosine (m(7)G) followed by four methylated nucleotides (cap 4): 7-methylguanosine-ppp-N6, N6, 2'-O-trimethyladenosine-p-2'-O-methyladenosine-p-2'-O-methylcytosine-p-N3, 2'-O-dimethyluridine Such caps are known to be found at the 5' ends of SL RNAs of trypanosomatid protozoa. [GOC:krc, PMID:10880518, PMID:12121975]


Binding to the trimethylguanosine (m(3)(2,2,7)-GTP) group located at the 5' end of some RNA molecules. Such trimethylated cap structures, generally produced by posttranscriptional modification of a 7-methylguanosine cap, are often found on snRNAs and snoRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II, but have also be found on snRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. They have also been found on a subset of the mRNA population in some species, e.g. C. elegans. [GOC:krc]


Unwinding of an RNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:jl, PMID:19158098]


Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue. [GOC:mah, PMID:12457565]


RNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity

Specifies the site of 2'-O-ribose methylation in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue. [GOC:mah, PMID:12457565]


rRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity

Specifies the site of 2'-O-ribose methylation in an rRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue. [GOC:mah, PMID:12457565]


snRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity

Activity that provides specificity to a methylase by using base complementarity to guide site-specific 2'-O-ribose methylations to a small nuclear RNA molecule. [PMID:11733745]


tRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity

Specifies the site of 2'-O-ribose methylation in a tRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue. [GOC:mah, PMID:12457565]


Specifies the site of pseudouridylation in an RNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue. [GOC:mah, PMID:12457565]


Specifies the site of pseudouridylation in an rRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue. [GOC:mah, PMID:12457565]