baroreceptor response to decreased systemic arterial blood pressure

The lowering of the number of nerve impulses from baroreceptors as a result of decreased stretch of an artery that results in an increased in sympathetic nerve impulses to peripheral blood vessels. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0323031951, ISBN:0721643949]


excitation of vasomotor center by baroreceptor signalling

excitation of vasomotor center by baroreceptor signaling

The process in which the molecular signal from the arterial baroreceptors is relayed to the vasomotor center causing it to signal increase arterial pressure. [GOC:dph]


renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production

The process in which an increase in active angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortices to secrete aldosterone. [ISBN:0721643949]


The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure. [GOC:pg, GOC:pr, PMID:12161655]


The process in which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. [PMID:2909574]


desensitisation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway

desensitization of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway

desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway. [PMID:8396717]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:mah]


The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. [GOC:mah]


stress-activated protein kinase cascade
SAPK cascade


An NADPH regeneration process that contributes to the light reactions of photosynthesis. The light reactions of photosynthesis use energy from photons to generate high-energy electrons. These electrons are used directly to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. NADPH is a relatively stable molecule and can pass on its hydrogen atom to other molecules in chemical reactions. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0716746840, ISBN:0816017360]


Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. [GOC:dgh, GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0471245208, ISBN:0721662544]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the floral nectaries over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:lr]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an NADH dehydrogenase complex. [GOC:sm]


UDP-rhamnose formation
UDP-rhamnose biosynthesis
UDP-rhamnose anabolism
UDP-rhamnose synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate. [PMID:15134748]


OBSOLETE. A transporter of heavy metal ions that utilizes a carrier-mediated process to catalyze uniport, symport or antiport between aqueous phases on either side of a lipid membrane. [GOC:ai]


A homeostatic process that maintains an endogenous steady-state concentration of primary auxin, or constant level of auxin in a biological system, by a number of biochemical processes including transport, biosynthesis, catabolism and conjugation. [PMID:22504182]


response to low fluence red light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low fluence red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Low fluence red light is defined in this case as short pulses of red light followed by darkness, providing a light level of 0.001-0.1 mmol/m2/sec. [GOC:mtg_far_red, GOC:sm]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + sulfate(out) = ADP + phosphate + sulfate(in). [RHEA:10192]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H2O = O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-. The evolution of oxygen from oxidizing water is carried out by the oxygen evolving complex in photosystem II of plants. P680+, the photochemically oxidized reaction-center chlorophyll of PSII, is a strong biological oxidant. The reduction potential of P680+ is more positive than that of water, and thus it can oxidize water to give O2 and H+ ions. The oxygen escapes as a gas while the H+ ions remain in solution inside the thylakoid vesicle. [GOC:kd, GOC:syr, PMID:17091926, PMID:7948862]


The series of events in which a phosphate ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


Alternative respiration pathway consumes oxygen, oxidizes NADH to NAD+ and generates water. During electron flow, proton motive force is diminished resulting in fewer molecules of ATP compared to cytochrome pathway. The pathway is found in plants, algae and some protozoa. [ISBN:0943088399]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. [PMID:9869419]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a proline stimulus. [GOC:sm]


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + ent-kaur-16-ene + oxygen = H2O + NADP+ + ent-kaur-16-en-19-ol. [MetaCyc:1.14.13.78-RXN]


The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane. [GOC:sm]


delta(6)-fatty acyl-CoA desaturase activity


protein amino acid C-linked glycosylation

A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via a C atom. [GOC:pr, PMID:7947762, RESID:AA0217]


protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation via tryptophan

protein N-linked glycosylation via tryptophan

The glycosylation of protein via peptidyl-tryptophan, 1'-glycosyl-L-tryptophan; results in the formation of an (S)-2-amino-3-(1-D-mannopyranosyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid residue. [RESID:AA0156]


protein amino acid O-linked glycosylation via serine

protein O-linked glycosylation via serine

The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine. [RESID:AA0154]


protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation via asparagine

protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine

The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification. [GOC:jsg, RESID:AA0151, RESID:AA0420, RESID:AA0421]


protein amino acid C-linked glycosylation via 2'-alpha-mannosyl-L-tryptophan

protein amino acid C-linked mannosylation

protein C-linked glycosylation via 2'-alpha-mannosyl-L-tryptophan

The glycosylation of a peptidyl-tryptophan residue by the transfer of alpha-mannopyranose from dolichyl-activated mannose to the indole ring. [PMID:7947762, PMID:9450955, RESID:AA0217]


The series of events required for an organism to receive a slow pain stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Slow pain is often subjectively described as an aching or throbbing pain; in humans, the signals from a slow pain stimulus are perceived and relayed along unmyelinated C fibers to the central nervous system, reaching their target in about 1 second. Slow pain is often associated with tissue destruction. [http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/ssspain/, http://www.spine-health.com/]


cellular protein degradation
protein catabolic process
protein breakdown
cellular protein catabolism
cellular protein catabolic process
cellular protein breakdown
protein degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GOC:mah]


The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope; usually highly selective to most ions and metabolites. [GOC:mah]


The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues. [GOC:curators]


The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet alpha granule. [GOC:mah, PMID:8467233]


post-embryonic camera-style eye development

post-embryonic camera-type eye development

The process occurring during the post-embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The volume enclosed by the membranes of the platelet dense tubular network. [GOC:mah, PMID:1322202]


Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an rRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:mah]


rhizobactin 1021 biosynthetic process, peptide formation


enterobactin biosynthetic process, peptide modification


vibriobactin biosynthetic process, peptide formation


induction of conjugation upon carbon starvation

The process in which a cell initiates conjugation with cellular fusion upon carbon starvation. [GOC:mah]


histone methylase activity (H3-K79 specific)

histone lysine N-methyltransferase activity (H3-K79 specific)

histone methyltransferase activity (H3-K79 specific)

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 79) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 79). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group onto lysine at position 79 of the histone H3 protein. [GOC:mah, PMID:15371351]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sorocarp stalk over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sorocarp stalk is a tubular structure that consists of cellulose-covered cells stacked on top of each other and surrounded by an acellular stalk tube composed of cellulose and glycoprotein. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0521583640, PMID:4338436]


vibriobactin biosynthetic process, peptide modification


ferricrocin biosynthetic process, peptide formation


The component of the vacuolar membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that have some part that penetrates at least one leaflet of the membrane bilayer. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


phosphatidylinositol degradation
PtdIns catabolism
PtdIns catabolic process
phosphatidylinositol catabolism
phosphatidylinositol breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol. [GOC:mah]


ferricrocin biosynthetic process, peptide modification


The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an rRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


metallo-sulphur cluster assembly
metal-sulfur cluster assembly

The incorporation of a metal and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:pde, GOC:vw]


sulphur incorporation into metallo-sulphur cluster

sulfur incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster

The incorporation of exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster. [GOC:mah]


pyochelin biosynthetic process, peptide modification


arabinan degradation
arabinan breakdown
arabinan catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arabinan, a polysaccharide composed of arabinose residues. [GOC:mlg, ISBN:0198506732]


enterobactin biosynthetic process, peptide formation


The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a peptide, resulting in a change in the properties of that peptide. [GOC:mah]


extrinsic component of cell outer membrane

The component of the cell outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


intrinsic to external leaflet of plasma membrane

intrinsic to external side of plasma membrane

intrinsic component of external side of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that penetrate the external side of the plasma membrane only, either directly or via some covalently attached hydrophobic anchor. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


anaerobic ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase complex location

An enzyme complex composed of 4 subunits, 2 copies of the large protein (nrdD in E. coli) and 2 copies of the small protein (nrdG in E. coli). It catalyzes the generation of 2'deoxyribonucleotides under anaerobic growth conditions. The larger subunit is the catalytic unit that is activated by the smaller iron-binding subunit. [GOC:mlg]


detection of adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate

The series of events in which a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal; cAMP is the nucleotide cyclic AMP. [GOC:pg]


positive regulation of cellular metabolism

up regulation of cellular metabolic process

up-regulation of cellular metabolic process

upregulation of cellular metabolic process

positive regulation of cellular metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of pseudopodium formation

down regulation of pseudopodium formation

downregulation of pseudopodium formation

down-regulation of pseudopodium formation

negative regulation of pseudopodium assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia. [GOC:pg]


DNA replication preinitiation complex location

A protein-DNA complex assembled at eukaryotic DNA replication origins immediately prior to the initiation of DNA replication. The preinitiation complex is formed by the assembly of additional proteins onto an existing prereplicative complex. In budding yeast, the additional proteins might include Cdc45p, Sld2p, Sld3p, Dpb11p, DNA polymerases, and others; in fission yeast the GINS complex is present. [GOC:bf, GOC:hjd, GOC:jl, GOC:pr, GOC:rb, GOC:vw, PMID:12694535, PMID:15194812, PMID:17230184]


upregulation of cyclase activity
up regulation of cyclase activity
up-regulation of cyclase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cyclase. [GOC:mah]


upregulation of stalk cell differentiation

up regulation of stalk cell differentiation

up-regulation of stalk cell differentiation

positive regulation of stalk cell differentiation

positive regulation of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum. [GOC:kp, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:4338436]


regulation of stalk cell differentiation

regulation of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sorocarp stalk cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Dictyostelium discoideum. [GOC:kp, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:4338436]


regulation of cellular breakdown
regulation of cellular catabolism
regulation of cellular degradation

regulation of cellular catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. [GOC:mah]


integral to mitochondrial outer membrane

integral component of mitochondrial outer membrane

The component of the mitochondrial outer membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


positive regulation of cellular degradation

upregulation of cellular catabolic process

positive regulation of cellular breakdown

up-regulation of cellular catabolic process

up regulation of cellular catabolic process

positive regulation of cellular catabolism

positive regulation of cellular catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. [GOC:mah]


extrinsic component of organelle membrane

The component of an organelle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


recovery from replication fork stalling
collapsed replication fork processing
recovery from replication fork arrest

The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes. [GOC:vw, PMID:11459955, PMID:15367656, PMID:17660542]


Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + taurine = L-alanine + sulfoacetaldehyde. [EC:2.6.1.77, RHEA:10420]


intrinsic component of organelle membrane

The component of the organelle membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


The component of the endosome membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. [GOC:mah]


intrinsic to mitochondrial outer membrane

intrinsic component of mitochondrial outer membrane

The component of the mitochondrial outer membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


replication fork protection complex location

A protein complex conserved in eukaryotes and associated with the replication fork; the complex stabilizes stalled replication forks and is thought to be involved in coordinating leading- and lagging-strand synthesis and in replication checkpoint signaling. [PMID:15367656]


regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism

regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids. [GOC:mah]


N-terminal protein amino acid modification

The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein. [GOC:mah]


upregulation of vesicle fusion
up regulation of vesicle fusion
up-regulation of vesicle fusion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. [GOC:mah]


The component of the plastid membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


up regulation of defense response
up-regulation of defense response
upregulation of defense response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. [GOC:mah]


regulation of mating projection biogenesis


regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis

regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin. [GOC:mah]


A complex consisting of a Cdc2-class (also known as Cdc28) cyclin-dependent kinase and an M-phase cyclin such as S. pombe Cdc13. The MPF complex phosphorylates and activates the anaphase promoting complex (APC). [PMID:12045216]


nuclear RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex location

A complex required for RNAi mediated heterochromatin assembly. In S. pombe this contains RNA-directed RNA polymerase, a putative helicase and a protein containing a pap25 associated domain. [GOC:vw, PMID:15607976]


bursicon neuropeptide hormone complex location

A neuropeptide hormone secreted by the central nervous system of insects that stimulates the tanning and sclerotization of the adult cuticle following eclosion. The active hormone consists of an obligate heterodimer of the alpha and beta subunits. [GOC:rc]


Binding to a chloride ion (Cl-). [GOC:mah]


RecQ family helicase-topoisomerase III complex location

A complex containing a RecQ family helicase and a topoisomerase III homologue (a member of the topoisomerase type IA subfamily); may also include one or more additional proteins; conserved from E. coli to human. [GOC:bhm, GOC:krc, PMID:15889139]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cleavage, any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner. [GOC:mah]


The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a chloroplast genome into one or more mature RNA molecules. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methotrexate stimulus. Methotrexate is 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, a folic acid analogue that is a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. [GOC:ef, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


N-trimethylglycine metabolism
glycine betaine metabolism
N-trimethylglycine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine. [GOC:mah]


Binding to telethonin, a protein found in the Z disc of striated muscle and which is a substrate of the titin kinase. [GOC:mah, PMID:10481174]


N-trimethylglycine catabolism
N-trimethylglycine catabolic process
glycine betaine catabolism
glycine betaine degradation
glycine betaine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine. [GOC:mah]


gas vesicle organisation
gas vesicle biosynthesis
gas vesicle organization and biogenesis
gas vesicle formation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a gas vesicle. A gas vesicle is a hollow structure made of protein, which usually has the form of a cylindrical tube closed by conical end caps. [GOC:mah]


Binding to DNA that is assembled into chromatin. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a nucleosome, a complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. [GOC:mah]


ethanolamine degradation polyhedral organelle

An organelle found in bacteria consisting of a proteinaceous coat containing enzymes for the degradation of ethanolamine whose purpose is the protection of the rest of the cell from the toxic acetaldehyde product of the enzyme ethanolamine ammonia lyase. [GOC:js, PMID:11844753]


Binding to the DNA portion of a nucleosome. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mating type switching, the conversion of a single-cell organism from one mating type to another by the precise replacement of a DNA sequence at the expressed mating type locus with a copy of a sequence from a donor locus. [GOC:mah]


regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway

regulation of BDNF receptor signaling pathway

regulation of BDNF receptor signalling pathway

regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:mah]


Structure within the hyphal tip of filamentous fungi that acts as an organizing center for hyphal tip growth; may function to supply vesicles to the elongating tip and/or to organize cytoskeletal microfilaments. [PMID:15701784, PMID:15976451]


mRNA cap methyltransferase complex location

mRNA (guanine-N7) methyltransferase complex location

A protein complex that consists of an RNA 5' triphosphatase and a guanyl transferase (Cet1p and Ceg1p in S. cerevisiae; Pct1 and Ceg1 in S. pombe) and is involved in mRNA capping. [GOC:vw, PMID:10347220]


regulation of anthocyanin anabolism
regulation of anthocyanin formation
regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis
regulation of anthocyanin synthesis

regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins. [GOC:mah]


G-protein signalling, phospholipase D activating pathway

activation of phospholipase D activity by G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway

phospholipase D-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

phospholipase D-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of phosphatidic acid (PA). [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:11812783, PMID:15924269]


negative regulation of IP3 receptor activity


thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor ligand


The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule, where the motion is directed towards the plus ends of the microtubules. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


up regulation of exit from mitosis
up-regulation of exit from mitosis
upregulation of exit from mitosis

positive regulation of exit from mitosis

Any process that activates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity). [GOC:mah]


up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity

up regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity

upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity

positive regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity

positive regulation of BDNF receptor activity

positive regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-activated receptor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-activated receptor activity. [GOC:mah]


regulation of transcription termination, DNA-dependent

regulation of termination of DNA-dependent transcription

regulation of DNA-dependent transcription, termination

regulation of DNA-templated transcription, termination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent, or location of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA. [GOC:mlg, GOC:txnOH]


membrane raft organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane rafts, small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


Regulation of transcription through variation in where transcription termination occurs. [GOC:dh, GOC:mlg, ISBN:0198542682]


Protein complex that has a role in determining cell polarity, found at the tip of the mating projection in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone. [PMID:14734532]


A high molecular weight complex characterized in S. pombe containing the cell-end anchoring protein Tea1. This complex is transported to the cell ends by microtubules and is involved in bipolar growth and the maintennce of normal cell polarity. [PMID:15936270]


peptidoglycan-based cell wall organisation

peptidoglycan-based cell wall organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


cytosolic proteasome regulatory particle, base subcomplex location

The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that directly associates with the proteasome core complex located in the cytosol of the cell. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


cytosolic proteasome core complex, beta-subunit complex location

The proteasome core subcomplex that constitutes the two inner rings of the cytosolic proteasome core complex. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic membrane

regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to pre-synaptic membrane

regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic active zone membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane. [GOC:mah]


Ndc80-MIND-Spc7 complex location
KNL-1-Mis12-Ndc80
NMS complex location
KMN kinetochore network
Ndc80-MIND-Spc7 complex

A supercomplex formed by the association of two subcomplexes (known as MIND and Ndc80 in Schizosaccharomyces) with additional proteins at the kinetochores of condensed nuclear chromosomes. [PMID:16079914]


A chromatophore containing yellow pigment. [ISBN:0395825172]


negative regulation of neurophysiological process

negative regulation of neurological system process

negative regulation of neurological process

negative regulation of nervous system process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heat generation. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


Any homeostatic process in which an organism produces heat, thereby raising its internal temperature. [GOC:mah]


plastid NADH dehydrogenase complex location (plastoquinone)

plastid NADH dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone)


up-regulation of heat generation
upregulation of heat generation
up regulation of heat generation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of heat generation. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


down regulation of heat dissipation
down-regulation of heat dissipation
downregulation of heat dissipation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of heat dissipation. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


Binding to an alpha-1D adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


cellular response to extracellular stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signalling pathway

down-regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of LPS-mediated signaling pathway

downregulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

down regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide. [GOC:mah]


OBSOLETE. A process whereby cells develop a specific morphology under a specific set of circumstances. [GOC:jid]


Binding to a hemoglobin beta chain. [GOC:mah]


macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha receptor binding

Binding to a CCR1 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a CCR8 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a CCR6 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding

Binding to a type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 7 serotonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


EP1 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor binding

Binding to an EP1 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 5A serotonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


transport of peptides or proteins into host

translocation of peptides or proteins into host

The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:cc]


wing trichome organization and biogenesis

imaginal disc-derived wing hair organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an imaginal disc-derived wing hair. A wing hair is an actin-rich, polarized, non-sensory apical projection that protrudes from each of the approximately 30,000 wing epithelial cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11064425, PMID:12540853]


M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding


metabotropic GABA receptor binding
GABAB receptor binding
G-protein coupled GABA receptor binding

Binding to a G protein-coupled (metabotropic) GABA receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 2B serotonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP receptor ligand


M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding


type 4 proteinase activated receptor binding

Binding to a type 4 proteinase activated receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor binding

Binding to a type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


EP4 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor binding

Binding to an EP4 subtype prostaglandin E2 receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding

Binding to a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


The volume enclosed by the membrane of a late endosome. [GOC:mah]


type 1 proteinase activated receptor binding

Binding to a type 1 proteinase activated receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Edg-5 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding

Binding to an Edg-5 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


mineralocorticoid receptor signalling pathway

mineralocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by mineralocorticoid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, PMID:11027914, PMID:12606724]


Any thylakoid within a plastid. [GOC:pz]


The directed movement of pyridoxamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyridoxamine, 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a D1 dopamine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Edg-1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ligand


Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a chloroplast and form the chloroplast envelope. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]


up regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation

upregulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation

up-regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation

positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation. [GOC:mah]


The volume enclosed by the membranes of a microbody. [GOC:mah]


The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope. [GOC:mah]


Binding to insulin-like growth factor I. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of synaptic metaplasticity

downregulation of synaptic metaplasticity

down-regulation of synaptic metaplasticity

negative regulation of synaptic metaplasticity

A process that decreases synaptic metaplasticity. Metaplasticity is a higher-order form of plasticity and is manifest as a change in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity that is the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. [GOC:mah, PMID:8658594]


Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl histamine + H2O = histamine + beta-alanine. [GOC:rc, PMID:16299587]


The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of an organelle. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]


G-protein coupled nucleotide receptor binding

metabotropic nucleotide receptor binding

G protein-coupled nucleotide receptor binding

Binding to a G protein-coupled (metabotropic) nucleotide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Complex basket- or funnel-like structure used by the cell to collect food and channel it to the cytostome; includes specialized sub-structures made up of closely-spaced cilia and underlying basal bodies and fibrillar systems. [PMID:10503189]


Stable structure that regulates the flow of liquid between the contractile vacuole and the surrounding medium. [PMID:10503189]


A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes. [GOC:mah, GOC:pz]


growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor binding

Binding to a growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 1 hypocretin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 2 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor ligand


Binding to a type 1F serotonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+). [EC:2.7.1.134]


ecdysone-mediated induction of autophagic cell death of salivary gland cells

ecdysone-mediated induction of programmed cell death of salivary gland cells by autophagy

ecdysone-mediated induction of salivary gland cell programmed cell death by autophagy

ecdysone-mediated induction of salivary gland cell autophagic cell death

Any process induced by ecdysone that directly activates salivary gland programmed cell death during salivary gland histolysis. [GOC:bf]


larval lymph gland haematopoiesis
larval lymph gland hematopoiesis
larval lymph gland haemopoiesis

The production of blood cells from the larval lymph gland. The lymph gland consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:12445385]


Binding to a type 1D serotonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


The process in which a cell in the larval wing imaginal disc becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a wing cell, if left in its normal environment. [PMID:10860999]


major histocompatibility complex class I ligand


A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl]


regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification. [GOC:go_curators]


protein-vacuolar targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown via the MVB pathway

protein-vacuole targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism via the MVB pathway

protein-vacuole targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway

protein vacuolar targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism via the MVB pathway

protein targeting to vacuole during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway

protein vacuolar targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the MVB pathway

protein targeting to vacuole during ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown via the MVB pathway

protein-vacuolar targeting during ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation via the MVB pathway

protein targeting to vacuole during ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation via the MVB pathway

protein transport to vacuole involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole that contributes to protein catabolism via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. [GOC:jl, PMID:11511343]


downregulation of natural killer cell degranulation

down regulation of natural killer cell degranulation

negative regulation of natural killer cell granule exocytosis

negative regulation of NK cell degranulation

down-regulation of natural killer cell degranulation

negative regulation of NK cell granule exocytosis

negative regulation of natural killer cell degranulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer cell degranulation. [ISBN:0781735149]


RNA synthesis
RNA anabolism
RNA biosynthetic process
RNA biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication. [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


ABC-type bacteriocin transmembrane transporter activity

ABC-type bacteriocin transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a bacteriocin from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate. [GOC:mlg, PMID:33040342]


pre-T-lymphocyte receptor complex location

pre-T lymphocyte receptor complex location

A receptor complex found on immature T cells consisting of a T cell receptor beta chain and the pre-TCR-alpha chain, along with additional signaling components including CD3 family members and additional signaling proteins. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12220932]


negative T-lymphocyte selection
negative T lymphocyte selection
negative T-cell selection

The process of elimination of immature T cells which react strongly with self-antigens. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12414722]


negative regulation of memory T lymphocyte differentiation

down regulation of memory T cell differentiation

down-regulation of memory T cell differentiation

downregulation of memory T cell differentiation

negative regulation of memory T-cell differentiation

negative regulation of memory T-lymphocyte differentiation

negative regulation of memory T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of memory T cell differentiation. [ISBN:0781735149]


enucleate red blood cell maturation
enucleate RBC maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an enucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. An enucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte without a nucleus. [GOC:go_curators]


Binding to glutathione; a tripeptide composed of the three amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]


positive regulation of CD8-positive T-cell differentiation

positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation

up-regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

positive regulation of CD8-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation

positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation

positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation

upregulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

positive regulation of CD8-positive T lymphocyte differentiation

up regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


regulation of CD4-positive T-lymphocyte differentiation

regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-lymphocyte differentiation

regulation of CD4-positive T-cell differentiation

regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell differentiation

regulation of CD4-positive T lymphocyte differentiation

regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T-cell differentiation

regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T lymphocyte differentiation

regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation. [GOC:add, GOC:pr, ISBN:0781735149]


up regulation of DNA binding
up-regulation of DNA binding
upregulation of DNA binding

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb]


regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase activity

regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]


regulation of K+ conductance
regulation of potassium conductance


The outer membrane around a bacterial endospore, located between the endospore cortex and endospore coat. [GOC:mlg]


endospore wall
peptidoglycan-based spore wall

endospore external encapsulating structure

The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:15035041]


A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription. [GOC:cc, GOC:di, GOC:tb]


The Y-shaped region of a cytoplasmic replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The outermost layer of a bacterial endospore, which is loosely attached and located outside of the endospore coat. It is generally composed of protein, carbohydrate, and perhaps lipid. [GOC:mlg]


Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs. [GOC:jl]


regulation of pentose phosphate shunt
regulation of pentose phosphate pathway
regulation of pentose-phosphate pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the pentose-phosphate shunt, the process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. [GOC:jl]


Binding to an immunoglobulin of a D isotype. [PMID:12886015]


pigment metabolic process during pigment accumulation

pigment metabolism during pigment accumulation


phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-dependent protein kinase binding

3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase binding

Binding to a 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase. [GOC:jl]


keto acid metabolism
oxo acid metabolic process
oxo acid metabolism
ketoacid metabolism
ketoacid metabolic process
keto acid metabolic process
oxoacid metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). [Wikipedia:Oxyacid]


alkene anabolism
alkene biosynthesis
alkene synthesis
alkene formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. [GOC:jl, Wikipedia:Alkene]


AKT signaling cascade
protein kinase B signalling cascade
AKT signal transduction
PKB signal transduction
AKT signaling
AKT signalling cascade
PKB signaling cascade
protein kinase B signaling cascade
PKB signalling cascade
PKB signaling
protein kinase B signal transduction

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (also called AKT), which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. [GOC:bf, PMID:20517722]


up-regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

upregulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

positive regulation of p53 induced by DNA damage response

up regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. [GOC:jl]


2-aminobenzoate metabolism
2-aminobenzoate metabolic process
anthranilate metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate). [GOC:jl]


negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity

negative regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase activity

negative regulation of MAP kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]


Binding to a leucine zipper domain, a protein secondary structure exhibiting a periodic repetition of leucine residues at every seventh position over a distance covering eight helical turns. [GOC:jl, InterPro:IPR002158]


Binding to a Helix Loop Helix domain, a domain of 40-50 residues that occurs in specific DNA-binding proteins that act as transcription factors. The domain is formed of two amphipathic helices joined by a variable length linker region that can form a loop and it mediates protein dimerization. [GOC:go_curators, Prosite:PDOC0038]


regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase cascade

regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade

regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase cascade

regulation of MAP kinase kinase kinase cascade

regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkyne, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon (compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen) having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2, as carried out by individual cells. [GOC:jl, GOC:krc, Wikipedia:Alkyne]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-decaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-decaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [GOC:jl, PMID:11583838]


proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase (also known as F-type ATPase), a two-sector ATPase found in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in bacterial plasma membranes. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, http://www.mblab.gla.ac.uk/]


Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-A subunit. [GOC:jl]


urea breakdown
urea decomposition
urea degradation
urea catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of urea, the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2. [GOC:jl]


anthranilate breakdown
anthranilate catabolism
2-aminobenzoate degradation
2-aminobenzoate catabolism
2-aminobenzoate breakdown
2-aminobenzoate catabolic process
anthranilate degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate). [GOC:jl]


Binding to Myogenic Regulatory Factor (MRF), a member of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors. [PMID:10966875]


The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA. [GOC:jl]


regulation of secondary metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. [GOC:jl]


positive regulation of IGF receptor signaling pathway

up regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

upregulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of IGF receptor signalling pathway

up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. [GOC:bf]


regulation of translation in response to stress

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). [GOC:jl]


up regulation of GTPase activity
upregulation of GTPase activity
up-regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


up-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

positive regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity

upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

up regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. [GOC:bf]


regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. [GOC:jl]


Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [ISBN:0198506732]


insulin receptor substrate [protein] binding

Binding to an insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, an adaptor protein that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex. [PMID:12829233]


Binding to a molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands. [ISSN:09498257]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of inorganic nitrogen. [GOC:jl]


regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor secretion

regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:11027914]


A multi-component enzymatic machine at the nuclear replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu]


regulation of myosin II filament assembly or disassembly


acetoacetate metabolic process
3-oxobutanoic acid metabolism
3-oxobutanoate metabolic process
acetoacetic acid metabolism
diacetic acid metabolic process
3-oxobutanoate metabolism
3-oxobutanoic acid metabolic process
beta-ketobutyric acid metabolic process
beta ketobutyric acid metabolism
diacetic acid metabolism
beta-ketobutyric acid metabolism
beta ketobutyric acid metabolic process
acetoacetate metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetoacetic acid, 3-oxobutanoic acid; the empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH. [Wikipedia:Acetoacetic_acid]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n, as carried out by individual cells. [GOC:jl, Wikipedia:Alkene]


regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity

Any process that modulates the rate of an ATP-dependent activity. [GOC:jl]


Binding to protein kinase B, an intracellular kinase that is important in regulating glucose metabolism. [GOC:jl, http://www.heartandmetabolism.org/]


The replacement, within chromatin, of resident histones or histone subunits with alternative, sometimes variant, histones or subunits. [GOC:jl, PMID:11735001, PMID:15066277]


histidine kinase binding
histidine-protein kinase binding
protein-histidine kinase binding

Binding to a protein histidine kinase. [GOC:jl]


initiator tRNA phosphoribosyl-transferase activity

tRNA A64-2'-O-ribosylphosphate transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphoribosyl group from 5'-phosphoribosyl-1'-pyrophosphate to position 64 of initiator tRNA. [GOC:jl, PMID:7954819]


adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity

corticotropin-releasing factor receptor activity

Combining with corticotropin-releasing hormone and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:signaling, ISBN:0838577016, PMID:11027914, PMID:15134857]


regulation of rhamnose catabolism
regulation of rhamnose degradation
regulation of rhamnose breakdown

regulation of rhamnose catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose. [GOC:jl]


Prevention of degradation of RNA molecules. [GOC:go_curators]


homocysteine degradation
homocysteine catabolism
homocysteine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. [GOC:jl]


alkene breakdown
alkene catabolism
alkene degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. [GOC:jl, Wikipedia:Alkene]


alkyne breakdown
alkyne catabolism
alkyne degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkyne, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon (compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen) having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2. [GOC:jl, GOC:krc, Wikipedia:Alkyne]


ethanol synthesis during fermentation
ethanol formation during fermentation


regulation of programmed cell death, neurons

regulation of apoptosis of neuronal cells

regulation of neuronal cell programmed cell death

regulation of neuron programmed cell death

regulation of programmed cell death of neuronal cells

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxy phenol methylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = ubiquinol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [GOC:jl, PMID:11583838, PMID:1479344]


response to corticotropin-releasing factor stimulus

response to corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response. [PMID:11027914, PMID:15134857, Wikipedia:Corticotropin-releasing_hormone]


Binding to a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways. [PMID:9144210]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-heptaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-heptaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [GOC:jl, PMID:11583838]


The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:jl]


The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage. [PMID:12565799, PMID:15189144, PMID:16050976]


maintenance of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat elements

Any process involved in sustaining CRISPR repeat clusters, including capture of new spacer elements, expansion or contraction of clusters, propagation of the leader sequence and repeat clusters within a genome, transfer of repeat clusters and CRISPR-associated (cas) genes to new genomes, transcription of the CRISPR repeat arrays into RNA and processing, and interaction of CRISPR/cas loci with the host genome. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) elements are a family of sequence elements containing multiple direct repeats of 24-48 bp with weak dyad symmetry which are separated by regularly sized nonrepetitive spacer sequences. [PMID:16292354]


The creation of two or more leucoplasts by division of one leucoplast. A leucoplast is a colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes. [GOC:jl]


adenosine 5' monophosphoramidase activity

adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate + H2O = AMP + NH4+. Other substrates include AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester and AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester. [PMID:11805111, RHEA:67916]


The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis. [PMID:11166264]


6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 1 complex location


An endoplasmic reticulum protein-containing complex that is conserved in eukaryotics and that mediates the insertion of tail-anchored proteins into the ER membrane. In yeast, includes Get1p, Get2p and Get3p proteins. [GOC:krc, GOC:vw, PMID:16269340, PMID:18724936, PMID:32910895]


down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

negative regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity

down regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

downregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. [GOC:bf]


regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:jl]


UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase complex location

A multienzyme, heterooligomeric complex involved in dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis. In yeast the complex is composed of Alg7p, which catalyzes the first step (GlcNAc1-PP-Dol from dolichol-phosphate and UDP-GlcNAc), and Alg13p plus Alg14p, the catalytic and anchoring subunits respectively, which together catalyze the second step (GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol from GlcNAc1-PP-Dol and UDP-GlcNAc) of dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis. [GOC:rn, PMID:19129246]


A multimeric protein complex involved in the methylation of specific nucleotides in tRNA. [GOC:jl, PMID:24904644, PMID:9851972]


regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels. [GOC:go_curators]


The Y-shaped region of a nuclear replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu]


A multi-component enzymatic machine at the cytoplasmic replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, DNA polymerase, DNA helicase, and other proteins. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The layer in a bacterial endospore that lies under the exosporium, and is impermeable to many toxic molecules. The coat may also contain enzymes that are involved in endospore germination. [GOC:mlg]


The process that begins with the production and formation of structures and molecules in an organism that are required for the acquisition and utilization of nutrients from its host organism, and the ends with the acquirement of the nutrients. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:cc, GOC:jl]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. [GOC:jl, UBERON:0002097]


The region of a bacterial cell to which the DNA is confined. [GOC:jl]


nitrate disassimilation
nitrate dissimilation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. [GOC:jl]


nuclear DNA replication factor C complex location

A nuclear complex of five polypeptides that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase delta or epsilon. In Saccharomyces and several other species, the subunits are known as Rfc1p-Rfc5p, although subunit names do not necessarily correspond between different species. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:14614842]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of carbon utilization. [GOC:jl]


alkane synthesis
alkane biosynthesis
alkane formation
alkane anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2. [GOC:jl, Wikipedia:Alkane]


alkyne anabolism
alkyne synthesis
alkyne formation
alkyne biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkyne, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon (compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen) having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2. [GOC:jl, GOC:krc, Wikipedia:Alkyne]


pigment accumulation in response to external stimulus

The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus. [GOC:jl]


regulation of p53 induced by DNA damage response

regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. [GOC:jl]


alkane catabolism
alkane breakdown
alkane degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2. [GOC:jl, Wikipedia:Alkane]


pigment accumulation in tissues in response to UV light

The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus. [GOC:jl]


centromere specific nucleosome
centromeric nucleosome


acetoacetic acid catabolism
acetoacetic acid degradation
acetoacetic acid breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetoacetic acid, a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH. [GOC:jl]


dimethyl ketone metabolism
propan-2-one metabolism
2-propanone metabolism
dimethyl ketone metabolic process
2-propanone metabolic process
propan-2-one metabolic process
acetone metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetone, propan-2-one. [GOC:jl]


positive regulation of programmed cell death, neurons

positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


negative regulation of transcription factor activity


pigment accumulation in response to UV light

The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fermentation, the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to other compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol, resulting in energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). [GOC:jl]


regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling pathway

regulation of IGF receptor signalling pathway

regulation of IGF receptor signaling pathway

regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. [GOC:bf]


Ku70:Ku80 heterodimer
Ku70:Ku80 complex location

Heterodimeric protein complex composed of a 70 kDa and a 80 kDa subunit, binds DNA through a channel formed by the heterodimer. Functions in DNA double stranded break repair, chromosome maintenance, transcription regulation, V(D)J recombination, and activation of DNA-PK. [PMID:12518983]


nuclear matrix organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


elaioplast organisation
elaioplast organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an elaioplast, a leucoplast in which oil is stored. [GOC:jl]


periplasmic space organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the periplasmic space, the region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria, or the inner membrane and cell wall in fungi. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


Binding to DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:jl]


inositol 1,3,4,5 tetrakisphosphate binding

Binding to inositol 1,3,4,5 tetrakisphosphate. [GOC:go_curators]


Transport of substances into, out of or within a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules. [GOC:jl]


The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. [GOC:go_curators]


Binding to lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group. [GOC:go_curators]


tRNA (m2G10) methyltransferase complex location

A protein complex required for the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNA. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least two subunits, Trm11p and Trm112p. [PMID:15899842]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech. [GOC:jl, UBERON:0001723]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving formamide, the simplest amide, HCONH2, derived from formic acid. [GOC:jl]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate utilization. [GOC:jl]


Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-B subunit. [GOC:jl]


down-regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

downregulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

down regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

negative regulation of p53 induced by DNA damage response

negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. [GOC:jl]


response to polypeptide hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. [PMID:11027914, PMID:15134857, Wikipedia:Peptide_hormone]


2-propanone catabolic process
2-propanone catabolism
acetone degradation
dimethyl ketone catabolic process
acetone catabolism
propan-2-one catabolism
dimethyl ketone catabolism
acetone breakdown
propan-2-one catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetone, propan-2-one. [GOC:jl]


regulation of myosin II filament assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules. [GOC:jl]


acetoacetic acid formation
acetoacetic acid anabolism
acetoacetic acid biosynthesis
acetoacetic acid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetoacetic acid, a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH. [GOC:jl]


propan-2-one biosynthetic process
2-propanone biosynthetic process
dimethyl ketone biosynthetic process
acetone anabolism
dimethyl ketone biosynthesis
acetone synthesis
acetone biosynthesis
propan-2-one biosynthesis
acetone formation
2-propanone biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetone, propan-2-one. [GOC:jl]


anthocyanin accumulation in tissues in response to UV light

The aggregation of the pigment anthocyanin in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus. [GOC:jl]


A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-12 alpha (p35, product of the IL12A gene) and an interleukin-12 beta subunit (p40, product of the IL12B gene) and is secreted into the extracellular space. [GOC:add, GOC:ebc, GOC:mah, PMID:12948519, PMID:1381512]


regulation of myosin II filament disassembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules. [GOC:jl]


3-hydroxypropionate pathway
hydroxypropionate cycle
hydroxypropionate pathway
3-hydroxypropionate cycle

carbon fixation by 3-hydroxypropionate cycle

An autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation pathway by which two molecules of carbon dioxide are fixed to form glyoxylate. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is assumed to be converted to malate, and two CO2 molecules are thereby fixed. Malyl-CoA is thought to be cleaved to acetyl-CoA, the starting molecule, and glyoxylate, the carbon fixation product. [GOC:jl, PMID:11418572, PMID:15838028]


steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor. [PMID:12606724]


malo-lactate fermentation
malolactate fermentation

The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of L-malate to L-lactate and carbon dioxide, yielding energy in the form of ATP. [PMID:10427020, PMID:8808948]


Any process that modulates the propensity of RNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize RNAs. [GOC:jl]


skeletal muscle fiber plasticity
skeletal myofiber plasticity
skeletal myofibre plasticity
skeletal muscle fibre plasticity

Any process in which the skeletal muscle fibers change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:11181628, PMID:11449884, PMID:12605307]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. [GOC:jl]


Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B. [GOC:jl]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-nonaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-nonaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [GOC:jl, PMID:11583838]


negative regulation of programmed cell death, neurons

negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


pigment metabolic process during pigmentation


down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

down regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of IGF receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of IGF receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling pathway

downregulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. [GOC:bf]


Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA repeat elements. [GOC:jl]


adenosine 5'-diphosphate binding
adenosine diphosphate binding

Binding to ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate. [GOC:jl]


Binding to angiostatin, a proteolytic product of plasminogen or plasmin containing at least one intact kringle domain, and which is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. [PMID:16043488]


down regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

down-regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

downregulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels. [GOC:go_curators]


protein ser/thr kinase activator activity

protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid. [GOC:bf]


aerobic respiration, using arsenite as electron donor

The oxidation of arsenite to arsenate, using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Arsenite oxidase provides electrons to an electron carrier which transfers them to oxygen utilizing respiratory systems. [GOC:mlg]


PI3K binding
phosphoinositide 3-kinase binding

Binding to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring. [PMID:10209156, PMID:9255069]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. [GOC:bf]


regulation of timing of transition from vegetative to reproductive phase

The process controlling the point in time during development when a vegetative meristem will change its identity to become an inflorescence or floral meristem, and/or the rate at which the change occurs. [GOC:jid, PMID:8974397]


positive regulation of physiological process

positive regulation of biological process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. [GOC:jid]


The process of expanding or inflating the folded imaginal disc-derived pupal wing, and the adhering of the dorsal and ventral surfaces, to form the mature adult wing. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:rc]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the post-embryonic root over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:tb]


reduction of pH in cell
cell pH reduction
reduction of cellular pH
cellular acidification

Any process that reduces the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:ai]


delta(3,5),delta(2,4)-dienoyl-coenzyme A isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a (3E,5Z)-dienoyl-CoA = a (2E,4E)-(5,6-saturated)-dienoyl-CoA. [PMID:11278886, PMID:16040662, RHEA:45240]


The cell cycle process in which sister chromatid arms are physically detached from each other during meiosis. [GOC:ai]


meiosis I, homologous chromosome movement towards spindle pole

homologous chromosome movement towards spindle pole in meiosis I anaphase

The directed movement of homologous chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during meiosis I anaphase. [GOC:ai]


meiosis II, sister chromosome movement towards spindle pole

sister chromosome movement towards spindle pole involved in meiotic sister chromatid segregation

The directed movement of sister chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during meiosis II. [GOC:ai]


meiotic sister chromatid cohesion along arms

sister chromatid cohesion along arms at meiosis I

The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the length of the chromosome arms during meiosis. [PMID:14730319, PMID:16325576]


actin crosslinking
formation of actin crosslink

The process in which two or more actin filaments are connected together by proteins that act as crosslinks between the filaments. The crosslinked filaments may be on the same or differing axes. [GOC:ai]


mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue development

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


phytochrome chromophore anabolism
phytochrome chromophore formation
phytochrome chromophore synthesis
phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis

phytochrome chromophore biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the phytochrome chromophore. The phytochrome chromophore is a linear tetrapyrrolic prosthetic group covalently attached to the large soluble protein phytochrome. Light absorption by the phytochrome chromophore triggers photoconversion between two spectrally distinct forms of the photoreceptor: Pr, the red light absorbing form, and Pfr, the far red light absorbing form. [GOC:pj, PMID:2909515]


up regulation of pinocytosis
upregulation of pinocytosis
up-regulation of pinocytosis

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of cortisol secretion
upregulation of cortisol secretion
up-regulation of cortisol secretion

positive regulation of cortisol secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

down-regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

downregulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

negative regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor secretion

negative regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from a cell. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor secretion

up-regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

up regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from a cell. [GOC:ai]


detection of glucocorticoid hormone stimulus

The series of events by which a glucocorticoid hormone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects. [GOC:ai]


The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the vacuole. [GOC:ai]


ectoine transmembrane transporter activity


mannosylglycerate formation
mannosylglycerate anabolism
mannosylglycerate synthesis
mannosylglycerate biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosylglycerate, a very common compatible solute in thermophilic and hyperthermophilic organisms. [GOC:ai]


The series of events in which a chemical stimulus indicating redox state is received and converted into a molecular signal. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important. [GOC:mah, PMID:15131240, PMID:16987039]


up regulation of nuclear division
upregulation of nuclear division
up-regulation of nuclear division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. [GOC:ai]


medium chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

medium-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12. [Wikipedia:Fatty_acid_metabolism]


The component of the Golgi membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


integral component of thylakoid membrane

The component of the thylakoid membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. [GOC:go_curators]


response to long-night
response to short-day
long-night photoperiodism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a day length that falls short of a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species. Although the term short-day is used, most species actually respond to the duration of the night, so that the response will occur when a period of darkness exceeds the number of hours defined by 24 hours minus the critical day length. [GOC:jid, GOC:pj, ISBN:0582015952, ISBN:0697037754, ISBN:0709408862]


long-day photoperiodic control of flowering time

long-day photoperiodic control of inflorescence development

A change from the vegetative to the reproductive phase as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light that exceeds the critical day length. The critical day length varies between species. Although the term is long-day is used, most species actually respond to the duration of the night, so that the response will occur when a period of darkness falls short of the number of hours defined by 24 minus the critical day length. [GOC:jid, GOC:pj, ISBN:0582015952, ISBN:0697037754, ISBN:0709408862]


Methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.


active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of cytokine network of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


induction of tumor, nodule, or growth in other organism during symbiotic interaction


negative regulation of calcium mobilization

negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)

negative regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) mobilization

negative regulation of release of stored calcium ion (Ca2+)


regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) storage

regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) retention

regulation of sequestering of calcium ion (Ca2+)

regulation of sequestration of calcium ion (Ca2+)

regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestration

regulation of retention of calcium ion (Ca2+)

regulation of storage of calcium ion (Ca2+)

regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system. [GOC:ai]


perception of orientation with respect to gravity by visual perception

visual perception involved in equilibrioception

The series of events during equilibrioception required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual input plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. [GOC:ai]


regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle

modulation of meiotic cell cycle progression

regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of physiological process

negative regulation of biological process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. [GOC:jid]


positive regulation of viral reproduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral root over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A lateral root is one formed from pericycle cells located on the xylem radius of the root, as opposed to the initiation of the main root from the embryo proper. [GOC:tb]


Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase activity

magnesium-protoporphyrin-IX 13-monomethyl ester,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)

Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester oxidative cyclase activity

magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: magnesium protoporphyrin IX 13-monomethyl ester + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2 = divinylprotochlorophyllide + 3 NADP+ + 5 H2O. [EC:1.14.13.81, RHEA:33235]


The orderly movement of a myoblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A myoblast is a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_muscle]


cellular pH regulation
regulation of cell pH
regulation of intracellular pH
cell pH regulation

Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion

regulation of adrenotropin hormone secretion

regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion

regulation of corticotropic hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph]


indole acetic acid carboxyl methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole acetic acid + S-adenosyl-methionine = methyl indole acetic acid ester + S-adenosyl-homocysteine. [PMID:16169896]


Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->4) linkage. [PMID:15772281]


nitric-oxide synthase (type II) biosynthetic process

nitric-oxide synthase-2 biosynthetic process

nitric-oxide synthase (type II) biosynthesis

nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process

nitric-oxide synthase (type 2) biosynthetic process

nitric-oxide synthase (type 2) biosynthesis


regulation of NO synthase biosynthetic process

regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase enzyme. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to an actin molecule. [GOC:go_curators]


The series of events in which a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:jl]


The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state. [GOC:mlg]


The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid. [GOC:jl]


regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-1,3-linkage. [PMID:11551958]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylglycerol, alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-(1,2)-glycerol. [GOC:ai]


regulation of calcium ion concentration in cytoplasm

cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration regulation

regulation of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important. [GOC:mah, PMID:15131240, PMID:16987039]


up regulation of cell division
up-regulation of cell division
upregulation of cell division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. [GOC:ai]