The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the eye-antennal disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of an eye-antennal imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the eye, antenna, head capsule and maxillary palps. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the genital disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a genital imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult genital structures, the anal plates and the hind gut. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the haltere disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a haltere imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult capitellum, pedicel, haltere sclerite, metathoracic spiracle and metanotum. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the histoblast disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of histoblast cells into adult structures during pupal metamorphosis. Histoblast cells are cells founded in the embryo that are the progenitors to the adult abdomen. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


maintenance of imaginal histoblast diploidy

The negative regulation of the differentiation of polytenized larval hypodermal cells from abdominal histoblasts. The abdominal histoblasts remain a small cluster of diploid cells among the polytenized larval hypodermal cells. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the labial disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a labial imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including parts of the proboscis. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the leg disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a leg imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the leg, coxa and ventral thoracic pleura. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


leg disc proximal/distal pattern formation

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the leg imaginal disc, a precursor to the adult leg. [GOC:bf]


The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the prothoracic disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a prothoracic imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult humerous and anterior spiracle. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the wing disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a wing imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


wing disc proximal/distal pattern formation

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the adult wing. [GOC:bf]


The regionalization process that results in defined areas of the imaginal disc that will undergo specific cell differentaiton. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:jid]


dorsoventral pattern formation, imaginal disc

dorsal-ventral pattern formation, imaginal disc

dorsal/ventral pattern formation, imaginal disc

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal disks are masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0879694238]


dorsoventral lineage restriction, imaginal disc

dorsal-ventral lineage restriction, imaginal disc

dorsal/ventral lineage restriction, imaginal disc

Formation and/or maintenance of a lineage boundary between dorsal and ventral compartments that cells cannot cross, thus separating the populations of cells in each compartment. [GOC:bf, PMID:10625531, PMID:9374402]


proximal/distal pattern formation, imaginal disc

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal disks are masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0879694238]


hemopoietic organ development
haemopoietic organ development
hematopoietic organ development
lymph gland development
haematopoietic organ development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X, ISBN:0781735149]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0001045]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


visceral mesoderm-endoderm interaction involved in midgut development

The process of cell-cell signaling between visceral mesoderm cells and endoderm cells that is involved in the differentiation of cells in the midgut. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete]


The process that mediates the transfer of information from the cells of a muscle to those of its intended target, thereby identifying the target site. [GOC:isa_complete]


A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:mtg_muscle]


Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle. [GOC:mah]


sarcomere organisation
sarcomere alignment

The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. [GOC:bf]


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction. [GOC:mtg_OBO2OWL_2013]


establishment of synaptic specificity at neuromuscular junction

The biological process in which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed. [GOC:isa_complete]


regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction


long-term strengthening of neuromuscular junction

Any process that results in an increase in the efficacy of transmission at a neuromuscular synapse. [GO_REF:0000021]


negative regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction

downregulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction

down-regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction

down regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction

negative regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction

up-regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction

positive regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction

up regulation of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction

positive regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic muscles are striated muscle structures that connect to the exoskeleton or cuticle. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_muscle]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


neuron long process generation
axon morphogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:pg, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198506732]


The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections. [ISBN:0878932437]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. [GOC:bf, GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, UBERON:0000955]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mushroom body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mushroom body is composed of the prominent neuropil structures of the insect central brain, thought to be crucial for olfactory associated learning. These consist mainly of a bulbous calyx and tightly packaged arrays of thin parallel fibers of the Kenyon cells. [PMID:8790424]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Spemann.html]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, PMID:12075342]


Separation of axons away from a bundle of axons known as a fascicle. [GOC:dgh, ISBN:039751820X]


The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:go_curators]


The establishment of the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier. [GOC:dgh]


The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle. [GOC:dgh]


The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia. [GOC:dgh, GOC:jid]


regulation of neuroglia differentiation
regulation of glia cell differentiation

regulation of glial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


down-regulation of glial cell differentiation

negative regulation of neuroglia differentiation

negative regulation of glia cell differentiation

downregulation of glial cell differentiation

down regulation of glial cell differentiation

negative regulation of glial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of glial cell differentiation

up regulation of glial cell differentiation

upregulation of glial cell differentiation

positive regulation of neuroglia differentiation

positive regulation of glia cell differentiation

positive regulation of glial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


Glial cell growth that occurs in the perineurium, a cell layer that ensheaths projections of peripheral nerves, such as motor axons. [GOC:mah, PMID:11517334, PMID:18176560]


voltage-gated potassium channel clustering

clustering of voltage-dependent potassium channels

clustering of voltage gated potassium channels

clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels

The process in which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode. [PMID:11456440]


clustering of voltage-dependent sodium channels

clustering of voltage gated sodium channels

clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels

The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization. [PMID:11456440]


neuroblast cell fate determination
neuroblast identity determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators]


The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sart]


The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development. [GOC:hb]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. [GOC:go_curators, UBERON:0000010]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


sense organ precursor cell fate determination

sensory organ precursor cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a sensory organ precursor cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sex comb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sex combs are the male specific chaetae located on the prothoracic tarsal segment of the prothoracic leg. [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk]


stomatogastric nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatogastric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


down regulation of neuroblast proliferation

downregulation of neuroblast proliferation

down-regulation of neuroblast proliferation

negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. [GOC:ai]


A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]


odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth


odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth

odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth

odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10333884, PMID:15355794]


regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth

regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth

regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:15355794]


negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth

negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth

negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:15355794]


positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth

positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth

positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages that are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. [GOC:jl, PMID:15355794]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. [GOC:jl]


negative regulation of tooth development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. [GOC:jl]


positive regulation of tooth development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. [GOC:jl]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0002048]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0001044]


Determination of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland. [PMID:11598957]


regulation of adult salivary gland determination

regulation of adult salivary gland boundary specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in an adult organism. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of adult salivary gland determination

down regulation of adult salivary gland determination

downregulation of adult salivary gland determination

down-regulation of adult salivary gland determination

negative regulation of adult salivary gland boundary specification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in an adult organism. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


up-regulation of adult salivary gland determination

positive regulation of adult salivary gland determination

upregulation of adult salivary gland determination

up regulation of adult salivary gland determination

positive regulation of adult salivary gland boundary specification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination in an adult organism. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


regulation of salivary gland determination

regulation of salivary gland boundary specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


downregulation of salivary gland determination

down regulation of salivary gland determination

negative regulation of salivary gland determination

down-regulation of salivary gland determination

negative regulation of salivary gland boundary specification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of salivary gland determination

up-regulation of salivary gland determination

upregulation of salivary gland determination

up regulation of salivary gland determination

positive regulation of salivary gland boundary specification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized. [GOC:jid]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the adult salivary gland are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes. [ISBN:0878932437]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization. [GOC:go_curators]


downregulation of bone mineralization
down regulation of bone mineralization
down-regulation of bone mineralization

negative regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of bone mineralization
upregulation of bone mineralization
up-regulation of bone mineralization

positive regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of bone biosynthesis
regulation of bone formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of bone biosynthesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of bone biosynthesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:8625828]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0192800752]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]


post-embryonic morphogenesis of an anatomical structure

The process, occurring after animal embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


Pattern Formation is a developmental morphogenetic process that establishes basic configurations of cellular organization necessary for further and accurate development of the spatial arrangements of embryonic tissue.


The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the adaxial / abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


polarity specification of adaxial/abaxial axis

The process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the adaxial/abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


oocyte anterior/posterior axis determination

oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification

Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, ISBN:0879694238]


Establishment of the specialized cytoplasm found at the poles of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


polarity specification of anterior/posterior axis

Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the anterior/posterior axis. [GOC:go_curators]


The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete]


mediolateral axis specification
centrolateral axis determination

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the centrolateral axis. In plants, this axis is duplicated and runs from the midrib to the margin of the leaf. [GOC:dsz, GOC:tb, ISBN:0865427429]


dorsal/ventral axis determination
dorsoventral axis specification
dorsal-ventral axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


oocyte dorsal/ventral axis determination

oocyte dorsal-ventral axis specification

oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


maternal specification of dorsal-ventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded

maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded

maternal specification of dorsoventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded

maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded

Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by cells of the germ line. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, ISBN:0879694238]


maternal specification of dorsoventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded

maternal specification of dorsal-ventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded

maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded

maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded

Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, ISBN:0879694238]


polarity specification of dorsoventral axis

polarity specification of dorsal-ventral axis

polarity specification of dorsal/ventral axis

Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the dorsal/ventral axis. [GOC:go_curators]


apical-basal pattern specification
longitudinal axis determination

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the longitudinal axis. In plants, this is the axis that runs from the shoot to the root. [GOC:tb]


The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


proximodistal axis specification
proximal/distal axis determination

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end). [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis that initiates at a point and radiates outward from the point. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete]


The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation. [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


The process involved in the specification of cell identity in the posterior compartments of the segmented embryo. [http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm, ISBN:0879694238]


The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry. [GOC:go_curators]


The establishment of an organism's body plan or a part of an organism such that it is symmetric around a central axis. [GOC:go_curators]


dorsal-ventral pattern formation
dorsal/ventral pattern formation

The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]


The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end). [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal. [PMID:10521337, PMID:11498582, PMID:22243696, PMID:34414474]


dosage compensation by hyperactivation of X chromosome

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global hyperactivation of all, or most of, the genes on the X-chromosome in the heterogametic sex, leading to a two-fold increase in gene expression from this chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:jl, GOC:mr, ISBN:0140512888, PMID:11498577, PMID:20622855, Wikipedia:XY_sex-determination_system]


dosage compensation by hypoactivation of X chromosome

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by an inactivation of a proportion of genes on both of the X chromosomes of the XX sex, leading to a decrease, of half, of the levels of gene expression from these chromosomes. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:jl, GOC:mr, PMID:11102361, PMID:20622855, Wikipedia:XY_sex-determination_system]


down regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

down-regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

downregulation of gene expression, epigenetic

negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

An epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. [PMID:22243696]


positive regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

up regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

up-regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

chromatin-mediated maintenance of transcription

upregulation of gene expression, epigenetic

epigenetic maintenance of chromatin in transcription-competent conformation

An epigenetic process that capacitates gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. [PMID:34414474]


conjugation with mutual genetic exchange

A conjugation process that results in the mutual exchange and union of only genetic information between compatible mating types. Conjugation without cellular fusion requires direct cellular contact between the organisms without plasma membrane fusion. The organisms involved in conjugation without cellular fusion separate after nuclear exchange. [GOC:elh, PMID:22444146]


During conjugation without cellular fusion, the process that results in pairing complementary mating types. Localized morphological, cytological, and cytoskeletal changes connect the mating types without cytoplasmic mixing. [GOC:elh]


double fertilization forming two zygotes

Rudimentary double fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the ventral canal cell nucleus to form a second zygote, which soon degenerates. An example of this process is found in the Gnetophytes, such as Welwitschia mirabilis. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb]


double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm

Fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the 3n primary endosperm nucleus and then develops into the endosperm. The ploidy level of the 2n zygote and 3n primary endosperm nucleus is determined by the ploidy level of the parents involved. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb]


The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]


The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, PMID:9630751]


The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm. [GOC:jl, http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/fert/fert.html]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the megasporocyte to form four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. The two polar nuclei fuse resulting in a mononucleate diploid endosperm mother cell. The three antipodal cells degenerate. [GOC:mtg_plant, GOC:tb]


The process in which an uncellularized nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an antipodal cell. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_plant]


regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of antipodal cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_plant]


down-regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

downregulation of antipodal cell differentiation

down regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

negative regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of antipodal cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_plant]


up regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

upregulation of antipodal cell differentiation

up-regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

positive regulation of antipodal cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antipodal cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_plant]


cellularization of the embryo sac
female gametophyte cellularization
megagametophyte cellularization

The process in which the eight-nucleate single celled female gametophyte develops into the seven-celled female gametophyte. This mature structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_plant, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:047186840X]


embryo sac endosperm mother cell differentiation

female gametophyte central cell differentiation

The process in which the two uncellularized polar nuclei cellularize, fuse and acquire the specialized features of a mononucleate diploid central cell. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_plant]


regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation

regulation of embryo sac central cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gametophyte central cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_plant]


down regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation

down-regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation

downregulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation

negative regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation

negative regulation of embryo sac central cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac central cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_plant]


positive regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation

upregulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation

up-regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation

up regulation of female gametophyte central cell differentiation

positive regulation of embryo sac central cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac central cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_plant]


female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

The process in which an uncellularized embryo sac nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an egg cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_plant, GOC:mtg_sensu]


regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

regulation of embryo sac egg cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac egg cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_plant]


downregulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

down regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

down-regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

negative regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

negative regulation of embryo sac egg cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac egg cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_plant]


up regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

positive regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

upregulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

up-regulation of female gametophyte egg cell differentiation

positive regulation of embryo sac egg cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac egg cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_plant]


embryo sac development from the megaspore

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation as the megaspore to the mature structure. The process begins when three of the four haploid megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_plant]


female gametophyte nuclear migration
megagametophyte nuclear migration
embryo sac nucleus migration
megagametophyte nucleus migration
female gametophyte nucleus migration

The directed movement of an embryo sac nucleus to the pole or center of the cell. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_plant]


The process in which an uncellularized nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of a synergid cell. [GOC:jid]


regulation of synergid cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synergid cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


downregulation of synergid differentiation

down-regulation of synergid differentiation

down regulation of synergid differentiation

negative regulation of synergid cell differentiation

negative regulation of synergid differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synergid cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of synergid differentiation

up-regulation of synergid differentiation

positive regulation of synergid cell differentiation

upregulation of synergid differentiation

positive regulation of synergid differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synergid cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


megasporogenesis
meiosis of the megasporocyte
megaspore mother cell meiosis
meiotic division of the megasporocyte

The process in which the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid megaspores in the nucellus. [GOC:mtg_plant, GOC:tb]


formation of generative and vegetative cells

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates. [GOC:mtg_plant, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb]


The process in which the microsporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid microspores. [GOC:mtg_plant, GOC:tb]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. [GOC:go_curators]


Attachment of the nurse cell nucleus to the plasma membrane. [ISBN:0879694238]


The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]


A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization. [GOC:devbiol, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pole cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


Formation of a small group of cells (pole cells) at the posterior pole of the insect blastula. They are the first cells to cellularize after the arrival of nuclei at the end of the syncytial blastula stage and are the precursors to the insect germ cells. [GOC:bf, PMID:9988212]


The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0879694238]


The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi. [GOC:dph, GOC:hjd, GOC:tb]


The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane. [GOC:bf, PMID:9550716]


The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


down regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation

downregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation

down-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation

negative regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation

up regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation

up-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation

positive regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


The change in shape of the spermatid nucleus from a spherical structure to an elongated organelle, during the latter part of spermatid differentiation. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879694238]


An developmental maturation process that has as participant a fruit. Ripening causes changes in one or more characteristics of a fruit (color, aroma, flavor, texture, hardness, cell wall structure) and may make it more attractive to animals and aid in seed dispersal. [GOC:lr]


The specification of female sex of an individual organism. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


sex determination, female germ-line determination

The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in a female organism's germ line. [GOC:mah]


The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a female organism's soma. [GOC:mah]


The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in an organism's germ line. [GOC:ems]


germ-line processes downstream of sex determination signal

The events determining the germ-line sexual phenotype after the initial transmission of that phenotype to germ-line-specific information pathways. [GOC:ems]


hermaphrodite germ-line sex determination

The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in the germ line of a hermaphrodite. [GOC:ems]


feminization of hermaphroditic germ-line

The determination of female sex and sexual phenotype in the germ-line of the hermaphrodite. [GOC:ems]


masculinization of hermaphroditic germ-line

The determination of male sex and sexual phenotype in the germ-line of the hermaphrodite. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:ems]


The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in a male organism's germ line. [GOC:mah]


The transmission of information about sexual status, from the initial general determination, to signals specific to the germ-line. [GOC:ems]


sex determination, somatic/gonadal interaction

sex determination, somatic-gonadal interaction

The process that mediates the interactions between somatic cells and gonadal cells that ultimately results in the specification of sexual status of the organism. [GOC:isa_complete]


The specification of male sex of an individual organism. [GOC:mah]


The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a male organism's soma. [GOC:mah]


Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of mating type upon an individual. Mating types are the equivalent in microorganisms of the sexes in higher organisms. [http://www.biology-text.com/]


The process that determines which donor locus a cell uses, in preference to another, in mating type switching. [GOC:mah, PMID:9928492]


The activation of recombination at a mating type locus, such that it is used in preference to the other donor locus for mating type switching; exemplified by the HML locus and surrounding sequences on Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:mah, PMID:9928492]


The inactivation of recombination at sequences around a mating type donor locus, with the consequence that the other donor is the only one available for mating type switching; exemplified by the HML locus and surrounding sequences on Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:mah, PMID:9928492]


The sex determination process that results in the initial specification of sexual status of an individual organism. [GOC:mah]


The transmission of information about sexual status from the initial, general, determination to signals specific to the soma. [GOC:ems]


sex determination, establishment of X:A ratio

The developmental process in which an organism senses the number of X chromosomes and autosomes in its genomic complement and responds to it. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:mr, PMID:20622855, Wikipedia:XY_sex-determination_system]


sex determination, primary response to X:A ratio

The developmental process in which an organism interprets its X to autosomal chromosomal complement. [GOC:isa_complete]


processes downstream of sex determination signal

The sex determination processes that take place after the initial transmission of the sexual phenotype to specific information pathways. [GOC:mah]


somatic processes downstream of sex determination signal

The events determining the somatic sexual phenotype after the initial transmission of that phenotype to soma-specific information pathways. [GOC:ems]


The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in an organism's soma. [GOC:ems]


The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a hermaphroditic organism's soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:ems]


Promotion of female sex and sexual phenotypes in the hermaphroditic soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:ems]


Promotion of male sex and sexual phenotypes in the hermaphroditic nematode soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:ems]


development of primary sexual characteristics

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. [GOC:ai]


development of primary female sexual characteristics

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. [GOC:ai]


development of primary male sexual characteristics

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. [GOC:ai]


development of secondary sexual characteristics

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, testicular/penile enlargement, breast development and menstrual periods. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion. [GOC:ai]


development of secondary female sexual characteristics

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In female humans, these include growth of axillary and pubic hair, breast development and menstrual periods. Their development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion. [GOC:ai]


development of secondary male sexual characteristics

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In male humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, and testicular/penile enlargement. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion. [GOC:ai]


The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation. [GOC:bf]


The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation. [GOC:bf]


The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


The controlled release of citric acid, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, by a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


The controlled release of formic acid, HCOOH, by a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


acetylcholine-induced gastric acid secretion

The regulated release of gastric acid by parietal cells in response to acetylcholine. [GOC:hjd]


The regulated release of gastric acid induced by the interaction of gastrin with its receptor. [GOC:hjd]


histamine-induced gastric acid secretion

The regulated release of gastric acid induced by the interaction of histamine with H2 type receptor receptors with subsequent activation of adenylate cyclase and elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP. [GOC:hjd]


The controlled release of lactic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, by a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


hydroxysuccinic acid secretion
malate secretion

The controlled release of malic acid, hydroxybutanedioic (hydroxysuccinic) acid, by a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


The controlled release of oxalic acid, ethanedioic acid, by a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption). [GOC:ai]


downregulation of bone resorption
down-regulation of bone resorption
down regulation of bone resorption

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of bone resorption
up regulation of bone resorption
up-regulation of bone resorption

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption. [GOC:go_curators]


A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbohydrate sources,usually glucose, and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbohydrate source and to transport and metabolize alternate carbohydrate sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbohydrate levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbohydrates, and ends when the carbohydrate is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism. [GOC:mah, GOC:mcc2, GOC:mlg]


down-regulation of blood pressure
downregulation of blood pressure
down regulation of blood pressure

Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_cardio]


upregulation of blood pressure
up regulation of blood pressure
up-regulation of blood pressure

Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of heart contraction
regulation of heart contraction rate
cardiac chronotropy
regulation of cardiac contraction
regulation of heart rate

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


down regulation of heart contraction
downregulation of heart contraction
down-regulation of heart contraction

negative regulation of heart contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of cardiac contraction

positive regulation of heart contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels. [GOC:jl]


downregulation of vasoconstriction
down regulation of vasoconstriction
down-regulation of vasoconstriction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of vasoconstriction
up regulation of vasoconstriction
up-regulation of vasoconstriction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction. [GOC:go_curators]


The dehiscence of an anther to release the pollen grains contained within it. [GOC:tb]


maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium

Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents. [GOC:mah]


The regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine. Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]


collagen fibril organisation
fibrillar collagen organization

Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the self-limited process linking exposure and activation of tissue factor to the activation of clotting factor X. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, GOC:pde]


A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, GOC:pde]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation. [GOC:mah]


downregulation of blood coagulation
down regulation of blood coagulation
down-regulation of blood coagulation

negative regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation. [GOC:mah]


up regulation of blood coagulation
up-regulation of blood coagulation
upregulation of blood coagulation

positive regulation of blood coagulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation. [GOC:mah]


The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


chitin-based cuticle attachment to epithelium

Attaching of a chitin-containing cuticle to the epithelium underlying it. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle attachment to epithelium

Attaching of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle to the epithelium underlying it. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:ems, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The shedding of the old chitin-based cuticlar fragments during the molting cycle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


ecdysis, collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle

The shedding of the old collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle fragments during the molting cycle. Examples of this process are found in invertebrates. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The periodic shedding of part or all of a chitin-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The first process of molting, characterized by the detachment of the old cuticle from the underlying epidermal cells. [GOC:jl]


The adhesion of the puparia of Diptera to their substrate; normally effected by a 'glue' secreted by the larval salivary gland and expectorated at the time of pupariation. [GOC:ma]


collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle molting cycle

molting cycle, collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle

The periodic shedding of part or all of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle. An example of this is found in the Nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on plant roots. [PMID:21856632, PMID:33317178]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus. [GOC:go_curators]


Growth of pollen via tip extension of the intine wall. [ISBN:0943088399]


respiratory gaseous exchange
breathing
respiratory system process

A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


A set of processes which all viruses follow to ensure survival; includes attachment and entry of the virus particle, decoding of genome information, translation of viral mRNA by host ribosomes, genome replication, and assembly and release of viral particles containing the genome. [ISBN:1555811272]


A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host, either as an integrated provirus within the host genome or as an episome, where viral genome remains in the cytoplasm or nucleus as distinct objects. [GOC:jl]


provirus maintenance
prophage maintenance
latent virus maintenance

The perpetuation of a latent state, generally by repressing the viruses own lytic genes expression and ensuring expression of viral genes which function to keep the viral genome from being detected by the host defense mechanisms. [GOC:jl]


Any process required for latent viral replication in a cell. [ISBN:0781702534]


regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell

Any virus-mediated process that modulates the levels of viral proteins in a cell. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of viral protein levels in host cell

down-regulation of viral protein levels in host cell

negative regulation of viral protein levels

down regulation of viral protein levels in host cell

negative regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell

Any process where the infecting virus reduces the levels of viral proteins in a cell. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of viral protein levels

up regulation of viral protein levels in host cell

up-regulation of viral protein levels in host cell

upregulation of viral protein levels in host cell

positive regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell

Any process where the infecting virus increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell. [GOC:ai]


virion attachment to host cell surface receptor

The process by which a virion protein binds to molecules on the host cellular surface or host cell surface projection. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1161, VZ:956]


virion attachment, binding of host cell surface coreceptor

coreceptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell

The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a co-receptor on the host cell surface. [ISBN:0879694971]


virion attachment, binding of host cell surface receptor

receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell

The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a receptor on the host cell surface. [ISBN:0879694971]


The process by which an incoming virus is disassembled in the host cell to release a replication-competent viral genome. [GOC:plm, ISBN:0781702534, PMID:8162442]


viral assembly, maturation, egress, and release


ER membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment

virus budding from ER membrane during viral capsid envelopment

viral budding from ER membrane during viral capsid envelopment

endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment

virus budding from ER membrane by viral capsid envelopment

viral budding from endoplasmic reticulum membrane

A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host ER membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0072370319, VZ:1947]


virus budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid envelopment

Golgi membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment

viral budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid envelopment

virus budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid envelopment

viral budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid envelopment

A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host Golgi membrane. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0072370319, VZ:1947]


virus budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment

viral budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment

nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment

virus budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment

A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host nuclear membrane. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0072370319]


virus budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment

viral budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment

inner nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment


viral budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment

virus budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid envelopment

outer nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment


viral budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid envelopment

virus budding from plasma membrane by viral capsid envelopment

virus budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid envelopment

plasma membrane viral budding during viral capsid envelopment

A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma membrane. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0072370319, PMID:9394621, VZ:1947]


viral budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment

virus budding from plasma membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment

plasma membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment


The assembly of a virus capsid from its protein subunits. [ISBN:0781702534, UniProtKB-KW:KW-0118]


virus budding from ER membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment

virus budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

virus budding from ER membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

virus budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from outer nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from ER membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment

virus budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment

outer nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from Golgi membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

ER membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from inner nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment

virus budding from outer nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

inner nuclear membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment

endoplasmic reticulum membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from ER membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment

virus budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from plasma membrane by viral capsid re-envelopment

The process in which a capsid acquires another membrane envelope, subsequent to acquiring an initial membrane envelope. [ISBN:0072370319, ISBN:0781718325, PMID:11533156]


viral capsid maturation
capsid maturation

The refolding and structural rearrangements of individual capsid subunits to transition from the intermediate procapsid, to the more stable capsid structure. [GOC:bf, PMID:10627558, PMID:19204733]


The assembly and maintenance of the viral scaffold around which the viral capsid is constructed. [ISBN:0072370319]


The processes involved in creating a mature, stable viral genome. Begins after genome replication with a newly synthesized nucleic acid and ends when the genome is ready to be packaged. Includes the addition of proteins to the newly synthesized genome, and DNA repair processes. [GOC:pk, PMID:21490093]


The encapsulation of the viral genome within the capsid. [ISBN:0121585336]


The packaging of viral RNA (single-stranded or double-stranded) into a nucleocapsid. [ISBN:0781718325]


intracellular transport of viral material

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf, GOC:jl, PMID:11733033]


The refolding and structural rearrangements of virion parts to transition from the intermediate virion to the more mature virion. Maturation usually involves proteolysis events and changes in the folding of the virion proteins. Can occur inside the host cell or after release. [ISBN:0781718325]


viral exit
viral release
viral shedding
viral release from host cell
release of virus from host

The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane. [GOC:jl]


The exit of a viral particle from a cell that does not involve cell lysis. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0072370319]


A viral process by which enveloped viruses acquire a host-derived membrane enriched in viral proteins to form their external envelope. The process starts when nucleocapsids, assembled or in the process of being built, induce formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma or organelle membrane and wrap up in the forming bud. The process ends when the bud is eventually pinched off by membrane scission to release the enveloped particle into the lumenal or extracellular space. [ISBN:0781718325, VZ:1947]


The exit of enveloped or unenveloped virion particles from the host cell by exocytosis, without causing cell lysis. [ISBN:0072370319]


A process by which a viral gene is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes viral transcription, processing to produce a mature RNA product, and viral translation. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0121585336]


Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism. [ISBN:0781702534]


Any process in which the viral genome is retained within the capsid during genome cleavage and packaging. [PMID:9696839]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of viral genome replication

down regulation of viral genome replication

down-regulation of viral genome replication

negative regulation of viral genome replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of viral genome replication

upregulation of viral genome replication

up-regulation of viral genome replication

positive regulation of viral genome replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:ai]


viral ssRNA replication via dsDNA intermediate

single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

A viral genome replication where the template is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and which proceeds via a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) intermediate molecule. Viral genomic RNA is first reverse transcribed into dsDNA, which integrates into the host chromosomal DNA, where it is transcribed by host RNA polymerase II. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, VZ:1937]


regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate. [GOC:go_curators]

regulation of retroviral genome replication


down regulation of retroviral genome replication

down-regulation of retroviral genome replication

downregulation of retroviral genome replication

negative regulation of retroviral genome replication

negative regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of retroviral genome replication

up regulation of retroviral genome replication

up-regulation of retroviral genome replication

positive regulation of retroviral genome replication

positive regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retroviral genome replication. [GOC:go_curators]


viral replication complex formation and maintenance

The process of organizing and assembling viral replication proteins in preparation for viral replication. [ISBN:0781718325]


cell to cell spread of virus within host

spread of virus within host, cell to cell

transport of virus in host, cell to cell

The transport of a virus between adjacent cells in a multicellular organism. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781718325]


immortalization of host cell
host cell transformation
viral transformation of host cell
viral immortalization
host cell immortalization
transformation of host cell
viral transformation

A virus-induced cellular transformation resulting in immortalized cells, or cells capable of indefinite replication. [ISBN:0781702534, PMID:11119620, PMID:18366075, PMID:24373315]


cellular component
cell or subcellular entity

A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome). [GOC:pdt, NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144]


Any particle of coalesced lipids in an ascus or ascospore. May include associated proteins. [GOC:mah, PMID:12702293]


FSM
forespore membrane
prospore membrane

The prospore membrane is a double-membraned structure that extends from the cytoplasmic face of the spindle pole bodies to encompass the spindle pole bodies and the four nuclear lobes that are formed during meiosis. It helps isolate the meiotic nuclei from the cytoplasm during spore formation and serves as a foundation for the formation of the spore walls. An example of this component is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. [ISBN:0879693649]


The specialized cell wall of the ascospore (spore), which is the product of meiotic division. Examples of this component are found in Fungi. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0879693568]


The second outermost layer of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces. [ISBN:0879693568]


The outermost layer of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces. [ISBN:0879693568]


Either of the two innermost layers of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces. [ISBN:0879693568]


A contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck in mitotic cells that divide by budding in preparation for completing cytokinesis. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:krc, PMID:16009555]


A ring-shaped structure that forms at the site of cytokinesis in the bud neck of a budding cell; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. In S. cerevisiae, this structure forms at the time of bud emergence and the septins show a high rate of exchange. [GOC:krc, PMID:16009555]


Protein complex that plays a role in determining cell polarity by directing the localized assembly of actin filaments at polarization sites; in Saccharomyces the polarisome includes Bni1p, Spa2p, Pea2p, and Bud6p. [PMID:14734532, PMID:14998522, PMID:9632790]


A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope. [GOC:cilia, GOC:jh2, GOC:krc, GOC:mtg_sensu, http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum#Bacterial, PMID:7787060]


One of the three major substructures of the bacterial-type flagellum, the basal body is embedded in the cell envelope (the plasma membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, and, if one is present, the outer membrane); it houses the secretion apparatus that exports the more distal components and the flagellar motor. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:12624192, PMID:24697492]


flagellin-based flagellum basal body, C ring

bacterial-type flagellum basal body, C ring

Cytoplasmic ring located at the base of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; acts as a rotor; includes three switch proteins, which generate torque and can change their conformational state in a bimodal fashion, so that the motor direction can switch between clockwise and counterclockwise. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:12624192]


flagellin-based flagellum basal body, distal rod

bacterial-type flagellum basal body, distal rod

The portion of the central rod of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body that is distal to the cell membrane; spans most of the distance between the inner and outer membranes. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:11133968, PMID:12624192]


flagellin-based flagellum basal body, distal rod, L ring

flagellar basal body, distal rod, L ring

bacterial-type flagellum basal body, distal rod, L ring

One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the outer membrane. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:12624192]


flagellin-based flagellum basal body, distal rod, P ring

bacterial-type flagellum basal body, distal rod, P ring

One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the peptidoglycan layer. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:12624192]


flagellin-based flagellum basal body, MS ring

bacterial-type flagellum basal body, MS ring

One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; a double-flanged ring that anchors the basal body to the cytoplasmic membrane. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:12624192]


flagellin-based flagellum basal body, proximal rod

bacterial-type flagellum basal body, proximal rod

The portion of the central rod of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body that is proximal to the cell membrane; the proximal rod connects the distal rod to the flagellar motor. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:11133968, PMID:12624192]


flagellar filament
flagellin-based flagellum filament

The long (approximately 20 nm), thin external structure of the bacterial-type flagellum, which acts as a propeller. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:12624192]


flagellar filament cap
flagellin-based flagellum filament cap

The proteinaceous structure at the distal tip of the bacterial-type flagellar filament. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:12624192]


flagellin-based flagellum hook
flagellar hook

The portion of the bacterial-type flagellum that connects the filament to the basal body. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:12624192]


bacterial-type flagellum hook-filament junction

The region of the bacterial-type flagellum where the hook and filament meet. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10572114, PMID:12624192]


cilium pocket membrane
cilial pocket membrane
flagellar pocket membrane

That part of the plasma membrane found in the ciliary pocket (also called flagellar pocket). [GOC:cilia, GOC:mb]


cilium pocket
flagellar pocket
cilial pocket

Invagination of the plasma membrane from which a cilium (also called flagellum) protrudes. [GOC:cilia, GOC:mb]


The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


A group of cytoskeletal structures and associated membrane-bounded organelles found at the anterior end of adult obligate intracellular protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. The apical complex is involved in attachment to and penetration of the host cell, and in parasite proliferation. [GOC:giardia, GOC:mb, PMID:16518471]


lower polar ring of apical complex location

posterior polar ring of apical complex location

preconoidal ring of apical complex location

An electron dense ring at the most posterior position of the apical complex, from which the subpellicular microtubules originate; formed during an invasive life cycle stage of an apicomplexan parasite. [GOC:mah, PMID:16518471]


A spiral cytoskeletal structure located at the apical end of the apical complex in some apicomplexan parasites. Fibers form a left-handed spiral, and are comprised of tubulin protofilaments organized in a ribbon-like structure that differs from the conventional tubular structure characteristic of microtubules. [GOC:expert_dr, PMID:11901169, PMID:16518471]


A small, elongated secretory organelle that forms part of the apical complex, located along the main axis of an apicomplexan parasite cell within the extreme apical region and at the periphery under the inner membrane complex. Of the specialized secretory compartments identified in apicomplexans, micronemes discharge their contents first, during initial contact of the parasite's apical pole with the host cell surface. Micronemal proteins function during parasite attachment and penetration into the target cell. [ISBN:0521664470, PMID:11801218]


anterior polar ring of apical complex location

upper polar ring of apical complex location

An electron dense ring at the most anterior position of the apical complex, from which the conoid fibers originate; formed during an invasive life cycle stage of an apicomplexan parasite. [GOC:mb, PMID:16518471]


A large, club-shaped secretory organelle that forms part of the apical complex of an apicomplexan parasite, and consists of a bulbous body and a narrow electron-dense neck that extends through the conoid at the apical tip of the parasite. The rhoptry necks serve as ducts through which the contents of the rhoptries are secreted after attachment to the host has been completed and at the commencement of invasion. Rhoptry proteins function in the biogenesis and host organellar association of the parasitophorous vacuole. [ISBN:0521664470, PMID:11801218, PMID:16002398]


Singlet microtubule that lie underneath the inner membrane pellicle complex and emanate from the basal ring of the conoid. [GOC:mb, PMID:24800253]


The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell. [GOC:bf]


The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell. [GOC:bf]


The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:mah, PMID:21494665]


An endocytic patch that consists of an actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane in cells; formed of networks of branched actin filaments that lie just beneath the plasma membrane and assemble, move, and disassemble rapidly. An example of this is the actin cortical patch found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, ISBN:0879693568, ISBN:0879693649, PMID:16959963]


An organelle found in cnidoblast (nematoblast) cells. When matured, these stinging organelles store toxins and can deliver them when the cnidocil (a short extension of the cnidocyst) is stimulated by a prey or another stimulus. [DOI:10.1139/z02-135, GOC:jl]


actomyosin contractile ring
actomyosin ring
CAR
constriction ring

A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located at the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms at the mother-bud neck before mitosis. [GOC:expert_jrp, GOC:sgd_curators, GOC:vw, ISBN:0805319409, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:28914606]


exocyst complex location
exocyst complex
Sec6/8 complex
Sec6/8 complex location

A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals. [GOC:cilia, PMID:15292201, PMID:27243008, PMID:9700152]


A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament-forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. This type of septin structure is observed at the bud neck of budding fungal cells, at the site of cell division in animal cells, at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection, and also within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:16009555, PMID:16151244]


Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0815316194]


A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin that is in a transcription-competent conformation. [PMID:32017156]


pericentric heterochromatin
centric heterochromatin

Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylated H3 histone at lysine 9 (H3K9me2/H3K9me3). [PMID:12019236, PMID:20206496, PMID:22729156, PMID:9413993]


A small, compact region of heterochromatin located in the middle of the polytene chromosome chromocenter, which undergoes little or no replication during polytenization. [PMID:8878678]


A diffusely banded region of heterochromatin located between euchromatin and alpha-heterochromatin in the polytene chromosome chromocenter; normally replicated during polytenization. [PMID:11404334, PMID:8878678]


Any of the regions of heterochromatin that form a reproducible set of dense bands scattered along the euchromatic arms in polytene chromosomes. [PMID:14579245]


A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures. [GOC:elh]


Structures of variable diameter visible in the nucleoplasm by electron microscopy, mainly observed near the border of condensed chromatin. The fibrils are enriched in RNA, and are believed to be sites of pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylylation representing the in situ form of nascent transcripts. [PMID:14731598]


OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the cytoplasm during mitosis. [GOC:mah]


OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the cell during interphase of the cell cycle. Chromosomes are usually decondensed during interphase and each long DNA molecule in a chromosome is divided into a large number of discrete domains that are folded differently. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0815316194]


OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the nucleus during interphase. [GOC:mah]


OBSOLETE. A chromosome involved in the process of meiosis. [GOC:ai]


An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes. [GOC:elh]


An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes in leptotene or zygotene during meiosis I. [GOC:elh]


An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes in pachytene during meiosis I. [GOC:elh]


A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell. [GOC:mah]


OBSOLETE. A chromosome involved in the process of mitosis. [GOC:ai]


SMC/kleisin ring complex
SMC/kleisin ring complex location
cohesin complex location

A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3). [GOC:jl, GOC:sp, GOC:vw, PMID:9887095]


OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the cell during metaphase. Typically, sister chromatids are held together at their centromeres and chromosomes are covered with a large number of molecules, including ribonucleoproteins. [GOC:ai]


OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the nucleus during mitosis. [GOC:mah]


OBSOLETE. A chromosome found in the cell during prophase. [GOC:ai]


A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]


A circular DNA molecule containing plastid encoded genes. [ISBN:0943088399]


A type of chromosome in a polyploid cell, formed when multiple copies of homologous chromosomes are aligned side by side to give a giant chromosome in which distinct chromosome bands are readily visible. [ISBN:0198506732]


A stretch of densely packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, visible as a morphologically distinct band. [GOC:bf, PMID:11361342]


A region at which the centric regions of polytene chromosomes are joined together. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0120649012]


A thread-like connection joining two regions of ectopically paired polytene chromosomes. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0120649012]


A stretch of less tightly packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, found between bands. [GOC:bf, PMID:11361342]


A swelling at a site along the length of a polytene chromosome, thought to be the site of active transcription. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0120649012]


A region of the polytene chromosome where the diameter is considerably decreased, probably resulting from local differences in chromosome organization. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0120649012]


Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, with a minimal catalytic core composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. In vivo, the holoenzyme complex often contains additional subunits. [PMID:11884619]


telomerase catalytic core complex location

The minimal catalytic core of telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition. [GOC:BHF-UCL, PMID:11884619, PMID:1808260]


A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion. [GOC:cilia, GOC:hla, GOC:krc, ISBN:0815316194]


A supramolecular fiber found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds the nine microtubule doublets. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile. In human, they consist of about 10 major and at least 15 minor proteins, where all major proteins are ODF1, ODF2 or ODF2-related proteins. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, ISBN:0824072820, PMID:10381817, PMID:21586547, PMID:25361759]


Globular portion of the radial spoke that projects towards the central pair of microtubules. [GOC:hjd]


Protein complex forming part of eukaryotic flagellar apparatus. [GOC:cilia, GOC:hjd, GOC:krc]


Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner. [GOC:krc, PMID:11602261]

cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex location


cytoplasmic cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex location

Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the cytoplasm. [GOC:krc]


Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the nucleus. [GOC:krc]

nuclear cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex location


The nascent cell membrane and cell wall structure that forms between two daughter nuclei near the center of a dividing plant cell. It develops at the equitorial region of the phragmoplast. It grows outwards to join with the lateral walls and form two daughter cells. [ISBN:0198547684]