transcription export complex location
TREX complex
TREX complex location

The transcription export (TREX) complex couples transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II to mRNA export. The complex associates with the polymerase and travels with it along the length of the transcribed gene. TREX is composed of the THO transcription elongation complex as well as other proteins that couple THO to mRNA export proteins. The TREX complex is known to be found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including S. cerevisiae and metazoans. [GOC:krc, PMID:11979277]


The THO complex is a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. The THO complex is also part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1p, Tho2p, Thp1p, and Mft1p, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits. [GOC:krc, PMID:11060033, PMID:11979277, PMID:16983072]


plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase location, stator stalk

plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk

One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the plasma membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10838056]


RNase P complex
RNase P complex location
ribonuclease P complex location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes cleavage of the leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs), generating the mature 5' end of tRNAs. [GOC:mah, PMID:12045094]


RNA polymerase complex location
multisubunit RNA polymerase

Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits. [GOC:mah]


A conserved hetero-pentameric membrane-associated complex involved in retrograde transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. The budding yeast retromer comprises Vps35p, Vps29p, Vps26p, Vps5p, and Vps17p. The mammalian complex shows slight variation in composition compared to yeast, and comprises SNX1 or SNX2, SNX5 or SNX6, VPS26A or VPS26B, VPS29, and VPS35. [GOC:bf, PMID:26220253, PMID:27385586, PMID:9700157]


retromer, cargo recognition complex location

cargo-selective retromer subcomplex location

retromer, cargo-selective complex location

The trimeric subcomplex of the retromer, believed to be closely associated with the membrane. This trimeric complex is responsible for recognizing and binding to cargo molecules. The complex comprises three Vps proteins in both yeast and mammalian cells: Vps35p, Vps29p, and Vps26p in yeast, and VPS35, VPS29 and VPS26A or VPS26B in mammals. [GOC:bf, PMID:11102511, PMID:26220253, PMID:9700157]


heterodimeric membrane-deforming retromer subcomplex location

The dimeric subcomplex of the retromer, believed to be peripherally associated with the membrane. This dimeric complex is responsible for remodelling endosomal membranes to form a tube-structure to which cargo molecules are selected for recycling. The budding yeast complex comprises Vps5p and Vps17p, and may contain multiple copies of a Vps5p/Vps17p dimer. The mammalian complex contains SNX1 or SNX2 dimerized with SNX5 or SNX6. [GOC:bf, PMID:26220253, PMID:9700157]


A protein complex that acts as an activin receptor. Heterodimeric activin receptors, comprising one Type I activin receptor and one Type II receptor polypeptide, and heterotrimeric receptors have been observed. [PMID:8307945, PMID:8622651]


interleukin-20 receptor complex location

A protein complex composed of an alpha and a beta receptor subunit and an interleukin ligand. In human, Interleukin-19, -20 and -24 bind IL20RA/IL20RB receptor subunits and Interleukin-20 and -24 bind IL22RA1/IL20RB receptor subunits. [PMID:12351624]


A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2. [GOC:jl, PMID:11483596, PMID:12440767]


plasma membrane hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V0 domain

plasma membrane proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]


plasma membrane hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V1 domain

plasma membrane proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain

The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]


A protein complex providing a discrete opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids. [ISBN:0198506732]


subapical complex
subapical complex location

The most apical region of the lateral plasma membrane of an invertebrate epithelial cell. The subapical complex lies above the zonula adherens and the septate junction, and is comparable to the position of the tight junction of vertebrate cells. [PMID:11752566, PMID:12500938]


A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen. [GOC:add, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15928678, PMID:16153240]


A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class I alpha chain and an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide antigen. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules. [GOC:add, GOC:jl, ISBN:0120781859, ISBN:0781735149]


A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen. [GOC:add, GOC:jl, ISBN:0120781859, PMID:15928678]


presynaptic membrane
pre-synaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815316194]


A cell septum whose formation is independent of nuclear division. [GOC:clt, ISBN:0471940526]


A cell septum which forms as part of the division site and functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells at division. A division septum spans a cell and does not allow exchange of organelles or cytoplasm between compartments. [GOC:clt, GOC:vw]


A septum or cross wall which does not entirely span the space between two portions of cell wall and may contain a specialized central pore structure. A porous septum allows the movement of organelles and/or cytoplasm between compartments. [GOC:clt]


A septum, or cross-wall, between two portions of a cell or hypha; contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure; pore is covered on each side of the septum by a septal pore cap (parenthosome). [GOC:clt]


The region where the mating projection meets the bulk of the cell, in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone. [GOC:mcc]


The cell membranes and intracellular regions in a plant are connected through plasmodesmata, and plants may be described as having two major compartments: the living symplast and the non-living apoplast. The apoplast is external to the plasma membrane and includes cell walls, intercellular spaces and the lumen of dead structures such as xylem vessels. Water and solutes pass freely through it. [GOC:jid]


A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits, inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta). There are three forms of activin complex, activin A, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-A subunits, activin B, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-B subunits, and activin AB, which is composed of an inhibin beta-A and an inhibin beta-B subunit. [GOC:go_curators]


activin A complex
activin A complex location

A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A). [GOC:go_curators]


A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta), inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B. [GOC:go_curators]


activin B complex location
activin B complex

A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-B subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-B or activin/inhibin beta-B). [GOC:go_curators]


A large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. Chylomicrons are found in blood or lymph and carry lipids from the intestines into other body tissues. [GOC:jl, GOC:rl, PMID:10580165]


A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram-negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages. [GOC:jl, PMID:10333591]


Germline specific intercellular bridge. During cyst formation in insects, ring canals interconnect the cells of the cyst, facilitating the passage of cytoplasmic components between cells. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:9635420, PMID:9655801]


OBSOLETE. A type of intermediate filament. [ISBN:0716731363, ISBN:0815316194]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:jl]


axonemal dynein intermediate light chain


B cell receptor accessory molecule complex location


Gram-negative-bacterium-type cell wall
cell wall inner membrane

The peptidoglycan layer of the Gram-negative cell envelope. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is relatively thin (1-2nm) and is linked to the outer membrane by lipoproteins. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is too thin to retain the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure and therefore cells appear red after Gram stain. [GOC:mlg, ISBN:0815108893]


cytoplasmic dynein intermediate light chain


The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


OBSOLETE. A type of intermediate filament. [ISBN:0815316194]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:go_curators]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 complex location


OBSOLETE. Glial fibrillary acidic protein forms filaments in the glial cells that surround neurons and in astrocytes. [ISBN:0716731363]


Golgi to plasma membrane constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle

Golgi to plasma membrane transport vesicle

A transport vesicle that mediates transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis. [GOC:kad, GOC:mah]


AP-1 adaptor complex location
HA1 clathrin adaptor
AP-1 adaptor complex

A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-1-containing coats are normally found primarily in the trans-Golgi network. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C). [GOC:mah, PMID:10611976, PMID:21097499]


intermediate filament associated protein

OBSOLETE. Proteins that associate with intermediate filaments and function in the supramolecular organization of cellular intermediate filament networks. [GOC:ajp, PMID:9484600]


lysosomal membrane hydrogen-transporting ATPase


membrane attack complex location protein alphaM chain

membrane attack complex protein alphaM chain


membrane attack complex location protein beta2 chain

membrane attack complex protein beta2 chain


OBSOLETE. A structure formed of the cross-linked polymer peptidoglycan (also called murein) that forms a covalently closed net around a bacterial cell, and imparts structural stability to the bacterial cell wall. [GOC:mah, PMID:9529891]


OBSOLETE. Peripherin is a type III intermediate filament protein found in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. [ISBN:0716731363]


SCF complex location substrate recognition subunit

SCF complex substrate recognition subunit

OBSOLETE. The portion of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex that contains sites required for recognition (and recruitment) of the substrate to the complex. [PMID:11790542, PMID:9857172]


type I intermediate filament associated protein

OBSOLETE. Low molecular weight (10-45 kDa) proteins that associate with intermediate filaments by lateral binding of the filaments and have the effect of creating tight macrofilament aggregates. [GOC:ajp, PMID:9484600]


type II intermediate filament associated protein

OBSOLETE. High molecular weight (100-300 kDa) proteins that associate with intermediate filaments to cross-link them into loose networks. [GOC:ajp, PMID:9484600]


type III intermediate filament associated protein

OBSOLETE. Proteins that associate with the ends of intermediate filaments and couple the intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane. [GOC:ajp, PMID:9484600]


OBSOLETE. A type of intermediate filament. [ISBN:0716731363]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:jl]


glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase complex location

Complex that catalyzes the synthesis of ADP-glucose and pyrophosphate from glucose-1-phosphate and ATP. In plants, the complex is a heterotetramer composed of two types of subunits (small and large). In bacteria, the enzyme complex is composed of four identical subunits. [GOC:tb, PMID:12748181]


Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus. [GOC:jid]


Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus. [GOC:jid]


Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ether stimulus. [GOC:jid]


Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]


Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. [GOC:jid]


behavioural response to water deprivation

behavioral response to water deprivation

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of water. [GOC:jl]


Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the contraction and relaxation movements of the pharyngeal muscle that mediates feeding in nematodes. [GOC:cab1, PMID:2181052]


A simple form of learning whereby the repeated presence of a stimulus leads to a change in the probability or strength of the response to that stimulus. There is no association of one type of stimulus with another, rather it is a generalized response to the environment. [ISBN:0582227089]


An increased in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. For example, a shock to the tail of the marine snail Aplysia, to which the snail responds by withdrawing its gill, will result in increased gill withdrawal the next time the skin is touched. [ISBN:0582227089]


Posterior movement of an organism, e.g. following the direction of the tail of an animal. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the speed, mechanical force, or rhythm of the posterior movement of an organism. [GOC:go_curators]


Anterior movement of an organism, following the direction of the head of the animal. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the speed, mechanical force, or rhythm of the anterior movement of an organism. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb]


downregulation of circadian rhythm
down-regulation of circadian rhythm
down regulation of circadian rhythm

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of circadian rhythm
up-regulation of circadian rhythm
up regulation of circadian rhythm

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. [GOC:jl]


male courtship behaviour, proboscis-mediated licking

male courtship behavior, proboscis-mediated licking

The process during courtship where the male fly licks the genitalia of a stationary female fly with his proboscis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11092827]


male courtship behaviour, orientation prior to leg tapping and wing vibration

male courtship behavior, orientation prior to leg tapping and wing vibration

The process during courtship, where the male orients towards a potential partner. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:sensu, PMID:11092827]


male courtship behaviour, tapping to detect pheromone

male courtship behavior, tapping to detect pheromone

The process during courtship where the male insect taps the female with his frontal leg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11092827]


male courtship behaviour, wing extension

male courtship behaviour, veined wing extension

male courtship behavior, veined wing extension

The process during courtship where the male insect extends his wings. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu]


male courtship behaviour, wing vibration

male courtship behaviour, veined wing vibration

male courtship behavior, veined wing vibration

The process during courtship where the male insect vibrates his wings. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11092827]


The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract. [GOC:jl, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]


The behavior of individuals for the purpose of discriminating between the sexes, for the purpose of finding a suitable mating partner. [GOC:jid, GOC:pr, PMID:12486700]


copulatory plug biosynthesis
copulatory plug formation
copulatory plug deposition
mating plug deposition

The deposition of a plug of sperm or other gelatinous material into the opening of the vulva by a male at the termination of copulation. Probably acts to prevent subsequent matings by other males. [GOC:jl, PMID:11267893]


The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm. [GOC:jl, http://www.sleepquest.com]


The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is asleep. [GOC:ai]


circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions. [GOC:jl, http://www.sleepquest.com]


A stage in the circadian sleep cycle during which dreams occur and the body undergoes marked changes including rapid eye movement, loss of reflexes, and increased pulse rate and brain activity. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep. [GOC:jl, PMID:12575468]


cellular physiological process
cellular process

Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete]


A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription. [GOC:di, PMID:11932229]


Cell recognition between cells. May involve the formation of specialized cell junctions. [ISBN:0824072820]


Cell recognition that involves the interaction of the cell with the extracellular matrix. [ISBN:0824072820]


Cell recognition involving the deposition of specific pathways in the extracellular matrix that guide migrating cells. [ISBN:0824072820]


The formation of an integrin-dependent strong adhesive bond between leukocytes and blood vessel endothelial cells which is dependent on prior activation of the leukocyte and leads to the firm attachment of the leukocyte to the endothelial surface, typically the third step in cellular extravasation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14680625, PMID:14708592, PMID:7507411, PMID:8600538]


Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection). [GOC:bf, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14680625, PMID:14708592, PMID:7507411, PMID:8600538, Wikipedia:Leukocyte_extravasation]


The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a focal adhesion, a complex of intracellular signaling and structural proteins that provides a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity. [GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


The regulated release of epinephrine by a cell. Epinephrine is a catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter, released by certain neurons and active in the central nervous system. [GOC:ef, GOC:jid]


follitropin secretion
follicle stimulating hormone secretion
FSH secretion

The regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. [ISBN:0198506732]


regulation of follicle stimulating hormone secretion

regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

down-regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

negative regulation of follicle stimulating hormone secretion

down regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

negative regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

up-regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

positive regulation of follicle stimulating hormone secretion

up regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone. [GOC:ai]


The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0781735149]


The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. [GOC:ef, GOC:jid]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of hormone secretion
downregulation of hormone secretion
down regulation of hormone secretion

negative regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of hormone secretion
up-regulation of hormone secretion
up regulation of hormone secretion

positive regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. [GOC:ai]


5-hydroxytryptamine secretion
5-HT secretion

The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. [GOC:ef, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0781735149]


The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. [GOC:ai, GOC:ef]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines. [GOC:ai]


regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of neurotransmitter secretion

down regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

down-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. [GOC:ai]


regulation of synapse structure or activity

Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). [GOC:ai]


regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis

Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of chemical synaptic transmission

modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of synaptic transmission

down regulation of synaptic transmission

negative regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of synaptic transmission
up-regulation of synaptic transmission
upregulation of synaptic transmission

positive regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. [GOC:ai]


evasion or tolerance of host defense response


active immune evasion via regulation of host cytokine network

active evasion of host immune response via regulation of host cytokine network

active immune evasion via modulation of host cytokine network

Any mechanism of active immune avoidance which works by regulating host cytokine networks, e.g. by secreting proteins that mimic cytokine receptors that act to sequester host cytokines and inhibit action. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/ies/cytok.html#Manipulation]


The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ. [ISBN:0878932437]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus. [GOC:go_curators]


cellular response to iron ion starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of iron ions. [GOC:mg]


cellular response to sulphate starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfate. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of water. [GOC:go_curators]


glutamine sensing
glutamine perception
glutamine detection

The series of events in which a glutamine stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


antigen receptor-mediated signalling pathway

antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell. [GOC:add]


B lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

B-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. [GOC:add]


regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

regulation of B-cell receptor signaling pathway

regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

regulation of B-cell receptor signalling pathway

regulation of B cell receptor signalling pathway

regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of B-cell receptor signaling pathway

downregulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of B-cell receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of B cell receptor signalling pathway

down regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

down-regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of B lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of B-cell receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of B cell receptor signalling pathway

upregulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

up regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of B-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of B-cell receptor signaling pathway

up-regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell. [GOC:ai]


regulation of antigen receptor mediated signalling pathway

regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of antigen receptor mediated signalling pathway

down regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

down-regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of T cell receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of T-cell receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

downregulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

down regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

down-regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of TCR signaling pathway

negative regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

up regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

up-regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

positive regulation of antigen receptor mediated signalling pathway

positive regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of TCR signaling pathway

positive regulation of T cell receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

upregulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of T-cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

up regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. [GOC:ai]


regulation of T-cell receptor signalling pathway

regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

regulation of T-cell receptor signaling pathway

regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

regulation of T lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

regulation of T-lymphocyte receptor signaling pathway

regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. [GOC:ai]


T lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

T-lymphocyte receptor signalling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell. [GOC:add]


decapentaplegic receptor signalling pathway

decapentaplegic receptor signaling pathway


The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, GOC:pr, PMID:19747931, PMID:21453460]


follicle stimulating hormone signaling pathway

follicle stimulating hormone signalling pathway

follicle-stimulating hormone signalling pathway

follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by follicle-stimulating hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. [GOC:dph]


inhibition of phospholipase C activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway


The process in which a change in the level of a mono- or disaccharide such as glucose, fructose or sucrose triggers the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes. [PMID:9014361]


The process in which a molecular signal is transduced between the chloroplast and nucleus, such that expression of nuclear encoding photosynthetic proteins is coupled with chloroplast biogenesis. [PMID:8972595]


defence response signaling pathway, resistance gene-independent

defence response signalling pathway, resistance gene-independent

defense response signaling pathway, resistance gene-independent


regulation of ethene mediated signalling pathway

regulation of ethylene mediated signalling pathway

regulation of ethene mediated signaling pathway

regulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway

regulation of ethylene-activated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene (ethene) signal transduction. [GOC:tb]


negative regulation of ethene mediated signaling pathway

down-regulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of ethylene mediated signalling pathway

negative regulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of ethene mediated signalling pathway

down regulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway

downregulation of ethylene mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of ethylene-activated signaling pathway

Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) signal transduction. [GOC:tb]


ecdysone receptor-mediated signalling pathway

ecdysone receptor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by ecdysone binding to the ecdysone receptor complex. [GOC:bf]


glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by glucocorticoid binding to its receptor. [GOC:mah]

glucocorticoid receptor signalling pathway


progesterone receptor signalling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by progesterone binding to its receptor in the cytoplasm. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, PMID:14744870]


red or far-red light signal transduction

The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. [GOC:lr, GOC:mtg_far_red, GOC:sm]


far red light signalling pathway
far red signaling pathway
far-red light signal transduction

The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of far red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. [GOC:lr, GOC:mtg_far_red, GOC:sm]


red light signal transduction
red light signalling pathway
red light phototransduction

The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. [GOC:mtg_far_red, GOC:sm]


regulation of calcium-mediated signalling

regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

negative regulation of calcium-mediated signalling

down regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

downregulation of calcium-mediated signaling

negative regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling. [GOC:ai, PMID:11696592]


positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalling

upregulation of calcium-mediated signaling

up regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

up-regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling. [GOC:ai]


regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]


downregulation of Rac protein signal transduction

down-regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

down regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

negative regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]


upregulation of Rac protein signal transduction

up-regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

up regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]


regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]


down-regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

down regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

downregulation of Rho protein signal transduction

negative regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]


up regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

upregulation of Rho protein signal transduction

up-regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction. [GOC:bf]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. [GOC:sm]


downregulation of signal transduction
down-regulation of signal transduction
down regulation of signal transduction

negative regulation of signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. [GOC:sm]


upregulation of signal transduction
up regulation of signal transduction
up-regulation of signal transduction

positive regulation of signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. [GOC:sm]


brown adipocyte cell differentiation
brown adipocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria. [PMID:12588810]


white adipocyte differentiation
white adipocyte cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in energy storage. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole. [PMID:12508945]


cardioblast cell differentiation
cardiac precursor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. [GOC:go_curators]


dorsal vessel aortic cell fate commitment

The commitment of dorsal vessel cardioblast cells to an aortic cell fate and their capacity to differentiate into aortic cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:12397110]


The process in which a cell becomes committed to becoming a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. [GOC:go_curators]


The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a cardioblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a cardioblast cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. [GOC:go_curators]


down-regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification

down regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification

downregulation of cardioblast cell fate specification

negative regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. [GOC:go_curators]


dorsal vessel heart proper cell fate commitment

The commitment of dorsal vessel cardioblast cells to a heart proper cell fate and their capacity to differentiate into heart cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:12397110]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a retinal cone cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:go_curators]


The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a leading edge cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:bf]


dorsal closure, leading edge cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell within the dorsal ectoderm becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a leading edge cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, PMID:12147138]


The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [CL:0000187, GOC:go_curators]


The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oocyte cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:go_curators]


The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a pole cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:go_curators]


tracheal epithelial cell fate determination

epithelial cell fate determination, open tracheal system

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epithelial cell within an open tracheal system regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Tracheal cells are set aside as 10 clusters of approximately 80 cells on each side of the embryo (termed tracheal placodes). An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11063940]


branched duct epithelial cell fate determination, open tracheal system

Allocation of a set number of cells to each primary branch in an open tracheal system, prior to the onset of cell migration. This establishes different domains of cells within the tracheal placode. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10684581]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an abaxial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:mg]


downregulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

down regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

down-regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

negative regulation of retina cone cell fate specification

negative regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a retinal cone cell. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a retinal cone cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of ectoderm cell fate specification

regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an ectoderm cell. [GOC:go_curators]


down regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification

down-regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification

downregulation of ectodermal cell fate specification

negative regulation of ectoderm cell fate specification

negative regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an ectoderm cell. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of endoderm cell fate specification

regulation of endodermal cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an endoderm cell. [GOC:go_curators]


down-regulation of endodermal cell fate specification

downregulation of endodermal cell fate specification

down regulation of endodermal cell fate specification

negative regulation of endoderm cell fate specification

negative regulation of endodermal cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an endoderm cell. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epidermal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]


suppression of auditory receptor cell fate

negative regulation of auditory hair cell fate specification

down regulation of auditory receptor cell fate specification

downregulation of auditory receptor cell fate specification

down-regulation of auditory receptor cell fate specification

negative regulation of auditory receptor cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an auditory hair cell. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [CL:0000187, GOC:go_curators]


down regulation of cell fate specification

down-regulation of cell fate specification

downregulation of cell fate specification

negative regulation of cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate. [GOC:go_curators]


The cell fate commitment of precursor cells that will become inner cell mass cells. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


The commitment of cells to leading edge cell fate and their capacity to differentiate into leading edge cells. Leading edge cells are found at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet. [GOC:bf]


dorsal closure, leading edge cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to leading edge cell fate during dorsal closure. Leading edge cells are the dorsal-most cells of the migrating epidermis. [GOC:bf]


The process in which the cellular identity of muscle cells is acquired and determined. [CL:0000187, GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


The cell fate commitment of precursor cells that will become trophectoderm cells. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


The morphogenesis of cells in the inner cell mass. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a guard mother cell acquires the specialized features of a guard cell. [GOC:expert_db, GOC:tb]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a trichome cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:9367433]


trichome cell morphogenesis during differentiation

The process in which the structures of a hair cell (trichome) cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized epidermal cell is acquiring the specialized features of a hair cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tair_curators]


Any process involved in the formation of branches in plant hair cells. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tair_curators]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell in the root epidermis acquires the specialized features of a trichoblast or atrichoblast. [GOC:tb]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an atrichoblast, a root epidermal cell that will not give rise to a root hair. [GOC:tb]


The process involved in the specification of an atrichoblast. [GOC:tb]


down-regulation of atrichoblast fate
downregulation of atrichoblast fate
down regulation of atrichoblast fate

negative regulation of atrichoblast fate specification

Any process that suppresses atrichoblast fate specification. [GOC:tb]


up-regulation of atrichoblast fate
upregulation of atrichoblast fate
up regulation of atrichoblast fate

positive regulation of atrichoblast fate specification

Any process that induces or promotes atrichoblast fate specification. [GOC:tb]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trichoblast, a root epidermal cell that will give rise to a root hair. [GOC:tb]


The process involved in the specification of a trichoblast. [GOC:tb]


downregulation of trichoblast fate
down regulation of trichoblast fate
down-regulation of trichoblast fate

negative regulation of trichoblast fate specification

Any process that suppresses trichoblast fate specification. [GOC:tb]


up-regulation of trichoblast fate
upregulation of trichoblast fate
up regulation of trichoblast fate

positive regulation of trichoblast fate specification

Any process that induces or promotes trichoblast fate specification. [GOC:tb]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. [GOC:ecd, PMID:11839751]


The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet. [GOC:bf]


dorsal closure, leading edge cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a leading edge cell, the dorsal-most cells of the epidermis that migrates during dorsal closure. [GOC:ai, PMID:12147138]


polarized epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a polarized epithelial cell. The polarized epithelial cell can be any of the cells within an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis. [GOC:mah]


regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

downregulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

down-regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

negative regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:mah]


up-regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

upregulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

up regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

positive regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:mah]


regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

downregulation of epithelial cell differentiation

down regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:mah]


up regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

upregulation of epithelial cell differentiation

up-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. [GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants. [GOC:sm]


mucilage synthesis
mucilage anabolism
mucilage biosynthesis
mucilage formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants. [GOC:sm]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination. [GOC:sm]


downregulation of seed germination
down regulation of seed germination
down-regulation of seed germination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination. [GOC:tb]


up-regulation of seed germination
up regulation of seed germination
upregulation of seed germination

Any process that activates or increase the rate of seed germination. [GOC:sm]


neuroglia differentiation
glia cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process in which a hemocyte precursor cell acquires the characteristics of a crystal cell, a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph. [GOC:bf, http://sdb.bio.purdue.edu/fly/gene/serpent3.htm]


regulation of crystal cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


down regulation of crystal cell differentiation

downregulation of crystal cell differentiation

down-regulation of crystal cell differentiation

negative regulation of crystal cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of crystal cell differentiation

up-regulation of crystal cell differentiation

upregulation of crystal cell differentiation

positive regulation of crystal cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. [CL:0000187, GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils. [GOC:ecd, http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864204/dict-search1.htm]


regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of granulocyte differentiation

downregulation of granulocyte differentiation

down regulation of granulocyte differentiation

negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. [GOC:mah]


up-regulation of granulocyte differentiation

upregulation of granulocyte differentiation

up regulation of granulocyte differentiation

positive regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. [GOC:mah]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oenocyte. Oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process in which one relatively unspecialized immature cystocyte of the germ-line cyst in the germarium acquires the specialized features of an oocyte. An example of this process can be found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms. [GOC:go_curators]


pigmented cell differentiation
chromatophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an iridophore. Iridophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain guanidine or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called reflecting platets or iridisomes. This gives them a silver, gold, or iridescent appearance. [GOC:jid, GOC:mh, PMID:11858836]


regulation of iridophore differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of iridophore differentiation

downregulation of iridophore differentiation

down regulation of iridophore differentiation

negative regulation of iridophore differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of iridophore differentiation

up regulation of iridophore differentiation

upregulation of iridophore differentiation

positive regulation of iridophore differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation. [GOC:ai]


early stripe melanophore differentiation

early stripe melanocyte cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an early stripe melanocyte (ESM). In zebrafish, ESMs develop during the first phase (2-3 weeks of development) of the larva to adult transition (2-4 weeks of development). [PMID:11858836]


regulation of early stripe melanophore differentiation

regulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of early stripe melanocyte differentiation. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

negative regulation of early stripe melanophore differentiation

down-regulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

downregulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

negative regulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of early stripe melanocyte differentiation. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

positive regulation of early stripe melanophore differentiation

up regulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

up-regulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

positive regulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early stripe melanocyte differentiation. [GOC:ai]


late stripe melanocyte cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a late stripe melanocyte (LSM). In zebrafish, LSMs develop during the second phase (3-4 weeks of development) of the larva-to-adult transition (2-4 weeks of development). [PMID:11858836]


regulation of late stripe melanophore differentiation

regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of late stripe melanocyte differentiation. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of late stripe melanophore differentiation

down regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

down-regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

downregulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

negative regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of late stripe melanocyte differentiation. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

upregulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

up-regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

positive regulation of late stripe melanophore differentiation

positive regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of late stripe melanocyte differentiation. [GOC:ai]


regulation of pigment cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of pigment cell differentiation

down regulation of pigment cell differentiation

downregulation of pigment cell differentiation

negative regulation of pigment cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of xanthophore differentiation

down regulation of xanthophore differentiation

down-regulation of xanthophore differentiation

negative regulation of xanthophore differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xanthophore differentiation. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of pigment cell differentiation

upregulation of pigment cell differentiation

up regulation of pigment cell differentiation

positive regulation of pigment cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of xanthophore differentiation

up-regulation of xanthophore differentiation

up regulation of xanthophore differentiation

positive regulation of xanthophore differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xanthophore differentiation. [GOC:ai]


regulation of xanthophore differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xanthophore differentiation. [GOC:ai]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a xanthophore cell. Xanthophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This makes them yellow to orange in appearance. [GOC:jid, GOC:mh, PMID:11858836]


The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement. [GOC:bf, GOC:cilia, ISBN:0198547684]


The progressive compaction of the spermatid chromatin so that it reaches a level of condensation that is not compatible with nuclear activities such as transcription or DNA replication. [GOC:bf, PMID:11735001]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0124020607, ISBN:0198542771]


A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. [GOC:mgi_curators]


A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:10526094, PMID:10695728, PMID:12529254, PMID:12580336, PMID:9585813]


The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735149]


regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

down-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

downregulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell activation. [GOC:mah]


upregulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

up regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

up-regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation

Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation. [GOC:mah]


The activation of loosely bound or rolling leukocytes by signals displayed on blood vessel endothelial cells, which is typically the second step in cellular extravasation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14680625, PMID:14708592, PMID:7507411, PMID:8600538]


regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation

regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation

negative regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation

negative regulation of B-cell proliferation

negative regulation of B cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of B-cell proliferation

positive regulation of B lymphocyte proliferation

positive regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferation

positive regulation of B cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]


establishment of B-lymphocyte polarity
establishment of B lymphocyte polarity
B cell polarization
establishment of B-cell polarity
B lymphocyte polarization
B-cell polarization

The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:12615889, PMID:9692889]


isotype switch recombination to IgA isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgA isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgA constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12370374, PMID:2113175, PMID:9186655]


regulation of class switch recombination to IgA isotypes

regulation of class switching to IgA isotypes

regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgA isotypes

regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes. [GOC:jid]


down-regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes

downregulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes

negative regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgA isotypes

negative regulation of class switching to IgA isotypes

negative regulation of class switch recombination to IgA isotypes

down regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes

negative regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes. [GOC:jid]


positive regulation of class switching to IgA isotypes

up-regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes

positive regulation of class switch recombination to IgA isotypes

up regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes

positive regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgA isotypes

upregulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes

positive regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes. [GOC:jid]


isotype switch recombination to IgD isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgD biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgD constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12370374, PMID:2113175, PMID:9186655]


regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgD isotypes

regulation of class switch recombination to IgD isotypes

regulation of class switching to IgD isotypes

regulation of isotype switching to IgD isotypes

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgD isotypes. [GOC:jid]


negative regulation of class switch recombination to IgD isotypes

down regulation of isotype switching to IgD isotypes

down-regulation of isotype switching to IgD isotypes

negative regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgD isotypes

downregulation of isotype switching to IgD isotypes

negative regulation of class switching to IgD isotypes

negative regulation of isotype switching to IgD isotypes

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgD isotypes. [GOC:jid]


up regulation of isotype switching to IgD isotypes

positive regulation of class switching to IgD isotypes

upregulation of isotype switching to IgD isotypes

up-regulation of isotype switching to IgD isotypes

positive regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgD isotypes

positive regulation of class switch recombination to IgD isotypes

positive regulation of isotype switching to IgD isotypes

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgD isotypes. [GOC:jid]


isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes

class switch recombination to IgE isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12370374, PMID:2113175, PMID:9186655]


regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes

regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes

regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes

regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. [GOC:jid]


negative regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes

negative regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes

down-regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

downregulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

down regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

negative regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes

negative regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. [GOC:jid]


up-regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

positive regulation of class switching to IgE isotypes

upregulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

up regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

positive regulation of class switch recombination to IgE isotypes

positive regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgE isotypes

positive regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes. [GOC:jid]


isotype switch recombination to IgG isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12370374, PMID:2113175, PMID:9186655]


regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgG isotypes

regulation of class switching to IgG isotypes

regulation of class switch recombination to IgG isotypes

regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes. [GOC:jid]


negative regulation of class switching to IgG isotypes

down-regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

negative regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgG isotypes

downregulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

negative regulation of class switch recombination to IgG isotypes

down regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

negative regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes. [GOC:jid]


up-regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

upregulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

positive regulation of class switch recombination to IgG isotypes

positive regulation of class switching to IgG isotypes

up regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

positive regulation of isotype switch recombination to IgG isotypes

positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes. [GOC:jid]


regulation of B-cell activation
regulation of B lymphocyte activation
regulation of B-lymphocyte activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of B lymphocyte activation

negative regulation of B-cell activation

negative regulation of B-lymphocyte activation

negative regulation of B cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of B lymphocyte activation

positive regulation of B-cell activation

positive regulation of B-lymphocyte activation

positive regulation of B cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation. [GOC:ai]


The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:11244041, PMID:12615889]


NK cell polarization
natural killer cell polarization
establishment of NK cell polarity

establishment of natural killer cell polarity

The directed orientation of natural killer cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with a cell displaying natural killer cell activating ligands. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:12615886, PMID:9759849]


T lymphocyte polarization
establishment of T-cell polarity
T cell polarization
establishment of T lymphocyte polarity
establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity
T-cell polarization

The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:11244041, PMID:12615889]


The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:11244041, PMID:11376330]


The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of lymphocyte proliferation

down regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

down-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

upregulation of lymphocyte proliferation

up-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

up regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

upregulation of epithelial cell proliferation

positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of urothelial cell proliferation

up regulation of urothelial cell proliferation

upregulation of urothelial cell proliferation

positive regulation of urothelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]


activated T-cell proliferation
proliferation of activated T cells
activated T lymphocyte proliferation
activated T-lymphocyte proliferation

The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus. [GOC:add, GOC:dph]


resting T cell proliferation
T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
resting T-cell proliferation
T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation
T-cell homeostatic proliferation

The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735149]


alpha-beta T-cell activation by superantigen

alpha-beta T lymphocyte activation by superantigen

alpha-beta T-lymphocyte activation by superantigen

alpha-beta T cell activation by superantigen

The change in morphology and behavior of alpha-beta T cells resulting from exposure to a superantigen, a microbial antigen with an extremely potent activating effect on T cells that bear a specific variable region. [GOC:jl]


regulation of T-cell activation
regulation of T lymphocyte activation
regulation of T-lymphocyte activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of T-lymphocyte activation

negative regulation of T-cell activation

negative regulation of T lymphocyte activation

negative regulation of T cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of T lymphocyte activation

positive regulation of T-lymphocyte activation

positive regulation of T-cell activation

positive regulation of T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation. [GOC:jl]


down regulation of macrophage activation

down-regulation of macrophage activation

negative regulation of macrophage polarization

negative regulation of macrophage activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation. [GOC:jl]


positive regulation of macrophage polarization

positive regulation of macrophage activation

Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation. [GOC:jl]


The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:10626665, PMID:10695728, PMID:12580336, PMID:9893949]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of cell activation
down regulation of cell activation
down-regulation of cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of cell activation
up regulation of cell activation
up-regulation of cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation. [GOC:ai]


regulation of antibody-dependent cell killing

regulation of antibody-dependent cell death

regulation of antibody dependent cell death

regulation of antibody dependent cell killing

regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


down regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

negative regulation of antibody dependent cell killing

downregulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

down-regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

negative regulation of antibody-dependent cell killing

negative regulation of antibody-dependent cell death

negative regulation of antibody dependent cell death

negative regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


positive regulation of antibody dependent cell killing

positive regulation of antibody-dependent cell killing

positive regulation of antibody-dependent cell death

up regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

upregulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

positive regulation of antibody dependent cell death

up-regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

positive regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0721639976, PMID:12925707, PMID:9560217]


programmed cell death of B-lymphocytes by apoptosis

programmed cell death of B cells by apoptosis

B cell programmed cell death by apoptosis

B-cell programmed cell death by apoptosis

programmed cell death of B lymphocytes by apoptosis

programmed cell death of B-cells by apoptosis

B-lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis

B lymphocyte programmed cell death by apoptosis

Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity. [CL:0000236, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0781735149]


positive regulation of apoptotic process

Any cellular process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis.


DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in induction of apoptosis


programmed cell death by autophagy
type II programmed cell death
non-apoptotic programmed cell death
autophagic death
autophagic cell death

A form of programmed cell death that is accompanied by the formation of autophagosomes. Autophagic cell death is characterized by lack of chromatin condensation and massive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, with little or no uptake by phagocytic cells. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:18846107, PMID:23347517]


programmed cell death of larval midgut cells

larval midgut cell programmed cell death

The stage-specific programmed cell death of cells of the larval midgut, during histolysis of the larval organ. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death


negative regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death


positive regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death


programmed cell death of neutrophils by apoptosis

neutrophil programmed cell death by apoptosis

Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [CL:0000775, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:12752675, PMID:12960266]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [GOC:jl]


down-regulation of programmed cell death

down regulation of programmed cell death

negative regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [GOC:jl]


upregulation of programmed cell death
up-regulation of programmed cell death
up regulation of programmed cell death

positive regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [GOC:jl]


induction of programmed cell death by hormones

Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death. [GOC:bf]


induction of programmed cell death by ecdysone

Any process induced by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone) that directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death. [GOC:bf]


programmed cell death of salivary gland cells by autophagy

salivary gland cell programmed cell death by autophagy

autophagic cell death of salivary gland cells

salivary gland cell autophagic cell death

The stage-specific programmed cell death of salivary gland cells during salivary gland histolysis. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:10882130]


synergid cell death
synergid degeneration

Synergid cells undergo degeneration and death in response to penetration by the pollen tube. It is an active process that involves a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:sm, PMID:12215516]


The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size along one axis through simultaneous polarized growth from opposite ends of a cell, resulting in morphogenesis of the cell. [GOC:vw]


Polarized growth from one end of a cell. [GOC:vw]


OBSOLETE. Cell expansion that results in an increase in cell size along the axis of an organ in a polarized fashion. [PMID:11978864]


oocyte growth in germarium-derived egg chamber

The increase in volume of an oocyte during the growth phase of the egg chamber, once the egg chamber has left the germarium. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


cellular transition metal ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions at the level of a cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


immune cell homeostasis
leucocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


B-cell homeostasis
B-lymphocyte homeostasis
B lymphocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12956429]


The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, GOC:pr, PMID:12752675, PMID:12960266]


T-lymphocyte homeostasis
T lymphocyte homeostasis
T-cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:mgi_curators, ISBN:0781735149]


filopodia formation
filopodium formation
filopodia biosynthesis

The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:16337369, PMID:18464790]