The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_muscle]


5'-hydroxyl polyribonucleotide kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 5'-dephospho-RNA = NDP + 5'-phospho-RNA. [GOC:curators]


taxis in response to mechanical stimulus


The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in a tRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


extrinsic to internal leaflet of plasma membrane

extrinsic to internal side of plasma membrane

extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle

negative regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle

downregulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle

down-regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle

negative regulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle progression

negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


up-regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

upregulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

up regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

positive regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification. [GOC:dgh]


down-regulation of paraxial mesodermal cell fate determination

down regulation of paraxial mesodermal cell fate determination

downregulation of paraxial mesodermal cell fate determination

negative regulation of paraxial mesodermal cell fate determination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of paraxial mesoderm cell fate determination. [GOC:dgh]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


Any homeostatic process in which an organism releases excess heat to the environment, thereby lowering its internal temperature. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle

negative regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle progression

negative regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle

down regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle

downregulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


regulation of intermediate mesodermal cell fate determination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate mesoderm cell fate determination. [GOC:dgh]


upregulation of intermediate mesodermal cell fate determination

up regulation of intermediate mesodermal cell fate determination

up-regulation of intermediate mesodermal cell fate determination

positive regulation of intermediate mesodermal cell fate determination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate mesoderm cell fate determination. [GOC:dgh]


up regulation of intermediate mesodermal cell fate specification

up-regulation of intermediate mesodermal cell fate specification

upregulation of intermediate mesodermal cell fate specification

positive regulation of intermediate mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate mesoderm cell fate specification. [GOC:dgh]


down-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle

down regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle

negative regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle

negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression

downregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


DNA kinase activity
DNA 5'-hydroxyl kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = NDP + 5'-phospho-DNA. [GOC:curators]


Binding to xanthophylls, any of several neutral yellow to orange carotenoid pigments containing oxygen. [ISBN:0122146743]


Binding to ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator. [GOC:ai]


4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase activity

4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate + NAD(P)H + H+ = isopentenyl diphosphate + NAD(P)+ + H2O. Note that (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate is an alternative name for 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate. [EC:1.17.7.4]


Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a DNA molecule. [GOC:bf]


Any apoptotic process that does not involve pathways that activate intracellular proteolytic caspases.


A cellular process characteristic of necrotic cell death, resulting in swelling of the cell body.


Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_cardio]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]


Binding to an interferon-type I receptor, a heterodimeric complex composed of an alpha subunit (IFNAR1) and a beta subunit (IFNAR2). [GOC:ai, GOC:signaling, PMID:17502368]


Binding to an interleukin-11 receptor. [GOC:ai]


Binding to an interleukin-12 receptor. [GOC:ai]


Binding to an interleukin-13 receptor. [GOC:ai]


Binding to an oncostatin-M receptor. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a Type I interleukin-1 receptor. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a Type II interleukin-1 receptor. [GOC:ai]


diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1),P(4)-tetraphosphate asymmetrical hydrolase activity

diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate asymmetrical hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate + H2O = NTP + NMP. Acts on bis(5'-guanosyl)-, bis(5'-xanthosyl)-, bis(5'-adenosyl)- and bis(5'-uridyl)-tetraphosphate. [EC:3.6.1.17, PMID:4955726]


Binds to and modulates of the activity of myosin phosphatase. [GOC:ai, PMID:10491107]


protein phosphatase type 2A regulator activity


[pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphatase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates of the activity of [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphatase. [EC:3.1.3.43, GOC:ai]


protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. [GOC:mah]


Modulation of the activity of the enzyme phosphorylase kinase. [GOC:curators]


cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase regulator activity

Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase. [GOC:ai]


protein threonine/tyrosine kinase activity


Catalysis of the reaction: mandelonitrile = cyanide + benzaldehyde. [EC:4.1.2.10]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2. [EC:1.12.7.2]


copper, zinc superoxide dismutase activity


Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier ISG15, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. [GOC:mah]


cell-cell adhesion during conjugation with cellular fusion

agglutination involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

The aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions during conjugation with cellular fusion of a unicellular organism. An example of this process is agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:elh]


L-arabitol breakdown to xylulose 5-phosphate

L-arabitol degradation to xylulose 5-phosphate

L-arabitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. L-arabitol is converted into L-xylulose, which is then phosphorylated to L-xylulose-5-phosphate. This is converted to D-xylulose-5-phosphate via the intermediate L-ribulose-5-phosphate. [MetaCyc:LARABITOLUTIL-PWY]


signal recognition particle receptor complex location

A transmembrane heterodimeric protein located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both subunits contain GTPase domains with which signal recognition particle interacts. In the presence of GTP and SRP receptor, SRP is released from the ribosome-nascent chain complex. [ISBN:0198506732]


conserved oligomeric Golgi complex location

A multisubunit tethering complex of the CATCHR family (complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods) that has a role in tethering vesicles to the Golgi prior to fusion. Composed of 8 subunits COG1-8. [GOC:krc, PMID:11980916, PMID:20972446, PMID:9792665]


TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex location

mitochondrial inner membrane presequence translocase complex location

mitochondrial inner membrane translocase complex location

The protein transport machinery of the mitochondrial inner membrane that typically transports proteins that possess a matrix-targeting N-terminal presequence. The TIM23 complex contains three essential Tim proteins: Tim17 and Tim23 are thought to build a preprotein translocation channel while Tim44 interacts transiently with the matrix heat-shock protein Hsp70 to form an ATP-driven import motor. [EC:7.4.2.3, PMID:27554484, PMID:8851659]

mitochondrial inner membrane pre-sequence translocase complex location


RNA polymerase I upstream activating factor complex location

RNA polymerase I upstream activation factor complex location

A complex required for the transcription of rDNA by RNA polymerase I. In yeast the complex consists of Rrrn5p, Rrn9p, Rrn10p, histones H3 and H4, and Uaf30p. [PMID:11500378]


alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex location

DNA polymerase alpha:primase complex location

heterotetrameric polymerase alpha holoenzyme

A complex of four polypeptides, comprising large and small DNA polymerase alpha subunits and two primase subunits, which are capable of catalyzing the synthesis of an RNA primer on the lagging strand of replicating DNA and the subsequent synthesis of a smal stretch of DNA. The smaller of the two primase subunits alone can catalyze oligoribonucleotide synthesis. [GOC:mah, PMID:11395402, PMID:26975377]


A protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center. [GOC:lr]


An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of reduced ferredoxin. Hydrogenase contains iron-sulfur clusters, and some contain nickel; it can use molecular hydrogen for the reduction of a variety of substances. [EC:1.12.7.2]


transforming growth factor beta receptor ligand


establishment and maintenance of substance location

establishment and maintenance of localization

establishment and maintenance of position

establishment and maintenance of cellular component location

Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]

establishment and maintenance of substrate location


nitric oxide synthase inhibitor activity

nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of nitric oxide synthase. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:17242280]


nuclear migration during conjugation with cellular fusion


A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:elh]


cytoplasmic origin of replication recognition complex location

A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the cytoplasm. [GOC:elh]


cytokinesis, actomyosin ring biosynthesis


A cell septum that forms following nuclear division. [GOC:clt, ISBN:0471940526]


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + proteoglycan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + proteoglycan sulfate. A proteoglycan is a glycoprotein whose carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans. [EC:2.8.2.-, GOC:ai]


The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell and to initiate intracellular signaling. Cell adhesion receptors include integrins and cadherins. [GOC:BHF-UCL, Wikipedia:Cell_adhesion]


sensory transduction of heat stimulus during thermoception

thermoception, sensory transduction of heat stimulus

sensory detection of heat stimulus during thermoception

sensory detection of hot stimulus during thermoception

thermoception, sensory transduction of hot stimulus

sensory transduction of hot stimulus during thermoception

thermoception, sensory detection of hot stimulus

thermoception, sensory detection of heat stimulus

detection of hot stimulus involved in thermoception

The series of events in which a hot stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception. [PMID:21335241]


sensory transduction of heat stimulus during sensory perception

sensory perception, sensory transduction of heat stimulus


Catalysis of the reaction: [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine. Four sub-reactions have been identified,in which the intermediates remain tightly associated with the enzyme: spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH; dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + propane-1,3-diamine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + [enzyme]-lysine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + NADH + H+ = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+. [GOC:pde, RHEA:33299]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle. [CL:0000737, GOC:ai]


negative regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) transport


The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size uniformly in all directions. In general, a rounded cell morphology reflects isotropic cell growth. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid]


negative regulation of 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity


negative regulation of cAMP phosphodiesterase activity


positive regulation of ubiquitin transferase activity

upregulation of ubiquitin transferase activity

up-regulation of ubiquitin transferase activity

positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]


granulocyte colony-stimulating factor binding

Binding to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, G-CSF. [GOC:ai]

granulocyte colony stimulating factor binding


G-protein coupled receptor binding
G protein coupled receptor binding

Binding to a G protein-coupled receptor. [GOC:ceb, GOC:dph]


Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates. [GOC:dph]


activation of the terminal complement cascade


negative regulation of T-cell mediated cytolysis

negative regulation of T cell mediated cytolysis


positive regulation of T-cell mediated cytolysis

positive regulation of T cell mediated cytolysis


baroreceptor feedback control of blood pressure


transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type II receptor

OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand


type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2). [GOC:fb_curators]


Binding to a sevenless (sev) protein, a receptor tyrosine kinase. [GOC:ceb, PMID:3151175]


Binding to scavenger receptors, a family of proteins that are expressed on myeloid cells and are involved in the uptake of effete cellular components and foreign particles. [GOC:ceb]


hematopoietin/interferon-class (D200-domain) cytokine receptor ligand


ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor ligand


transforming growth factor alpha receptor ligand


macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor binding

macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding

Binding to a macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. [GOC:ai]


insulin-like growth factor receptor ligand


Binding to a neurotrophin TRK receptor. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a neurotrophin TRKB receptor. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a neurotrophin TRKC receptor. [GOC:ai]


hepatocyte growth factor receptor ligand


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor ligand


Neu receptor binding
HER2 receptor binding

Binding to a protein-tyrosine kinase receptor Neu/ErbB-2/HER2. [GOC:jl]


intracellular calcium-activated potassium channel


sodium/chloride-dependent organic acid cotransporter activity


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + H+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + H+(in). [TC:2.A.1.1.8]


Sec complex-associated translocon complex location

A protein complex that constitutes a specific site of protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum, which involves the signal recognition particle receptor. The complex contains a core heterotrimer of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, and may contain additional proteins. [GOC:mah, PMID:10611978, PMID:18166647, PMID:8612571]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:go_curators]


protein phosphatase type 2B complex location

A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin. [PMID:26794871]


inositol metabolic process
vitamin Bh metabolic process
myo-inositol metabolic process
vitamin Bh metabolism
myo-inositol metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. [ISBN:0198547684]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. [GOC:go_curators]


complex III (ubiquinone to cytochrome c)


mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen

The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV. [ISBN:0716731363]


endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis

DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change

The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb, ISBN:0721639976, PMID:15723341, PMID:23379520]


nuclear mRNA splicing via U12-type spliceosome


Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide. [GOC:mah]


The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons. [GOC:jsg, PMID:11179232]


vesicle biosynthesis
membrane evagination
vesicle formation

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle. [GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination. [GOC:jid]


unfolded protein response, up-regulation of target gene transcription

unfolded protein response, upregulation of target gene transcription

positive regulation of transcription of target genes involved in unfolded protein response

unfolded protein response, positive regulation of target gene transcription

unfolded protein response, up regulation of target gene transcription

positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in unfolded protein response

The activation of genes whose promoters contain a specific sequence elements such as the unfolded protein response element (UPRE; consensus CAGCGTG) or the ER stress-response element (ERSE; CCAAN(N)9CCACG), as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, GOC:txnOH, PMID:12042763]


site selection involved in cell cycle cytokinesis

The process of marking the place where cytokinesis will occur. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and growth of cell buds. [GOC:mah]


Growth at the tip of a bud, in a cell that reproduces by budding. [GOC:go_curators]


circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of blood pressure

circulatory renin-angiotensin blood pressure regulation

regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin

The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen. [ISBN:0721643949]


blood pressure regulation by vasopressin

regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressin

The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule vasopressin. Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus, and affects vasoconstriction, and renal water transport. [GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0721643949]


norepinephrine-epinephrine blood pressure regulation

regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by norepinephrine-epinephrine

The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. [ISBN:0721643949]


norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction during control of blood pressure

norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction during blood pressure control


increased chronotropy by epinephrine-norepinephrine


positive control of heart contraction rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine


angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction during control of blood pressure

angiotensin mediated vasoconstriction during blood pressure control


renal response to blood flow during renin-angiotensin control of blood pressure


renin-angiotensin control of body fluid levels


renin-angiotensin control of aldosterone production


angiotensin-mediated regulation of renal output

angiotensin mediated regulation of renal output

regulation of renal output by angiotensin

The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb, ISBN:0721643949]


acquired immune response
adaptive immune response

An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10822261]


fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization

The binding and fusion of a sperm, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte as part of the process of single fertilization. In sperm with flagella, binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/fert/fert.html]


preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle regulator


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0000948]


The conversion of a single-cell organism from one mating type to another by the precise replacement of a DNA sequence at the expressed mating type locus with a copy of a sequence from a donor locus. [PMID:9928492]


A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome. [PMID:11019806, PMID:12186635, PMID:14570571]


Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + donor-H2 + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxysteroid + H2O. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 16-alpha-hydroxytestosterone + H2O. [GOC:ai]


arachidonic acid 11,12-epoxygenase activity

Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to cis-11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. [http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/Lipids/eic_hete/index.htm, PMID:10681399, RHEA:51480]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-ascorbate(out) + Na+(out) = L-ascorbate(in) + Na+(in). [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf, PMID:18094143]


oxidized purine base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity

oxidized purine nucleobase lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of oxidized purine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves the formation of a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apurinic (AP) site. [GOC:elh, PMID:11554296]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms. [GOC:jl, http://www.med.wright.edu/bmb/lp/lplab.htm]


attachment of spindle microtubules to chromosome

attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex. [GOC:vw, PMID:10322137]


The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. [GOC:ai]


cellular DNA import during transformation

DNA transport into cell during transformation

DNA import into cell involved in transformation

The directed movement of DNA into a cell that contributes to the process of transformation, the uptake of foreign genetic material into a cell. [GOC:ai]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. [GOC:lr]


The control of plant growth, development, and differentiation in response to growth in darkness. [http://www.plantphys.net/article.php?ch=t&id=63, PMID:15012288]


The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]


The regionalization process in which differences in cell differentiation along the adaxial/abaxial are generated. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]


The regionalization process that results in defined areas around a point in which specific types of cell differentiation will occur. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete]


The orientation of plant parts away from gravity. [GOC:sm]


The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials. [GOC:tb]


The chemical reactions using mycothiol to convert an alkylating agent to an S-conjugate of mycothiol. The latter is cleaved to release mercapturic acid which is excreted from the cell. [GOC:pz]


[heparan sulphate]-glucosamine N-sulphotransferase activity

N-heparan sulfate sulfotransferase activity

heparan sulfate N-sulfotransferase activity

heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase activity

heparan sulfate 2-N-sulfotransferase activity

3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine. [EC:2.8.2.8]


Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


siderochrome-iron (ferrioxamine) uptake transporter


pH-dependent sodium:proton antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out). [TC:2.A.35.1.1, TC:2.A.36.-.-]


malonyl-CoA:4-coumaroyl-CoA malonyltransferase (cyclizing, reducing) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3 malonyl-CoA + 4-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = 4 CoA + isoliquiritigenin + 3 CO2 + NADP+ + H2O. [EC:2.3.1.170]


splicing speckle
nuclear speckles
nuclear speck

A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]


Catalysis of the reaction: sirohydrochlorin + Co2+ = cobalt-sirohydrochlorin + 2 H+. [RHEA:15893]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cytochrome complex. A cytochrome complex is a protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the insertion of a dCMP residue opposite a template abasic site in DNA. [PMID:10535901]


immediate early viral mRNA transcription

The first phase of viral transcription that occurs after entry of the virus into the host cell, but prior to viral genome replication. It involves the transcription of genes for non-structural proteins, and for lytic viruses, the early gene products are involved in establishing control over the host cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh2, GOC:jl]


anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor

The oxidation of ammonium (NH4) to nitrogen (N2) in the absence of oxygen, using nitrite (NO2) as the electron acceptor. It is suggested that hydroxylamine and ammonium are combined to yield hydrazine, which is subsequently oxidized to N2. [MetaCyc:P303-PWY]


aerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron donor

The oxidation of nitrite (NO2) to nitrate (NO3), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Nitrite oxidation is the final step in nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, and nitrite oxidoreductase (NOR) is the key enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to nitrate in nitrite oxidizing species. [MetaCyc:P282-PWY]


Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]


cell surface structure organization and biogenesis


glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding


Binding to a semaphorin receptor. [GOC:ceb, PMID:12001990]


Complex formed in muscle cells between the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and invaginations of the plasma membrane (T-tubules). [PMID:11535622]


DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. [GOC:go_curators]


intercellular adhesion molecule-3 receptor ligand


high molecular weight B-lymphocyte growth factor receptor binding

high molecular weight B-cell growth factor receptor binding

high molecular weight B lymphocyte growth factor receptor binding

high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor. [GOC:ai]


heterochromatic silencing at silent mating-type cassette

chromatin silencing at silent mating-type cassette

silent mating-type cassette chromatin silencing

silent mating-type cassette heterochromatin assembly

Repression of transcription at silent mating-type loci by alteration of the structure of chromatin. [GOC:mcc]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an ascospore wall. During sporulation in Ascomycota, each ascospore nucleus becomes surrounded by a specialized spore wall, formed by deposition of spore wall components in the lumenal space between the outer and inner leaflets of the prospore membrane. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:mcc, PMID:14702385]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]


regulation of border follicle cell delamination

Any process that regulates the frequency, rate or extent of border cell delamination. [PMID:10822261]


upregulation of border follicle cell delamination

up regulation of border follicle cell delamination

up-regulation of border follicle cell delamination

positive regulation of border follicle cell delamination

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of border cell delamination. [PMID:10822261]


down-regulation of border follicle cell delamination

downregulation of border follicle cell delamination

down regulation of border follicle cell delamination

negative regulation of border follicle cell delamination

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of border cell delamination. [PMID:10822261]


OBSOLETE. A subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex that interacts with karyopherin-cargo complexes; a well-characterized example in Saccharomyces contains Asm4p, Nup53p, and Nup170p. [PMID:11867631, PMID:9864357]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a filament composed of myosin molecules. [GOC:mah]


The disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules. [GOC:mah]


The formation of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules. [GOC:mah]


The disassembly of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules. [GOC:mah]


myosin II filament assembly or disassembly


signal transduction involved in DNA damage checkpoint

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint. [GOC:mah]


thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor binding

thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding

Binding to a receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a tripeptide hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin by the anterior pituitary. [PMID:8592728]


brain-derived neurotrophic factor ligand


Binding to an adenosine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an A2A adenosine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an A2B adenosine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an A3 adenosine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an alpha-1A adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an alpha-1B adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an alpha-2A adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an alpha-2C adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a beta-1 adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a beta-2 adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a beta-3 adrenergic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a bombesin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a subtype 3 bombesin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


gastrin-releasing peptide receptor ligand

gastrin-releasing peptide receptor binding

Binding to a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a B1 bradykinin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor binding

Binding to a C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor binding

Binding to a C5L2 anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a cannabinoid receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 1 cannabinoid receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 2 cannabinoid receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


stromal cell-derived factor 1 receptor binding

Binding to a CXCR4 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a CCR4 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a CCR5 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a CCR9 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a CCR10 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a CCR11 chemokine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a cholecystokinin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type A cholecystokinin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type B gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor ligand


corticotropin releasing factor receptor ligand


type 2 corticotropin releasing factor receptor ligand


Binding to a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 1 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor ligand


type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a D2 dopamine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a D4 dopamine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


endothelial differentiation G-protein coupled receptor binding

endothelial differentiation G protein-coupled receptor binding

Binding to an endothelial differentiation G protein-coupled receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Edg-1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding

Binding to an Edg-1 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Edg-2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand


Edg-3 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ligand


Edg-4 lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand


Edg-5 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ligand


Edg-6 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding

Binding to an Edg-6 sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Edg-7 lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand


follicle stimulating hormone receptor ligand


Binding to a type 1 galanin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 2 galanin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 3 galanin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor ligand


growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor ligand


lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor ligand


melanin-concentrating hormone receptor ligand


type 1 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor ligand


type 2 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a melanocortin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor ligand


Binding to a type 5 melanocortin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a melatonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 1A melatonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 1B melatonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a H9 melatonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a motilin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 1 metabotropic GABA receptor ligand


type 2 metabotropic GABA receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 metabotropic GABA receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand


type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand


type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding

Binding to a type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 4 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand


type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand


type 6 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand


type 7 metabotropic glutamate receptor ligand


type 8 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding

Binding to a type 8 metabotropic glutamate receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a H3 histamine receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a P2Y1 nucleotide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a P2Y2 nucleotide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a P2Y5 nucleotide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a P2Y6 nucleotide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a P2Y8 nucleotide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a P2Y9 nucleotide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a P2Y10 nucleotide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 4 serotonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 5B serotonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 6 serotonin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a neuromedin K receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 1 neuromedin U receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a neuropeptide Y receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a neurotensin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 1 neurotensin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an olfactory receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a kappa-type opioid receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a nociceptin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP receptor binding

Binding to an orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to an oxytocin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor ligand


pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide receptor binding

pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor binding

Binding to a pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


platelet activating factor receptor ligand


prolactin-releasing peptide receptor binding

Binding to a prolactin-releasing peptide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a prostanoid receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a prostaglandin D2 receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a prostacyclin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a thromboxane A2 receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a proteinase activated receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 1 proteinase activated receptor ligand


type 2 proteinase activated receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 proteinase activated receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 3 proteinase activated receptor binding

Binding to a type 3 proteinase activated receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


type 4 proteinase activated receptor ligand


Binding to a secretin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a somatostatin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 1 somatostatin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 2 somatostatin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 4 somatostatin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 5 somatostatin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a taste receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 1 member 1 taste receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a type 1 member 2 taste receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a urotensin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor ligand


type 1 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor ligand


type 2 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a V1A vasopressin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


Binding to a V1B vasopressin receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:nln]


medium-chain fatty-acid-CoA ligase activity

medium-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a medium-chain carboxylic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a medium-chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12. [GOC:mah, RHEA:48340]


very-long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity

very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a very-long-chain fatty acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + an acyl-CoA; a very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. [GOC:mah, PMID:18024425]


The biological transducer activity that accepts energy and converts it to another form, often by transfer to another molecule within the cell. [GOC:go_curators]


spermatogenesis, exchange of chromosomal proteins

The replacement of somatic histones within sperm chromatin with sperm-specific histones or protamines with unique DNA-binding properties, resulting in condensation of the sperm chromatin. [GOC:bf, PMID:11735001]


sterol regulatory element binding protein target gene transcriptional activation


regulation of tube diameter, open tracheal system

Ensuring that a tube in an open tracheal system is of the correct diameter. When primary branches form their lumens are small (less than 2 micrometers) in caliber and must undergo regulated expansion during larval life to reach their mature size. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:14570584]


Partitioning the insect head anlage into procephalic (labral, (ocular), antennal and intercalary) segments. The procephalic segments lie anterior to the gnathal (posterior head) segments, and are pattered by different segmentation gene cascades to the abdominal, thoracic and posterior head (gnathal) segments. [PMID:15382136]


imaginal disc-derived wing hair outgrowth

Extrusion of a cellular projection from the apical membrane of an epithelial cell in an imaginal disc-derived wing. Outgrowth initiates approximately 35 hours after puparium formation from the distal side of the cell, and at this stage the cellular extension is termed a prehair. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11064425, PMID:8947551]


imaginal disc-derived wing hair site selection

Determination of the site in the cell of an imaginal disc-derived wing at which a prehair initiates outgrowth. Restriction of prehair initiation to the distalmost part of a cell is essential to ensure that each wing epithelial cell produces one adult hair that points distally. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, PMID:8947551]


regulation of body size
regulation of body growth

regulation of multicellular organism growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:tb]


The process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. [GOC:elh, PMID:10357855]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:go_curators]


natural killer-cell mediated cytolysis
NK cell mediated cytolysis


regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis

regulation of natural killer-cell mediated cytolysis

regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis


protection from NK cell mediated cytolysis

protection from natural killer cell mediated cytolysis


The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA via processes such as template switching, which does not remove the replication-blocking lesions but does not increase the endogenous mutation rate. [GOC:elh, GOC:jl, PMID:11459630]


mutagenic postreplication DNA repair
error-prone postreplication DNA repair
mutagenic PRR

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites. [GOC:elh, GOC:jl, PMID:11485998]


Binding to a chemokine receptor. [GOC:ai]


The ability of organisms to sense and adapt to high concentrations of salt in their growth environment.


The regression phase of the hair cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced. [PMID:12535193]


The shedding phase of the hair cycle. [PMID:12230507]


The resting phase of hair cycle. [PMID:12230507]


Binding to an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]


proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1)

proton-transporting ATP synthase complex location, catalytic core F(1)

The sector of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex in which the catalytic activity resides; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with a membrane, such as the plasma membrane or the mitochondrial inner membrane, when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. [GOC:mah, PMID:10838056]

hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, F1 sector


A pathway of aromatic compound degradation by ortho-cleavage; one branch converts protocatechuate, derived from phenolic compounds, to beta-ketoadipate, and the other branch converts catechol, generated from various aromatic hydrocarbons, amino aromatics, and lignin monomers, also to beta-ketoadipate. Two additional steps accomplish the conversion of beta-ketoadipate to tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. [GOC:jl, PMID:8905091]


tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 protein


ornithine decarboxylase activator activity

Binds to and increases ornithine decarboxylase activity. [GOC:jl]


down regulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane

downregulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane

down-regulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane

negative regulation of fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane

Any process that stops or prevents the binding and fusion of a sperm to the oocyte plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/fert/fert.html]


The contraction and relaxation movements of the pharyngeal muscle that mediate feeding in nematodes. [GOC:cab1, PMID:2181052]


Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms. [GOC:jl]


negative regulation of potassium ion conductance


positive regulation of potassium conductance


positive regulation of potassium ion conductance


regulator of the (H+)-ATPase of the vacuolar and endosomal membranes


Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0815316194]


The apex of the mating projection in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone; site of polarized growth. [GOC:mcc]


The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.


symbiotic interaction between host and organism


double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing

SDSA is a major mechanism of double-strand break repair in mitosis which allows for the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences. The broken DNA searches for and base pairs with a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template. Newly synthesized DNA is then displaced from the template and anneal with its complement on the other side of the double-strand break. [PMID:10357855]


The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell. [GOC:elh, GOC:mtg_muscle]


Binding to a chemokine receptor in the CXCR family. [GOC:ceb, PMID:11910892]


protein phosphorylated amino acid binding

Binding to a phosphorylated amino acid residue within a protein. [GOC:go_curators]


Catalysis of the reaction: leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = cis- or trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O. [EC:1.14.20.4, MetaCyc:1.14.11.19-RXN]


Binding to an interleukin-27 receptor. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

down regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity

down-regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity

negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]

downregulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity


negative regulation of cuticle tanning
downregulation of cuticle tanning
down-regulation of cuticle tanning
down regulation of cuticle tanning

negative regulation of chitin-based cuticle tanning

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chitin-based cuticular tanning. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu]


positive regulation of cuticle hardening


negative regulation of smoothened activity


negative regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis

negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis


positive regulation of NK cell mediated cytolysis

positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytolysis


U2-type spliceosome conformational change to release U4 and U1


The cell cycle process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. This occurs during meiosis. [GOC:elh, PMID:10915877]


OBSOLETE. The strong but reversible binding of a heavy metal ion by a larger molecule such as protein. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0124325653]


regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism. [GOC:jid]


formation of dictyosome membrane priming complex


Golgi membrane coat protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of priming complexes to form a coat on a Golgi membrane. Priming complexes associate laterally and additional coat proteins are recruited from the cytosol to the forming coat. Cargo proteins diffuse into the budding site and become trapped by their interactions with the coat. [GOC:jid, GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363, PMID:10219233]


vesicle targeting, to, from or within dictyosome


dictyosome vesicle fusion to target membrane


dictyosome vesicle prefusion complex stabilisation


male gametophyte sperm cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a haploid sperm cell within the plant gametophyte. [CL:0000366, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the androecium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


Mus81-Eme1 complex
Mus81-Eme1 complex location


Any process that prevents the collapse of stalled replication forks. [GOC:vw, PMID:14560029]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proboscis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:rc]


neurite biosynthesis
neurite morphogenesis
neurite growth
neurite formation

The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. [GOC:mah]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


transforming growth factor beta ligand binding to type I receptor


OBSOLETE. A copper-containing electron carrier acting between cytochrome b(6)-f and P700 of photosystem I. [ISBN:0198547684]


Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. [GOC:mah]


The action characteristic of growth hormone, a peptide hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary or the placenta into the circulation, and binds to membrane receptors in target tissues to stimulate body growth. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, PMID:11445442]


protein phosphatase type 1, intrinsic regulator activity


protein phosphatase type 2B, intrinsic regulator activity


protein phosphatase type 4, intrinsic regulator activity


cytochrome bc nitric oxide reductase activity


cyclin-dependent protein kinase, intrinsic regulator activity


sterol-4-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity


nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase


platelet-derived growth factor receptor ligand


The small subunit of the 80s ribosome of eukaryotes. It is composed of the 18S RIBOSOMAL RNA and 32 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.


carnitine O-acetyltransferase I activity


carnitine O-acetyltransferase II activity


acid sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H(+) in an acidic environment. [GOC:dph, PMID:26493087]


type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor ligand


Binding to an interleukin-24 receptor. [GOC:go_curators]


receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor ligand


The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0879695897]


protein secretion during cell fate commitment


protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment


leukemia inhibitory factor receptor ligand


Any of a group of peptide cofactors of enzymes for the lysosomal degradation of sphingolipids. They stimulate various enzymes, including glucosylceramidase, galactosylceramidase, cerebroside-sulfatase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, and sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase. [ISBN:0198506732]


Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length. [GOC:elh, PMID:11850777]


response to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion


NAD-specific aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.1]


3-chloroallyl aldehyde dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-chloroallyl aldehyde + H2O = 2 H+ + 2 e- + 3-chloroacrylic acid. [UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0432]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:go_curators]


down-regulation of developmental process

down regulation of developmental process

negative regulation of developmental process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:ai]


up regulation of developmental process
up-regulation of developmental process
upregulation of developmental process

positive regulation of developmental process

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). [GOC:ai]


regulation of multicellular organismal process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


upregulation of multicellular organismal process

up-regulation of multicellular organismal process

up regulation of multicellular organismal process

positive regulation of multicellular organismal process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of multicellular organismal process

down regulation of multicellular organismal process

down-regulation of multicellular organismal process

negative regulation of multicellular organismal process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. [GOC:ai]


terpene biosynthetic process, mevalonate-independent

mevalonate-independent terpene biosynthetic process


terpene biosynthetic process, mevalonate-dependent


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of elastin, a fibrous glycoprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries. [GOC:ai]


regulation of elastin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of elastin. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of elastin biosynthetic process

up-regulation of elastin biosynthetic process

up regulation of elastin biosynthetic process

positive regulation of elastin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of elastin. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of elastin biosynthetic process

down-regulation of elastin biosynthetic process

downregulation of elastin biosynthetic process

negative regulation of elastin biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of elastin. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavones, a class of pigmented plant compounds based on 2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-phenylchromone). [GOC:ai, PMID:18567791]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonols, a member of a class of vascular pigments formed by consecutive oxidative processes from the flavonoid intermediates flavanones and dihydroflavonols. Flavonols are the most widespread of the flavonoids and have a wide array of physiological activities. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucoanthocyanidins, a class of colorless intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway of the pigmented flavonoids. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phlobaphenes, red pigments with oligomeric or polymeric structure derived from the flavonoid intermediate flavan-4-ols. [PMID:11402179]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pullulan, a neutral linear polysaccharide composed of repeating units of maltotriose joined by alpha-(1,6)-linkages. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pullulan, a neutral linear polysaccharide composed of repeating units of maltotriose joined by alpha-(1,6)-linkages. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-galactosyl and D-mannosyl. The mannosyl units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-galactosyl as single side units. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sesquiterpenes, any of a class of terpenes of the formula C15H24 or a derivative of such a terpene. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate = a sesquiterpene + diphosphate. Sesquiterpenes are terpenes containing three isoprene units, i.e. 15 carbons. [EC:4.2.3.-, GOC:tair_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of hair follicle development

upregulation of hair follicle development

up regulation of hair follicle development

positive regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of hair follicle development

downregulation of hair follicle development

down regulation of hair follicle development

negative regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development. [GOC:ai]


active evasion of immune response of other organism via regulation of complement system of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


regulation of morphology of other organism


regulation of physiology of other organism


The killing by an organism of a cell in its symbiont organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:add]


regulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells

Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytolysis by that organism of cells in its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:add]


down regulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells

down-regulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells

downregulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells

negative regulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:add]


upregulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells

up-regulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells

up regulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells

positive regulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells

Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:add]


histone demethylase activity (H3-K36 specific)

histone-lysine demethylase activity (H3-K36 specific)

histone-lysine (H3-K36) demethylase activity

histone H3-lysine-36 demethylase activity

histone H3-methyl-lysine-36 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 36 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate. [PMID:16362057]


protein self-ubiquitinylation
protein autoubiquitinylation
protein auto-ubiquitinylation
protein self-ubiquitination
protein auto-ubiquitination

The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink. [GOC:ai]


general adaptation syndrome, behavioral response

behavioral process during general adaptation syndrome

general adaptation syndrome, behavioural response

general adaptation syndrome, behavioural process

behavioural process during general adaptation syndrome

behavioral response during general adaptation syndrome

behavioural response during general adaptation syndrome

general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process

The set of behavioral processes that occur as part of the general adaptation syndrome, the response of the body to a strong, stressful stimulus. [GOC:ai]


Binding to methotrexate, an antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of tetrahydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [GOC:nln]


Binding to dihydrofolic acid, a folic acid in which the bicyclic pteridine structure is in the dihydro, partially reduced form; they are intermediates in folate metabolism and are reduced to their tetrahydro, reduced forms. [ISBN:0721662544]


sphing-4-enine catabolic process
(4E)-sphing-4-enine catabolism
sphing-4-enine catabolism
(4E)-sphing-4-enine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues. [GOC:ai]


Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:add]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol. [GOC:ai]


Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of pigment granules within a cell towards the cell periphery. [GOC:mh]


pigment granule aggregation in cell center

The directed movement of dispersed pigment granules towards the center of the cell. [GOC:mh]


The cell cycle process in which lateral elements are formed. Axial elements form a proteinaceous core between the two sister chromatids of each chromosome; the two axial elements then connect along their entire lengths by fine fibers known as transverse filaments, forming the lateral elements. [PMID:11463847]


Hsp90 class protein binding
Hsp90 binding

Binding to Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size. [GOC:ai]


G-quartet DNA binding
G-quartet binding
G-DNA binding
G quadruplex DNA binding
G quartet DNA binding
quadruplex DNA binding
G-quadruplex DNA binding
G quartet binding

Binding to G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures. G-quadruplex DNA can form under physiological conditions from some G-rich sequences, such as those found in telomeres, immunoglobulin switch regions, gene promoters, fragile X repeats, and the dimerization domain in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome. [PMID:16142245, PMID:9512530]


regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. [GOC:ai]


mitochondrial depolarisation
mitochondrial membrane depolarization
mitochondria depolarization
mitochondrion depolarization

The process in which the potential difference across the mitochondrial membrane is reduced from its steady state level. [Wikipedia:Depolarization, Wikipedia:Mitochondrion]


The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:dh, Wikipedia:Depolarization]


regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

up-regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

upregulation of mitochondrial depolarization

positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

down-regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

downregulation of mitochondrial depolarization

negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive. [GOC:ai]


NAD-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity

NAD-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity

NAD- and glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione + NAD(P)+ = S-formylglutathione + NAD(P)H + H+. [EC:1.1.1.284]


The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


establishment of pigment granule localisation

establishment of pigment granule localization

The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location. [GOC:ai]


maintenance of pigment granule localization


glutathione-dependent formaldehyde-activating enzyme activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione = formaldehyde + glutathione. [EC:4.4.1.22, RHEA:22488]


double-stranded DNA specific 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

double-stranded DNA 5'-3' exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule. [GOC:ai]


acetylenecarboxylate hydratase activity, producing 3-hydroxypropenoate

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypropenoate = propynoate + H2O. [MetaCyc:ACETYLENECARBOXYLATE-HYDRATASE-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: H2 + 2-(2,3-dihydropentaprenyloxy)phenazine = 2-dihydropentaprenyloxyphenazine. [EC:1.12.98.3]


coenzyme B:coenzyme M:methanophenazine oxidoreductase activity

coenzyme B--coenzyme M heterodisulfide reductase activity

CoB-CoM heterodisulfide reductase activity

CoB--CoM heterodisulfide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme B + coenzyme M + methanophenazine = N-{7-[(2-sulfoethyl)dithio]heptanoyl}-3-O-phospho-L-threonine + dihydromethanophenazine. [RHEA:18085]


regulation of synaptic plasticity by chemical substance

The process in which a chemical substance modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. [GOC:ai]


regulation of synaptic plasticity by drug


up-regulation of synaptic plasticity by chemical substance

upregulation of synaptic plasticity by chemical substance

up regulation of synaptic plasticity by chemical substance

positive regulation of synaptic plasticity by chemical substance

The process in which a chemical substance increases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of synaptic plasticity by drug


activation of synaptic plasticity by chemical substance

induction of synaptic plasticity by chemical substance

The process in which a chemical substance activates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. [GOC:ai]


activation of synaptic plasticity by drug


induction of synaptic plasticity by drug


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of fibrinolysis
down-regulation of fibrinolysis
down regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of fibrinolysis
upregulation of fibrinolysis
up regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-dithol + ROOH = [protein]-disulfide + H2O + ROH. [RHEA:10008]


alkyl hydroperoxide reductase C22 activity


Catalysis of the reaction: tryparedoxin + hydrogen peroxide = tryparedoxin disulfide + H2O. [GOC:mah, PMID:32388269]


Ado-cobyric acid synthase [glutamine hydrolyzing] activity

adenosylcobyric acid synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) activity

adenosylcobyric acid synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 L-glutamine + adenosylcob(III)yrinate a,c-diamide + 4 ATP + 4 H(2)O = 4 L-glutamate + adenosylcobyrate + 4 ADP + 8 H(+) + 4 phosphate. [EC:6.3.5.10, RHEA:23256]


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + cholesterol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + cholesterol sulfate. [PMID:12730293]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of calcium ion transport

down-regulation of calcium ion transport

negative regulation of calcium transport

negative regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of calcium transport

positive regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


regulation of sensory perception of pain

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. [GOC:ai]


synaptic transmission, gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic

synaptic transmission, gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated

The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. [GOC:dos, ISBN:0126603030]


The uptake of amino acid neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. [ISBN:0123668387]


amino acid neurotransmitter import into glial cell


amino acid neurotransmitter import into neuron


catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

The uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. [ISBN:0123668387]


catecholamine neurotransmitter import into glial cell


catecholamine neurotransmitter import into neuron


L-glutamate uptake involved in synaptic transmission

The uptake of L-glutamate by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. [ISBN:0123668387, Wikipedia:Glutamate_transporter]


gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake involved in synaptic transmission

The uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. [ISBN:0123668387]


gamma-aminobutyric acid import into glial cell


gamma-aminobutyric acid import into neuron


The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


GABA import
gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake
4-aminobutyrate import
gamma-aminobutyrate import

The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai]


regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter uptake

regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter reuptake

regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


regulation of amino acid neurotransmitter reuptake

regulation of amino acid neurotransmitter uptake

regulation of amino acid uptake involved in synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acid neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of amino acid neurotransmitter uptake

negative regulation of amino acid neurotransmitter reuptake

negative regulation of amino acid uptake involved in synaptic transmission

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acid neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of amino acid neurotransmitter uptake

positive regulation of amino acid neurotransmitter reuptake

positive regulation of amino acid uptake involved in synaptic transmission

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acid neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


regulation of L-glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

regulation of glutamate uptake involved in conduction of nerve impulse

regulation of glutamate uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of L-glutamate into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


regulation of GABA uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake involved in conduction of nerve impulse

regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake

regulation of 4-aminobutyrate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of amine transport
down-regulation of amine transport
down regulation of amine transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of amine transport
up-regulation of amine transport
up regulation of amine transport

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport

negative regulation of amino acid transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport

positive regulation of amino acid transport

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of methotrexate, 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Methotrexate is a folic acid analogue and a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a light intermediate chain of the dynein complex. [GOC:bf]


regulation of nervous system development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of nervous system development

downregulation of nervous system development

down regulation of nervous system development

negative regulation of nervous system development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of nervous system development

upregulation of nervous system development

up regulation of nervous system development

positive regulation of nervous system development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. [GOC:ai]


regulation of synaptogenesis
regulation of synapse biogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. [GOC:ai, GOC:pr]


negative regulation of synapse biogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. [GOC:ai, GOC:pr]


positive regulation of synapse biogenesis

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. [GOC:ai, GOC:pr]


regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

down regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

downregulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

up regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

upregulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate. [GOC:ai]


regulation of conduction of nerve impulse

regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

negative regulation of conduction of nerve impulse

down regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

downregulation of transmission of nerve impulse

negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of transmission of nerve impulse

up regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

up-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

positive regulation of conduction of nerve impulse

positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Telomerases catalyze extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence. [EC:2.-.-.-, GOC:ai]


up regulation of telomerase activity
up-regulation of telomerase activity
upregulation of telomerase activity

positive regulation of telomerase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of telomerase activity
downregulation of telomerase activity
down regulation of telomerase activity

negative regulation of telomerase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). [GOC:ai]


Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of telomerase. [GOC:dph, GOC:krc, GOC:tb]


lysine biosynthetic process via aminoadipic acid and saccharopine

lysine biosynthesis via aminoadipic acid and saccharopine

lysine biosynthetic process via alpha-aminoadipate and saccharopine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine via the intermediates alpha-aminoadipic acid and saccharopine. This pathway is used by yeast and fungi to synthesize the essential amino acid L-lysine, and pathway intermediates are often incorporated into secondary metabolic processes. The pathway proceeds as follows: alpha-ketoglutarate is converted to homocitrate, which is metabolized to 3-carboxyhex-2-enedioate and then homoisocitrate. This is then decarboxylated to form alpha-ketoadipate, which is then converted to alpha-aminoadipate. This is then reduced to form alpha-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde, which is metabolized to saccharopine and finally L-lysine. [MetaCyc:LYSINE-AMINOAD-PWY]


lysine biosynthesis via aminoadipic acid and N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate

lysine biosynthetic process via aminoadipic acid and N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate

lysine biosynthetic process via alpha-aminoadipate and N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine via the intermediates alpha-aminoadipic acid and N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate. This pathway of prokaryotic lysine biosynthesis via alpha-aminoadipate was discovered in the hyper-thermophilic Gram-negative eubacterium Thermus thermophilus. The pathway proceeds as follows: alpha-ketoglutarate is converted to homocitrate, which is metabolized to 3-carboxyhex-2-enedioate and then homoisocitrate. This is then decarboxylated to form alpha-ketoadipate, which is then converted to alpha-aminoadipate. This undergoes acetylation, to form N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate, and is then phosphorylated to give N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipyl-delta-phosphate. This is converted to N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde, which is then converted to N2-acetyl-L-lysine. A final deacetylation reaction produces L-lysine. [MetaCyc:PWY-3081]


The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids. [GOC:ai]


The addition of O-acetyl ester groups to alginic acid, a linear polymer of D-mannuronate and L-guluronate. [GOC:mlg]


iron-nicotianamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of the iron chelate iron-nicotianamine (Fe-NA) from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai, PMID:20625001]


copper chelate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a copper chelate from one side of a membrane to the other. A copper chelate is a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions. [PMID:26512647]


copper-nicotianamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of the copper chelate copper-nicotianamine (Cu-NA) from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of chromosome segregation
up-regulation of chromosome segregation
upregulation of chromosome segregation

positive regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of chromosome segregation

downregulation of chromosome segregation

down-regulation of chromosome segregation

negative regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

down regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

down-regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

negative regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

up-regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

up regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

positive regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore. [GOC:ai]


regulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachment

regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor. [EC:1.1.99.39, MetaCyc:2-HYDROXYGLUTARATE-DEHYDROGENASE-RXN]


type IV pili-dependent localized adherence to host

Attachment of bacterial clusters to the surface of the host in a type IV pili dependent manner. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:ml]