down-regulation of methane biosynthetic process from 3-(methylthio)propionic acid

down regulation of methane biosynthetic process from 3-(methylthio)propionic acid

downregulation of methane biosynthetic process from 3-(methylthio)propionic acid

negative regulation of methane biosynthetic process from 3-(methylthio)propionic acid

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of methane biosynthetic process from 3-(methylthio)propionic acid. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


regulation of methane biosynthetic process from 3-(methylthio)propionic acid

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of methane biosynthetic process from 3-(methylthio)propionic acid. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


upregulation of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine

up regulation of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine

up-regulation of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine

positive regulation of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down regulation of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine

downregulation of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine

down-regulation of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine

negative regulation of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


regulation of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of methane biosynthetic process from trimethylamine. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


upregulation of mannotriose transport
up regulation of mannotriose transport
up-regulation of mannotriose transport

positive regulation of mannotriose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mannotriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down regulation of mannotriose transport

down-regulation of mannotriose transport

negative regulation of mannotriose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mannotriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mannotriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up-regulation of maltotriulose transport

up regulation of maltotriulose transport

positive regulation of maltotriulose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltotriulose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


downregulation of maltotriulose transport

down-regulation of maltotriulose transport

down regulation of maltotriulose transport

negative regulation of maltotriulose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maltotriulose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maltotriulose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up-regulation of maltotetraose transport

up regulation of maltotetraose transport

positive regulation of maltotetraose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltotetraose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


downregulation of maltotetraose transport

down regulation of maltotetraose transport

down-regulation of maltotetraose transport

negative regulation of maltotetraose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maltotetraose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maltotetraose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up-regulation of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine

upregulation of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine

up regulation of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine

positive regulation of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


downregulation of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine

down-regulation of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine

down regulation of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine

negative regulation of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


regulation of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of methane biosynthetic process from dimethylamine. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up-regulation of maltopentaose transport

up regulation of maltopentaose transport

positive regulation of maltopentaose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltopentaose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down regulation of maltopentaose transport

downregulation of maltopentaose transport

down-regulation of maltopentaose transport

negative regulation of maltopentaose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maltopentaose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maltopentaose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up-regulation of maltohexaose transport
up regulation of maltohexaose transport
upregulation of maltohexaose transport

positive regulation of maltohexaose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltohexaose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down-regulation of maltohexaose transport

down regulation of maltohexaose transport

downregulation of maltohexaose transport

negative regulation of maltohexaose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maltohexaose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maltohexaose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up regulation of maltoheptaose metabolism

upregulation of maltoheptaose metabolism

positive regulation of maltoheptaose metabolism

upregulation of maltoheptaose metabolic process

up-regulation of maltoheptaose metabolic process

up-regulation of maltoheptaose metabolism

up regulation of maltoheptaose metabolic process

positive regulation of maltoheptaose metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltoheptaose metabolic process. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down regulation of maltoheptaose metabolism

down regulation of maltoheptaose metabolic process

down-regulation of maltoheptaose metabolic process

downregulation of maltoheptaose metabolic process

negative regulation of maltoheptaose metabolism

down-regulation of maltoheptaose metabolism

downregulation of maltoheptaose metabolism

negative regulation of maltoheptaose metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maltoheptaose metabolic process. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


regulation of maltoheptaose metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maltoheptaose metabolic process. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up regulation of maltoheptaose transport

up-regulation of maltoheptaose transport

positive regulation of maltoheptaose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltoheptaose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down-regulation of maltoheptaose transport

down regulation of maltoheptaose transport

downregulation of maltoheptaose transport

negative regulation of maltoheptaose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maltoheptaose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of maltoheptaose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up regulation of laminaritriose transport

up-regulation of laminaritriose transport

upregulation of laminaritriose transport

positive regulation of laminaritriose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of laminaritriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down-regulation of laminaritriose transport

downregulation of laminaritriose transport

down regulation of laminaritriose transport

negative regulation of laminaritriose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of laminaritriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of laminaritriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


upregulation of hexasaccharide transport

up-regulation of hexasaccharide transport

up regulation of hexasaccharide transport

positive regulation of hexasaccharide transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hexasaccharide transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down regulation of hexasaccharide transport

downregulation of hexasaccharide transport

down-regulation of hexasaccharide transport

negative regulation of hexasaccharide transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hexasaccharide transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hexasaccharide transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up regulation of heptasaccharide transport

upregulation of heptasaccharide transport

up-regulation of heptasaccharide transport

positive regulation of heptasaccharide transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heptasaccharide transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down-regulation of heptasaccharide transport

down regulation of heptasaccharide transport

downregulation of heptasaccharide transport

negative regulation of heptasaccharide transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heptasaccharide transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heptasaccharide transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up regulation of galactotriose transport

up-regulation of galactotriose transport

positive regulation of galactotriose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of galactotriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down regulation of galactotriose transport

down-regulation of galactotriose transport

downregulation of galactotriose transport

negative regulation of galactotriose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of galactotriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of galactotriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


positive regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole reduction

up regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole reduction

up regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole catabolism

up regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole breakdown

up regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process

positive regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole catabolism

up-regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole catabolism

upregulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole breakdown

positive regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole breakdown

upregulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole reduction

up-regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole reduction

up-regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process

upregulation of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process

upregulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole catabolism

up-regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole breakdown

positive regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


downregulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole breakdown

down-regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process

down regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole reduction

downregulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole catabolism

down-regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole reduction

downregulation of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process

negative regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole breakdown

down regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole breakdown

negative regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole catabolism

down-regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole catabolism

down-regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole breakdown

downregulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole reduction

down regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole catabolism

negative regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole reduction

down regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process

negative regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole catabolism

regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole breakdown

regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent nitroimidazole reduction

regulation of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coenzyme F420-dependent bicyclic nitroimidazole catabolic process. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


upregulation of cellotriose transport
up-regulation of cellotriose transport
up regulation of cellotriose transport

positive regulation of cellotriose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellotriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down-regulation of cellotriose transport

down regulation of cellotriose transport

negative regulation of cellotriose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellotriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellotriose transport. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


upregulation of cellobiose catabolic process

up-regulation of cellobiose catabolic process

positive regulation of cellobiose catabolism

up regulation of cellobiose catabolic process

positive regulation of cellobiose catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellobiose catabolic process. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


down regulation of cellobiose catabolic process

down regulation of cellobiose catabolism

negative regulation of cellobiose catabolism

down-regulation of cellobiose catabolic process

down-regulation of cellobiose catabolism

downregulation of cellobiose catabolic process

negative regulation of cellobiose catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellobiose catabolic process. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


regulation of cellobiose catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellobiose catabolic process. [GOC:mengo_curators, GOC:TermGenie]


up-regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

up regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

upregulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]


down-regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

downregulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

down regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]


regulation of CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:pr, GOC:TermGenie]


up regulation of proteinase activated receptor activity

up-regulation of proteinase activated receptor activity

upregulation of proteinase activated receptor activity

positive regulation of proteinase activated receptor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteinase activated receptor activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]


down regulation of proteinase activated receptor activity

down-regulation of proteinase activated receptor activity

downregulation of proteinase activated receptor activity

negative regulation of proteinase activated receptor activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteinase activated receptor activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]


regulation of proteinase activated receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proteinase activated receptor activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]


down-regulation of phospholipase C activity

downregulation of phospholipase C activity

down regulation of phospholipase C activity

negative regulation of phospholipase C activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]


upregulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

up regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

up-regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]


down-regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

downregulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

down regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

negative regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]


The region of a virus contained within the capsid shell, and usually containing the viral genome and accessory proteins. [GOC:bm]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a virus baseplate. [GOC:bm]


copy-and-paste transposition
transpositional DNA genome replication

Process of transposition in which the existing element is replicated and one of the copies is excised and integrated at a new target site. Also referred to as copy-and-paste transposition. [GOC:bm, PMID:10540284]


Process by which a transposable element is excised from the donor site and integrated at the target site without replication of the element. Also referred to as cut-and-paste transposition. [GOC:bm, PMID:2553270]


viral DNA genome packaging, 5' extended cos packaging

The encapsulation of the viral DNA genome within the capsid, which proceeds via cleavage of the viral DNA at specific sites to produce 5' protruding ends. [GOC:bm]


viral DNA genome packaging, 3' extended cos packaging

The encapsulation of the viral DNA genome within the capsid, which proceeds via cleavage of the viral DNA at specific sites to produce 3' protruding ends. [GOC:bm]


viral DNA genome packaging via site-specific sequence recognition

The encapsulation of the viral DNA genome within the capsid, which proceeds via cleavage of the viral DNA at specific sites by a viral terminase. [GOC:bm]


A fiber attached to the neck at the base of some icosahedral viral capsids. [GOC:bm]


A fiber attached to the collar structure of some icosahedral viral capsids. [GOC:bm]


A small disk located at the base of some icosahedral virus capsids. [GOC:bm]


A region of constriction located below the head and above the tail sheath of viruses with contractile tails (Myoviridae). [GOC:bm]


A short structure attached to an icosahedral virion capsid, and used for attachment to the host cell. [GOC:bm]


The tube of the non-contractile tails of some viruses. [GOC:bm]


The external contractile envelope of the tail of some viruses. Its contraction ensures ejection of the virus DNA into the host cytoplasm. [GOC:bm]


The internal tube of the contractile tails of some viruses. The virus tail tube is the channel for DNA ejection into the host cytoplasm. [GOC:bm]


Multiprotein component at the distal (head) end of the virus tail to which fibers of tailed viruses may be attached. [GOC:bm]


The fibrous region of the virus tail used to scan, recognize and attach to the host cell. [GOC:bm]


The basal end of the virus tail, which is used by the virus to attach to the host cell. [GOC:bm]


A type of capsid decoration composed of fiber structures. [GOC:bm]


Component of the virus capsid (head), located on the outer head surface. Involved in the stabilization of the head structure and usually non-essential. [GOC:bm]


The part of the viral capsid that comprises the less common capsomere type. For example, in a T=3 icosahedral capsid, which is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres, the pentameric capsomeres are minor subunits. [GOC:bm]


The part of the viral capsid that comprises the most common capsomere type. For example, in a T=3 icosahedral capsid, which is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres, the hexameric capsomeres are major subunits. [GOC:bm]


Part of the virion that may be used to recognize, attach and inject the viral genome and accessory proteins into the host cell. [GOC:bm]


The part of the viral terminase complex that contains the translocase and endonuclease activities and allows the translocation of the phage DNA into the procapsid. The large subunit usually assembles as a heterooligomer with the small subunit. [GOC:bm, GOC:ch, GOC:jh2, PMID:18687036]


The encapsulation of the viral genome within the capsid where DNA is packaged into the capsid until the capsid is full. [GOC:bm]


Process by which virus heads and tails are attached to each other. [GOC:bm]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a virus tail fiber. [GOC:bm]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a virus tail. [GOC:bm]


irreversible bacteriophage attachment, binding of host cell surface receptor

receptor-mediated bacteriophage irreversible attachment to host cell

The processes by which a bacteriophage initially commits to infection by binding the host receptor irreversibly. Disruption of the phage:cell complex at this step results in the loss of infective phage virions since the process is characterized by conformational changes of bacteriophage head and tail proteins and injection of bacteriophage proteins into the infected cell. [GOC:bm]


reversible bacteriophage attachment, binding of host cell surface receptor

receptor-mediated bacteriophage reversible attachment to host cell

Process by which a bacteriophage, using its tail fibers, spikes or a baseplate component, initially recognizes and binds to its specific receptor on the host cell surface. This process is reversible and allows the release of a bacteriophage without affecting infection. [GOC:bm]


Any apoptotic process in a retinal cone cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. [CL:0000573, GOC:jc]


Any apoptotic process in a retinal rod cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. [CL:0000604, GOC:jc, PMID:17202487]


cerebellar mossy fiber to granule cell synapse

A synapse of a mossy fiber onto the dendrite of a granule cell; each mossy fiber can have up to 50 rosettes. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_091021, Wikipedia:Mossy_fiber_(cerebellum)]


PCD in response to reactive oxygen species

reactive oxygen species-mediated programmed cell death

programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species

Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes and occurring as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a non-glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters at a regulatory synapse. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it. Type III terminal boutons are larger than type II ones. [GOC:mc, PMID:10218156]


misfolded or incompletely synthesized glycoprotein catabolic process


Spine emanating from the cell soma of a neuron. [NIF_Subcellular:sao2048514053]


Large complex spine protruding from a dendrite. Each excrescence is formed by a cluster of spine heads. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_467, PMID:730852]


Spine-like process found on some neurons, e.g., periglomerular cells of olfactory cortex. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_1005003]


Elongated neuronal process, often with side branches and more than one branching point, described in brains of patients with Parkinson's disease. Lewy neurites stain positively for ubiquitin in brainstem and forebrain regions affected in Parkinson's disease. [NIF_Subcellular:sao601362597]


Portion of myelin-forming Schwann cell consisting of terminal cytoplasmic extensions adhered to the axon at the beginning and end of the myelin sheath. [NIF_Subcellular:sao924713546]


Paranodal terminations of Schwann cells that do not directly contact the paranodal axon membrane. Usually found in thicker myelin. [NIF_Subcellular:sao937871668, PMID:15988042]


Small finger-like extension of a Schwann cell that contacts the nodal membrane. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1890444066, PMID:15988042]


Portion of the ensheathing process (either myelin or non-myelin) where the enveloping lips of the ensheathing cell come together so that their apposed plasma membranes run parallel to each other, separated by a cleft 12 nm wide. [ISBN:0195065719, NIF_Subcellular:sao2127666702]


Terminal process of astrocyte that extends to the surface of the central nervous system. Together, glial limiting end-feet form the glial limiting membrane or glia limitans. [NIF_Subcellular:sao181458425]


Terminal process of astrocyte abutting non-neuronal surfaces in the brain. [NIF_Subcellular:sao388182739]


A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1630537580]


A configuration of neuron spines found on ciliary ganglion neurons in the embryonic and adult brain consisting of patches of closely spaced spines lying flat against the soma. [NIF_Subcellular:sao2128156969, PMID:10818137]


The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, NIF_Subcellular:sao172297168]


pre-synaptic active zone dense projection

presynaptic active zone dense projection

Electron dense projection extending from the cytomatrix into the cytoplasm on which synaptic vesicles are tethered. [NIF_Subcellular:sao494258938, PMID:15381754]


A specialization of the endomembrane system found in some classes of dendritic spines consisting of two or more closely apposed lamellae with interspersed electron dense material. The endomembrane component is continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. [NIF_Subcellular:sao725931194, PMID:20400711, PMID:8987748]


A multivesicular body surrounded by and connected with multiple tubular compartments with associated vesicles. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1028571114]


A dendrite of a hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cell. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_1005001]


A dendrite that emerges near the basal pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, basal dendrites are either on the same side of the soma as the axon, or project toward the axon. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, NIF_Subcellular:sao1079900774, PMID:17046728, PMID:22683681]


A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon. [NIF_Subcellular:sao273773228]


The dormancy process that results in exit from dormancy. Dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated. [GOC:PO_curators, PO_REF:00009]


The dormancy process that results in an organism remaining in dormancy. Dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated. [GOC:PO_curators, PO_REF:00009]


The dormancy process that results in entry into dormancy. Dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated. [GOC:PO_curators, PO_REF:00009]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: succinate(out) + H+(out) = succinate(in) + H+(in). [GOC:al, PMID:1293882]


An electron dense body which may contain granules. [ISBN:0195065719, NIF_Subcellular:sao730872736]


hippocampal pyramidal neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hippocampal pyramidal neuron, a pyramidal cell of the hippocampus. [CL:1001571, GOC:jc, PMID:19342486]


Either of the ends of a mitotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of mitosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules. [GOC:vw]


amino acid ligation activity by nonribosomal peptide synthase

Catalysis of the ligation of an amino acid to another amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate, carried out by a nonribosomal peptide synthase. [GOC:vw]


protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer

The transfer of an assembled iron-sulfur cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. [GOC:al, GOC:mah, PMID:11939799, PMID:18322036, PMID:21977977]


Dense particles of heterochromatin, consisting of a loosely twisted strand about 600 Angstrom thick, found associated with the nucleolus. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1210952635]


A network of fine tubules in the vicinity of the Golgi complex and around the centriole. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1570660411, NIF_Subcellular:sao694815499, PMID:11896161]


Intracytoplasmic filamentous structure frequently encountered in preparations immunostained for ubiquitin. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090103, PMID:18026741]


Cytoplasmic, ball-like inclusion resembling a nucleolus and consisting of a convoluted network of electron-opaque strands embedded in a less dense matrix. It measures approximately 0.9 microns and lacks a limiting membrane. Its strands (diameter = 400-600 A) appear to be made of an entanglement of tightly packed filaments and particles approximately 25-50 A thick. Cytochemical studies suggest the presence of nonhistone proteins and some RNA. Usually only one such structure is present in a cell, and it appears to occur in most ganglion cells. Although they can be seen anywhere in the cell body, nematosomes are typically located in the perinuclear cytoplasm, where they are often associated with smooth-surfaced and coated vesicles. [NIF_Subcellular:sao138430598, PMID:5458990]


Cytoplasmic inclusion found in neurons. It consists of filaments and granular materials, exhibits a dense core with a rough peripheral halo and lacks a limiting membrane. The filaments of these inclusions are composed of approximately 15-25 nm granule-coated fibrils in association with normal 10-nm neurofilaments. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090105, PMID:18026741]


Cytoplasmic inclusion similar to a classical Lewy body but lacking a halo of protein fibrils. [NIF_Subcellular:sao4040591221]


Cytoplasmic inclusion, 5 to 15 micrometers in diameter, with a dense core surrounded by a halo of 10 to 20 nm wide radially oriented alpha-synuclein fibrils. [NIF_Subcellular:sao4749542545]


hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signalling pathway

hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) in response to lowered oxygen levels (hypoxia). Under hypoxic conditions, the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 dimerizes with a HIF1-beta subunit (also called ARNT or aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator), translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes whose products participate in responding to hypoxia. [GOC:bf, GOC:jc, http://www.sabiosciences.com/pathway.php?sn=HIF1Alpha_Pathway]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hippocampal interneuron. [CL:1001569, GOC:jc, PMID:19655320]


Non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions composed of 10-40 nm granule-coated fibrils. These inclusions have an abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein and are found in association with multiple system atrophy. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090703, PMID:21562886, PMID:2559165]


Cellular inclusion consisting of circular areas filled with fine slender filaments about 10 nanometers in diameter, delimited by a wall of varying complexity (either a single continuous membrane or a tubular network consisting of a fine filamentous material giving the wall a honeycomb appearance). Fibrillary inclusions are found in the cytoplasm of giant cells of Dieters in the lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat; similar structures have been described in the ventral cochlear nucleus, spinal cord, and substantia nigra. [NIF_Subcellular:sao967812059]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a raffinose stimulus. [GOC:al]


The orderly movement of a neuroblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. [CL:0000031, GOC:jc, PMID:15543145]


synaptic vesicle lumen pH reduction
synaptic vesicle proton loading

The acidification of the synaptic vesicle lumen via transport of protons into the vesicle. The resulting electrochemical gradient powers neurotransmitter loading. [GOC:dsf, PMID:21172605, PMID:22875945]


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ic, PMID:21602493]


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-32 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ic, PMID:21602493]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-32 stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-32 stimulus. [GOC:pr]


telomeric RNA transcription from Pol II promoter


chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv]


chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv]


chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv]


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv]


macrophage inflammatory protein-3-beta production

chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv]


Simple or compound process of epithelial glial cells with a spherical head that inserts into photoreceptor axons. Capitate projections have only been observed in Brachycera (flies). [GOC:mc, PMID:3098431]


A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell. [GOC:mc]


programmed necrotic cell death in response to starvation

A programmed necrotic cell death occurring as a result of a starvation stimulus (deprivation of nourishment). [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:pg, PMID:13679856]


cellular lipid biosynthesis
cellular lipid anabolism
cellular lipid synthesis
cellular lipid formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, as carried out by individual cells. [GOC:pr]


Catalysis of the reaction: dIDP + H2O = dIMP + phosphate. [GOC:pde, PMID:20385596]


Catalysis of the reaction: a deoxynucleoside diphosphate + H2O = a deoxynucleotide + phosphate. [GOC:pde]


Stack of disc membranes located inside a photoreceptor outer segment, and containing densely packed molecules of photoreceptor proteins that traverse the lipid bilayer. Disc membranes arise as evaginations of the ciliary membrane during the development of the outer segment and may or may not remain contiguous with the ciliary membrane. [GOC:bj, GOC:krc, GOC:pde, PMID:11826267, PMID:19501669, PMID:2537204, PMID:26574505, PMID:6771304, PMID:7507907]


dorsal spinal cord interneuron anterior axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a dorsal spinal cord interneuron is directed to a specific target site in the anterior direction along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. [GOC:yaf, PMID:19545367]


dorsal spinal cord interneuron posterior axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a dorsal spinal cord interneuron is directed to a specific target site in the posterior direction along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. [GOC:yaf, PMID:19545367]


dorsal spinal cord interneuron axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a dorsal spinal cord interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A dorsal spinal cord interneuron is an interneuron located in the dorsal part of the spinal cord. [GOC:yaf]


The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a spinal cord interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A spinal cord interneuron is a CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord. [CL:0005000, GOC:pr]


The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of an interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. An interneuron is any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region, as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [CL:0000099, GOC:pr]


The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a spinal sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A spinal sensory neuron is a sensory neuron that project to the spinal cord. [CL:0009000, GOC:pr, GOC:yaf]


The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A sensory neuron is an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses. [CL:0000101, GOC:pr]


NAD-dependent histone deacetylase activity (H3-K18 specific)

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein. [GOC:sp, PMID:22722849, PMID:28450737]


Binding to a member of the MDM2/MDM4 protein family, comprising negative regulators of p53. [InterPro:IPR016495]


The glycosylation of a protein by addition of N-acetylglucosamine via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-N-acetylglucosamine-L-threonine. [GOC:pr, GOC:sart, PMID:22158438]


establishment of BTB
establishment of SCB
establishment of blood-testis barrier

Establishment of a structure near the basement membrane in adjacent Sertoli cells of the seminiferous epithelium for maintaining spermatogenesis. The structure consists of tight junctions, basal ectoplasmic specializations, and desmosome-like junctions. [GOC:sl, PMID:19509333, Wikipedia:Blood-testis_barrier]


Binding to a carbohydrate derivative. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bronchodilator stimulus. A bronchodilator is a chemical that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes. [GOC:hp]


stretch-activated, cation-selective, calcium channel activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching, and contributing to the regulation of action potential in a cardiac muscle cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:21290758]


stretch-activated, cation-selective, calcium channel activity involved in regulation of action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching, and contributing to the regulation of action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:21290758]


chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. [CL:0011101, GOC:BHF, PMID:15150278]


The covalent attachment of a UDP-glucose residue to a substrate molecule. [GOC:al]


Catalysis of the reaction: D-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) = D-leucine + tRNA(Leu). Hydrolysis of the removal of D-leucine from residues in charged tRNA(Leu). [GOC:se, PMID:10918062]


The perinucleolar compartment (PNC) is a subnuclear structure associated with, but structurally distinct from, the nucleolus. The PNC contains large amounts of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (hnRNP) called hnRNP 1 (PTB). Many RNA binding proteins as well as RNA polymerase III transcripts are highly enriched in this compartment. PTB and pol III transcripts are required for the integrity of the PNC. [GOC:vw, PMID:21385875, Wikipedia:Perinucleolar_compartment]


Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin. [GOC:mah]


The regionalization process in which the areas along the centrolateral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation, or in which cells interpret a specific environment. [GOC:dsz]


Removal of PI3P and Atg8/LC3 after the closure of the phagophore and before the fusion with the endosome/lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects) or vacuole (yeast), and that very likely destabilizes other Atg proteins and thus enables their efficient dissociation and recycling. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:lf, PMID:28077293]


The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms. [GOC:BHF, PMID:21957127]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell endocytic vesicle. [GOC:ecd]


mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization

The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of the apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:pg, PMID:21041309]

mitochondrion outer membrane permeabilization


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ripoptosome, a protein complex whose formation can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:22274400]


A protein complex whose core components are the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3 (also called RIP1 and RIP3). Formation of the ripoptosome can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more. [GOC:bhm, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:22265414, PMID:22274400]


Any process that prevents the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:20383739]


prevention of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:20383739]


The process in which glycolate is transported across a membrane. Glycolate is the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid). [GOC:am, PMID:11283302, PMID:11785976]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a clozapine stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ziprasidone stimulus. Ziprasidone is a piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a risperidone stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a quetiapine stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a perphenazine stimulus. Perphenazine is a phenothiazine derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the N-10 position. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an olanzapine stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antipsychotic drug stimulus. Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytarabine stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine stimulus. 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine is a pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; it is used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antimetabolite stimulus. An antimetabolite is a substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carboplatin stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antineoplastic agent stimulus. An antineoplastic agent is a substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. [GOC:pr]


The attachment of a melanocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules. [CL:0000148, GOC:uh, PMID:22637532]


The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance. [CL:0000148, GOC:uh, PMID:22637532]


The orderly movement of melanocytes from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance. [CL:0000148, GOC:uh, PMID:22637532]


The attachment of a B cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. [GOC:jc]


Binding to a 7SK small nuclear RNA (7SK snRNA). [GOC:nhn, PMID:21853533]


cell growth mode switching, filamentous to budding

The process in which a cell switches from growing as a filament (elongated cells attached end-to-end) to growing as a round budding cell. An example of this is observed in Candida albicans. [GOC:di, PMID:14617167]


A membrane tubulation process occurring in a plasma membrane. [GOC:BHF, GOC:pr, PMID:15252009, PMID:20730103]


invasive growth in response to abiotic stimulus

The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells as a result of a abiotic stimulus. An example of this process is found in Candida albicans. [GOC:di, PMID:18679170]


invasive growth in response to biotic stimulus

The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells as a result of a biotic stimulus. An example of this is Candida albicans forming invasive filaments in agar medium in response to a serum stimulus. [GOC:di, PMID:18679170]


cellular response to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine stimulus. [GOC:di, PMID:21700702]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine stimulus. [GOC:di, PMID:21700702]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the apoptosome, a multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


The external part of the biofilm matrix, a structure lying external to bacterial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated bacteria, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the bacteria. [GOC:imk, PMID:22571672, Wikipedia:Biofilm]


A structure lying external to bacterial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated bacteria, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the bacteria. [GOC:imk, PMID:22571672, Wikipedia:Biofilm]


Methylation of the ribose of the first and second nucleotides of a 5'-capped mRNA. [GOC:sp, PMID:20713356]


Methylation of the ribose of the first nucleotide of a 5'-capped mRNA. [GOC:sp, PMID:20713356]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a farnesol stimulus. [GOC:di, PMID:11425711]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a farnesol stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus. [GOC:pr]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus. [GOC:pr, PMID:24014527]


lipoprotein biosynthesis (signal peptide cleavage)

lipoprotein biosynthetic process via signal peptide cleavage

The chemical reactions and pathways by which signal peptide cleavage leads to formation of a water-soluble protein-lipid complex. [GOC:pde, GOC:yaf, UniPathway:UPA00665]


lipoprotein biosynthesis (N-acyl transfer)

lipoprotein biosynthetic process via N-acyl transfer

The chemical reactions and pathways by which N-acyl transfer leads to formation of a water-soluble protein-lipid complex. [GOC:pde, GOC:yaf, UniPathway:UPA00666]


lipoprotein biosynthesis (diacylglyceryl transfer)

lipoprotein biosynthetic process via diacylglyceryl transfer

The chemical reactions and pathways by which diacylglyceryl transfer leads to formation of a water-soluble protein-lipid complex. [GOC:pde, GOC:yaf, UniPathway:UPA00664]


cellular potassium ion homeostasis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

regulation of potassium ion concentration by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that regulates the internal concentration of potassium ions at the level of a cell by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:dgf, PMID:20412803]


regulation of nuclear size
regulation of nuclear volume

Any process that modulates the size of the nucleus. [GOC:al, GOC:mah, PMID:19366728]


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the execution phase of apoptosis. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signalling pathway

activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


morphine formation
morphine biosynthesis
morphine synthesis
morphine anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of morphine, 17-methyl-7,8-didehydro-4,5alpha-epoxymorphinan-3,6alpha-diol. Morphine is a highly potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug obtained form the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. [GOC:yaf, UniPathway:UPA00852]


'de novo' XMP anabolism
'de novo' XMP biosynthesis
'de novo' XMP synthesis
'de novo' XMP formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of XMP, xanthosine monophosphate, from simpler precursors. [GOC:yaf, MetaCyc:IMP-DEHYDROG-RXN, UniPathway:UPA00601]


XMP synthesis
XMP anabolism
XMP biosynthesis
XMP formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of XMP, xanthosine monophosphate. [GOC:yaf]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving XMP, xanthosine monophosphate. [GOC:yaf]


A renal system process in which phosphate ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures. [GOC:lb, PMID:18784102, PMID:22506049]


alpha-ribazole biosynthesis
alpha-ribazole synthesis
alpha-ribazole anabolism
alpha-ribazole formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alpha-ribazole, the benzimidazole nucleoside in adenosyl cobalamin (vitamin B12). [GOC:yaf, MetaCyc:PWY-5508, MetaCyc:PWY-6269, UniPathway:UPA00061]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-ribazole, the benzimidazole nucleoside in adenosyl cobalamin (vitamin B12). [GOC:yaf]


7-cyano-7-deazaguanine synthesis
7-cyano-7-deazaguanine biosynthesis
7-cyano-7-deazaguanine formation
7-cyano-7-deazaguanine anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Q nucleoside precursor 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine, also known as 2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile or preQo. [GOC:yaf, PMID:364423, UniPathway:UPA00391]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving the Q nucleoside precursor 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine, also known as 2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile or preQo. [GOC:yaf, PMID:364423]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. [GOC:pr]


The process by which excess light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and not used to drive photosynthesis is re-emitted as light. [PMID:10938857]


A cell part that is the central region of the midbody characterized by a gap in alpha-tubulin staining. It is a dense structure of antiparallel microtubules from the central spindle in the middle of the intercellular bridge. [GOC:pm, PMID:18641129, PMID:22522702]


Binding to a ELYC protein domain. The ELYC domain is an approximately 150 amino acid sequence which contains a highly conserved tetrapeptide sequence, ELYC. [GOC:pm, PMID:18032582, PMID:19525971]


Binding to a MIT protein domain. The MIT domain is found in vacuolar sorting proteins, spastin (probable ATPase involved in the assembly or function of nuclear protein complexes), and a sorting nexin, which may play a role in intracellular trafficking. [GOC:pm, InterPro:IPR007330]


bacterial cellulose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as it occurs in certain types of bacteria, mainly Acetobacter, Sarcina ventriculi and Agrobacteria. [DOI:10.1016/S0268-005X(87)80024-3, DOI:10.1023/A:1009272904582, GOC:tb, GOC:yaf, UniPathway:UPA00694]


peptide pheromone export by membrane transport

peptide pheromone export by transmembrane transport

The directed movement of a peptide pheromone across a membrane and out of a cell. [GOC:al, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


cell septum assembly involved in cell cycle cytokinesis

The assembly and arrangement of a cellular component that is composed of peptidoglycan and often chitin in addition to other materials and usually forms perpendicular to the long axis of a cell or hypha. It grows centripetally from the cell wall to the center of the cell and often functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The assembly of a smooth septate junction, a septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions. [PMID:22854041]


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of actin filaments. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of gluconeogenesis involved in cellular glucose homeostasis


cytochrome-b5 reductase activity, acting on NADH

Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NAD+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5). [GOC:tb]


cytochrome-b5 reductase activity, acting on NADPH

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NADP+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5). [GOC:tb, RHEA:64576]


vesicle tethering involved in exocytosis

The initial, indirect interaction between a secretory vesicle membrane and a site of exocytosis in the plasma membrane. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior to docking and fusion. [GOC:rn, PMID:10559876, PMID:17052174, PMID:17488620, PMID:22420621, PMID:27243008]


sphingolipid mediated signal transduction

The series of molecular signals mediated by a sphingolipid. [PMID:9525917]


Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from anoxia, which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to anoxia. [GOC:tb, PMID:19372430]


L-arginine transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of L-arginine into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:al]


L-lysine transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of L-lysine into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:al]


L-serine transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of L-serine into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:al]


L-glutamate transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of L-glutamate into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:al]


L-tyrosine transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of L-tyrosine into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:al]


L-histidine transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of L-histidine into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:al]


A plasma membrane part that is composed of a furrow-like plasma membrane domain and associated integral transmembrane proteins. [GOC:al, GOC:vw, PMID:22368779]


A cell division process where the division plane is parallel to the surface of the organ. It creates a new cell layer or cell file. [GOC:tair_curators, PMID:21391814]


A cell division process where the division plane is perpendicular to the surface of the organ. It adds cells to the existing cell layer or cell file. [GOC:tair_curators, PMID:21391814]


phenylethylamine biosynthetic process involved in synaptic transmission

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylethylamine that contribute to synaptic transmission. [GOC:tb]


phenylethylamine metabolic process involved in synaptic transmission

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phenylethylamine that contribute to synaptic transmission. [GOC:tb]


The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in wound healing. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells or yolk. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, exonucleolytic

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


RNA phosphodiester bond hydrolysis, endonucleolytic

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of ribonucleotides. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The RNA metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition

A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


pimelyl-[acyl-carrier protein] methyl ester esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pimelyl-[acyl-carrier protein] methyl ester + H2O = pimelyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + methanol. [EC:3.1.1.85, PMID:23045647]


The component of a Golgi membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, PMID:21337012]


The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


mesenchyme migration involved in limb bud formation

The migration of mesenchymal tissue that contributes to the formation of a limb bud. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


low-density lipoprotein particle disassembly

The disaggregation of a low-density lipoprotein particle into its constituent components. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Catalyzes the reaction: N,N-Dihydroxy-L-tryptophan = Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxime + CO2 + H2O. [KEGG_REACTION:R09585]


Catalyzes the reaction: N-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan + Oxygen + NADPH + H+ = N,N-Dihydroxy-L-tryptophan + NADP+ + H2O. [KEGG_REACTION:R09584]


Catalyzes the reaction: L-Tryptophan + Oxygen + NADPH + H+ = N-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan + NADP+ + H2O. [KEGG_REACTION:R09583]


L-tryptophan,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)

Catalyzes the multi-step reaction: L-Tryptophan + 2 Oxygen + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ = Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxime + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+ + CO2. The individual reactions are: (1a) L-tryptophan + O2 + NADPH + H+ = N-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + NADP+ + H2O,(1b) N-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + O2 + NADPH + H+ = N,N-dihydroxy-L-tryptophan + NADP+ + H2O, and (1c) N,N-dihydroxy-L-tryptophan = (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldoxime + CO2 + H2O. [EC:1.14.13.125, KEGG_REACTION:R08160]


Binding to a polo box domain of a protein. The polo box domain is involved in binding substrates of polo kinases. [GOC:al, GOC:tb, Pfam:PF00659, PMID:12352953]


secondary metabolite catabolism
secondary metabolite degradation
secondary metabolite breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. [GOC:tb]


small RNA 2'-O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the oxygen atom of a nucleoside residue in a small RNA molecule. Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + small RNA <=> S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + small RNA containing a 3'-terminal 2'-O-methylnucleotide. [GOC:tb, GOC:vw, RHEA:37887]


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylethanolamine = cardiolipin + ethanolamine. [PMID:22988102]


vitamin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a vitamin from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:tb]


pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar membrane transport

pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport

The process in which a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. [GOC:tb]


purine nucleotide-sugar membrane transport

purine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport

The process in which a purine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. [GOC:tb]


lys-lys specific dibasic protein processing

Any protein processing achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond after two consecutive lysine amino acid residues within a protein. [GOC:al]


lys-arg specific dibasic protein processing

Any protein processing achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond after a lysine-arginine amino acid residue combination within a protein. [GOC:al]


Any protein processing achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond after two basic amino acids within a protein. [GOC:al]


Catalysis of the reaction: 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene = 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene. [EC:5.2.1.12]


The process in which the basal boundary between the stem and both vegetative and reproductive organs are established and maintained. [PMID:18757555]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of arginine within an organism or cell. [GOC:tb]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of histidine within an organism or cell. [GOC:tb]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lysine within an organism or cell. [GOC:tb]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ornithine within an organism or cell. [GOC:tb]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glutamate within an organism or cell. [GOC:tb]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of threonine within an organism or cell. [GOC:tb]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of aspartate within an organism or cell. [GOC:tb]


aspartate transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of aspartate into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:tb]


The directed movement of lithium ions across a membrane. [GOC:tb]


The process in which boundaries between a cotyledon and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained. [GOC:tb]


The process of loading glucosinolates into the sieve tube or companion cell of the phloem for long distance transport from source to sink. [PMID:22864417]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucosinolate(out) + H+(out) = glucosinolate(in) + H+(in). [PMID:22864417]


Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CoA + a 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. [EC:2.3.1.198]


negative regulation of nematode larval development, heterochronic

Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which a nematode larva progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and decreases the rate at which this time point is reached. [PMID:17550772]


positive regulation of nematode larval development, heterochronic

Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which a nematode larva progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and increases the rate at which this time point is reached. [PMID:17550772]


regulation of nematode larval development, heterochronic

Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which a nematode larva progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached. [PMID:17550772]


trehalose catabolic process in response to heat stress

trehalose catabolism in response to heat stress

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the degradation of trehalose that occur as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


trehalose biosynthetic process in response to heat stress

trehalose biosynthesis in response to heat stress

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose that occur as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


abscisic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of abscisic acid from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:tb]


tetraketide alpha-pyrone synthase activity

Catalyzes the reaction: a hydroxyacyl-CoA + 3 malonyl-CoA + 2 H+ = a hydroxylated tetraketide alpha-pyrone + 3 CO2 + 4 coenzyme A . [MetaCyc:RXN-12183, PMID:21193570]


(3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene mutase (cyclizing, camelliol-C-forming)

Catalyzes the reaction: (3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene = camelliol C. [GOC:tb, PMID:17985917]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a socket cell, a shoot epidermal cell that surrounds a trichome and provides its support. [GOC:tb]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an leaf pavement cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a leaf pavement cell fate. [GOC:tb]


protein localization in nuclear envelope

protein localization to nuclear envelope

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope. [GOC:tb]


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + oleic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + oleoyl-CoA. [GOC:al, PMID:18071249]


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + palmitic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + palmitoyl-CoA. [GOC:al, PMID:18071249]


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myristic acid + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + myristoyl-CoA. [GOC:al, PMID:18071249]


alkyl caffeate ester anabolism
alkyl caffeate ester synthesis
alkyl caffeate ester formation
alkyl caffeate ester biosynthesis

alkyl caffeate ester biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of alkyl caffeate. [GOC:pz]


caffeoyl-CoA: alcohol caffeoyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: caffeoyl-CoA + a saturated primary alcohol = an alkyl caffeate + CoA. [GOC:pz]


The series of events in which an endogenous biotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the perianth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The perianth is a collective phyllome structure composed of two or more petals, sepals, or tepals. [GOC:tb, PO:0009058]


A process of actin filament bundle distribution that results in the compaction of actin filaments. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


A phytochelatin metabolic process in which a metal and exogenous sulfur are incorporated with phytochelatin to form a complex. [GOC:tb]


A phytochelatin metabolic process in which a metal is incorporated with phytochelatin to form a complex. [GOC:tb]


thiamine pyrophosphate transporter activity

thiamine diphosphate transporter activity

thiamine pyrophosphate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of thiamine pyrophosphate a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:tb]


Initiation of a region of tissue in a plant embryo that is composed of one or more undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis and differentiation. [GOC:tb]


G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

GPCR signaling pathway involved in heart process

G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process

GPCR signaling pathway involved in cardiac process

G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

An G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:17376402]


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

muscarinic receptor signalling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate by inhibition of funny current

G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate via inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity

muscarinic receptor signalling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate by inhibition of If channel

adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway that contributes to a decrease in frequency or rate of heart contraction through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity. Binding of acetylcholine to a G protein-coupled (muscarinic) receptor on the surface of the signal-receiving cell results in the activation of an intracellular Gi/o protein. Gi/o inhibits adenylate cyclase to decrease cyclic-AMP (cAMP) levels. Since cAMP binds directly to F-channels to allow an inward flow of sodium (funny current, If current), a reduction in cAMP reduces the funny current to bring about membrane hyperpolarization and a decrease in heart rate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


endothelin receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process

endothelin receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

An endothelin receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:17376402]


A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by endothelin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:10977869]


cardiac angiotensin receptor signaling pathway via activation of PLC

phospholipase C-activating angiotensin-mediated signaling pathway involved in heart process

angiotensin receptor signaling pathway via activation of phospholipase C involved in heart process

Gq-coupled angiotensin receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

PLC-activating angiotensin receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

phospholipase C-activating angiotensin-activated signaling pathway involved in heart process

An angiotensin-mediated signaling pathway that contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart, where the activated receptor transmits the signal via Gq-mediated activation of phospholipase C (PLC). PLC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into the second messengers inositol-1,4,5,-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC), whilst IP3 binds intracellular receptors to induce the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:17376402]


angiotensin receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

angiotensin-mediated signaling pathway involved in heart process

angiotensin receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process

angiotensin-activated signaling pathway involved in heart process

An angiotensin receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:17376402]


phospholipase C-activating angiotensin-mediated signaling pathway

phospholipase C-activating angiotensin receptor signaling pathway

Gq-coupled angiotensin receptor signaling pathway

angiotensin-mediated signaling pathway via activation of phospholipase C

PLC-activating angiotensin receptor signaling pathway

phospholipase C-activating angiotensin-activated signaling pathway

A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by angiotensin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


G-inhibitory-coupled Beta2AR signaling pathway involved in heart process

Gi-coupled Beta2-AR signaling pathway involved in heart process

Gi-coupled adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

cardiac adrenergic receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity

adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:10571541]


muscarinic receptor signaling pathway involved in activation of IKACH

positive regulation of IKACh channel activity by G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling

positive regulation of IKACh channel activity by G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

A G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway that contributes to a decrease in frequency or rate of heart contraction through activation of the IKACh potassium channel. Binding of acetylcholine to a G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor (muscarinic receptor) on the surface of the signal-receiving cell results in liberation of the G-beta/gamma complex from the alpha subunit. The G-beta/gamma complex binds directly to the inward-rectifying potassium channel IKACh. Once the ion channel is activated, potassium ions (K+) flow out of the cell and cause it to hyperpolarize. In its hyperpolarized state, action potentials cannot be fired as quickly as possible, which slows the heart rate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, Wikipedia:G_protein-gated_ion_channel]


positive regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity by adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction

An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway that contributes to an increase in frequency or rate of cardiac muscle contraction through phosphorylation and enhancement of the ryanodine receptor, a calcium-activated calcium-release channel found in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An adrenergic receptor-activated adenylate cyclase generates cAMP. cAMP then activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates the ryanodine receptor (RyR). PKA-phosphorylation of RyR enhances channel activity by sensitizing the channel to cytosolic calcium. Cytosolic calcium stimulates contractile proteins to promote muscle contraction. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:21099118]


gap junction channel activity involved in atrial cardiomyocyte-atrioventricular node cell electrical coupling

gap junction channel activity involved in atrial cardiac muscle cell-AV node cell electrical coupling

A wide pore channel activity that enables a direct cytoplasmic connection from an atrial cardiomyocyte to an AV node cell. The gap junction passes electrical signals between the cells contributing to cardiac conduction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


muscarinic receptor signalling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

M2 receptor signalling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of heart rate

A G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway that contributes to a decrease in frequency or rate of heart contraction. Binding of acetylcholine to a G protein-coupled (muscarinic) receptor on the surface of the signal-receiving cell results in the alpha subunit of a coupled G-protein binding to GTP. This results in the separation of the beta-gamma complex from the alpha subunit. Both the alpha subunit, and the beta-gamma complex can continue to signal to bring about membrane hyperpolarization and a reduction in heart rate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, Wikipedia:G_protein-gated_ion_channel]


Gs-coupled adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle relaxation

adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle relaxation

An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway that contributes to a reduction in cardiac muscle contraction. Beta-adrenergic receptor-induced cardiac relaxation is achieved by a GPCR-activated adenylate cyclase generating cAMP; cAMP then activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane protein PLB. In its non-phosphorylated state, PLB acts as an inhibitor of the ATPase Ca(2+) pump of the cardiac SR (SERCA2a); inhibition of the pump is relieved upon phosphorylation. The pump removes Ca(2+) from the cytoplasm, thereby preventing cytosolic Ca(2+)-dependent activation of contractile proteins, leading to enhanced muscle relaxation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:10571541]


atrioventricular node to bundle of His cell signaling

AV node cell to bundle of His cell signalling

AV node cell to bundle of His cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


Gs-coupled adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of heart rate

adrenergic receptor signalling pathway involved in positive regulation of heart rate

adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of heart rate

An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway that contributes to an increase in frequency or rate of heart contraction. Binding of adrenalin or noradrenalin to a beta-adrenergic receptor on the surface of the signal-receiving cell results in the activation of an intracellular Gs protein. Gs activates adenylate cyclase to increase intracellular cyclic-AMP (cAMP) levels. cAMP binds directly to F-channels to allow an inward flow of sodium (known as funny current, or If current). The funny current is responsible for membrane depolarization and an increase in heart rate. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, PMID:21099118]


adrenergic receptor signalling pathway involved in heart process

adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

The series of molecular signals beginning with a G protein-coupled adrenergic cell surface receptor combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine, to activate adenylate cyclase, which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]


Lateral growth of the older parts of a stem that occurs when the central parenchyma cells and the not yet fully differentiated fiber cells of the bundle sheaths continue to undergo cell division and expansion for a long period of time, leading to an increase in girth of the stem. [GOC:dhl]


Lateral growth of a plant axis (shoot axis or root) that is an increase in thickness resulting from the activity of a primary thickening meristem. [ISBN:0471245208, JSTOR:4354165, PO:0005039, PO:0025004]


Lateral growth of a plant axis (shoot axis or root) that is an increase in thickness resulting from formation of tissue from a secondary thickening meristem. [JSTOR:4354165, PO:0025004, PO:0025414]


Growth of a plant axis (shoot axis or root) that originates from a lateral meristem. [PO:0020145]


Growth of a plant structure from the time of its initiation by an apical meristem until its expansion is completed. [ISBN:0471245208]


gene silencing by RNA-directed DNA methylation

A small RNA-based epigenetic gene silencing process in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) guide DNA methylation to the siRNA-generating genomic loci and other loci that are homologous to the siRNAs for de novo DNA methylation. This results in a heterochromatin assembly, a chromatin conformation that is refractory to transcription. In general this process consists of three phases: biogenesis of siRNAs, scaffold RNA production, and the formation of the guiding complex that recruits de novo DNA methyltransferases to the target loci. Transposable elements are silenced by this mechanism. [PMID:21420348]


viral entry into host nucleus
viral import into host nucleus

The crossing by the virus of the host nuclear membrane, either as naked viral genome or for small viruses as an intact capsid. [PMID:22929056, VZ:989]


A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as a distinct genetic entity. [GOC:jl]


viral genome transport to host cell nucleus

transport of viral material towards nucleus

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus. The process begins after viral entry, and ends when the viral material is at the nuclear membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:990]


establishment of latency as a linear plasmid

establishment of latency as a linear episome

A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as linear structure. [GOC:jl]


establishment of circular plasmid latency

establishment of latency as a circular plasmid

establishment of latency as a circular episome

A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as a circular structure. [GOC:jl]


microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material to nucleus

microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material towards nucleus

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus using host microtubules. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-1177, VZ:983]


actin-dependent intracellular transport of viral material

actin-dependent intracellular transport of virus

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell cytoplasm via the host's actin filaments. Actin-dependent transport is induced by viral proteins that interact with actin and/or host cell motor proteins like myosins or that promotes actin polymerization/depolymerization reactions. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-1178, VZ:991]


microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material

The directed movement of the viral genome or viral particle within the host cell cytoplasm along host microtubules. Microtubule-dependent transport involves motor proteins like dynein and kinesin and is mostly used by viruses that target their genomes to the nucleus. [VZ:983]


entry of viral genome into host nucleus via attachment of capsid to nuclear pore complex and release of genome into nucleoplasm

entry of viral genome into host nucleus via retainment of capsid in nuclear pore complex and release of genome into nucleoplasm

Viral penetration into the host nucleus where a viral capsid enters the host nuclear pore complex (NPC) but remains attached to the pore on the nuclear side. The capsid then disassembles, releasing the viral genome into the nucleoplasm. [PMID:22929056, VZ:989]


entry of viral genome into host nucleus via docking of viral capsid to the nuclear pore complex and injection of viral genome

Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the where a viral capsid docks on the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and ejects the viral genome through the pore into the nucleoplasm. [PMID:22929056, VZ:989]


entry of viral genome into host nucleus via cellular importin transport through the nuclear pore complex

entry of viral genome into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex via importin

Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the viral genome passes through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) using the cellular importin transport machinery. [PMID:22929056, VZ:989]


entry of intact viral capsid into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex

Viral penetration into the host nucleus where a viral capsid passes intact through the host nuclear pore complex (NPC). [PMID:22929056, VZ:989]


viral entry into host cell via macropinocytosis followed by macropinosomal membrane permeabilization

macropinosomal membrane permeabilization involved in viral entry into host cell

Induction of macropinosome membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with the capsid. Occurs after internalization of the virus in a macropinosome, and results in release of the viral contents from the macropinosome into the host cell cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


viral entry into host cell via macropinocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the host macropinosome membrane

viral entry into host cell via macropinocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane

fusion of virus membrane with host macropinosome membrane

Fusion of a viral membrane with a host macropinosome membrane, that occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the viral contents into the host cell cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


endosome membrane permeabilization involved in viral entry into host cell

Induction of endosome membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with the capsid. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in delivery of the virus contents into the host cell cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


viral entry into host cell via caveolae-mediated endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane

viral penetration via endocytosis followed by caveolae-mediated membrane fusion with the endosome membrane


centromere clustering at the nuclear periphery

centromere clustering at the mitotic nuclear envelope


establishment and maintenance of kinetochore localization

A cellular localization process in which a centromere/kinetochore is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reversine stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hesperadin stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbendazim stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a capsazepine stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a GW 7647 stimulus. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to topoisomerase inhibitor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a topoisomerase inhibitor stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a topoisomerase inhibitor stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a paraquat stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a benomyl stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purvalanol A stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glutathione stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rapamycin stimulus. [GOC:TermGenie]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-thialysine stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptomycin B stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytochalasin B stimulus. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to FK506
cellular response to tacrolimus hydrate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tacrolimus (FK506) stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chloramphenicol stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetracycline stimulus. [GOC:mah]