D-alanyl lipoteichoic acid formation
D-alanyl LTA formation
LTA D-alanylation

The formation of a D-alanyl ester of lipoteichoic acid by transfer of D-Ala onto a membrane-associated lipoteichoic acid (LTA). [GOC:crds, PMID:22750871, PMID:8682792]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycerate + ATP = 2,3-diphosphoglycerate + ADP. [GOC:bf, InterPro:IPR020872, PMID:2226838, PMID:8159166]


cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) + ATP = cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (cDPG) + ADP + phosphate. [GOC:crds, PMID:2226838, PMID:8320225, PMID:9811660]


Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine + reduced acceptor = 2-iminoacetate + 4-methylphenol + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + acceptor + 2 H+. [EC:4.1.99.19, GOC:crds, MetaCyc:RXN-11319, PMID:17403671]


2-desacetyl-2-hydroxyethyl bacteriochlorophyllide a dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-desacetyl-2-hydroxyethyl bacteriochlorophyllide a = bacteriochlorophyllide a + 2 H+. [GOC:crds, InterPro:IPR005903, MetaCyc:RXN-8787, PMID:8437569]


The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 15 (H2A-K15) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K15 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin. [GOC:sp, PMID:22713238, PMID:22980979]


The modification of histone H2A by addition of ubiquitin group at lysine 13 (H2A-K13) in metazoans, and at the equivalent residue in other organisms. Monoubiquitin is first attached to H2A-K13 and K63-linked ubiquitin chains are then extended from this monoubiquitin. [GOC:sp, PMID:22713238, PMID:22980979]


cell-cell adhesion involved in mannose-specific flocculation

The non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms mediated by the binding of cell wall proteins on one cell to mannose residues on the other. [GOC:vw, PMID:9851992]


cell-cell adhesion involved in galactose-specific flocculation

The non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms mediated by the binding of cell wall proteins on one cell to galactose residues on the other. [GOC:vw, PMID:22098069]


Catalysis of the reaction: D-5-monosubstituted hydantoin = L-5-monosubstituted hydantoin. [EC:5.1.99.5, InterPro:IPR015942]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-cysteine stimulus. L-cysteine is an optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration. [GOC:al]


A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a platelet to attain its fully functional state. A platelet is a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation. [CL:0000233, GOC:BHF, GOC:vk]


Generation and organization of a platelet, a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation. [CL:0000233, GOC:BHF, GOC:vk]


The specific behavior of an organism that combines cognitive functions and physical movement. For example, driving a car, throwing a ball, or playing a musical instrument. [GOC:nhn, GOC:pr, PMID:17159989, Wikipedia:Psychomotor_learning]


The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance. [GOC:bf, GOC:kmv, Wikipedia:Chordate]


chitin-based cuticle sclerotization by protein cross-linking

The process of hardening of a chitin-based cuticle by protein cross-linking, and the incorporation of phenolic precursors. This mechanism of cuticle hardening occurs in insects and is usually accompanied by darkening of the cuticle. [GOC:bf, GOC:sart]


chitin-based cuticle hardening by biomineralisation

chitin-based cuticle sclerotization by biomineralization

The process of hardening a chitin-based cuticle by mineral incorporation. For example, the cuticle of crustaceans is hardened by the incorporation of calcium carbonate. [GOC:sart]


lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial venule

lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cell of high endothelial venule

The attachment of a lymphocyte to an endothelial cell of a high endothelial venule (HEV) via adhesion molecules. A HEV cell is an endothelial cell that is cuboidal, expresses leukocyte-specific receptors, and allows for passage of lymphocytes into bloodstream. [CL:0000542, CL:0002652, GOC:nhn, PMID:19339990, PMID:7679710, Wikipedia:High_endothelial_venules]


The lipid bilayer of a virion, a complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle. [GOC:bm]


CD95 signaling pathway
Apo-1 signaling pathway
FasR signaling pathway
Fas receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a Fas receptor on the surface of the cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Fas is a death domain-containing member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. [GOC:nhn, PMID:12040174, Wikipedia:Fas_receptor]


The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. [CL:0000451, GOC:nhn, PMID:19339990]


Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of intestinal stem cells within a population of cells. [GOC:nhn, PMID:22042863]


Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells. [CL:1000428, GOC:nhn, PMID:17666529]


Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [CL:0000182, GOC:nhn, PMID:19878874]


FLK-1 signaling pathway
VEGFR-2 signaling pathway
VEGFR2 signaling pathway
KDR signaling pathway

vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:uh, PMID:12967471, Wikipedia:Kinase_insert_domain_receptor, Wikipedia:VEGF_receptors]


The regulated release of ghrelin from a cell. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid hunger-stimulating peptide hormone. [GOC:cjm, PMID:14610293, Wikipedia:Ghrelin]


P-factor mating pheromone receptor activity

mating-type P-factor pheromone receptor activity

Combining with the mating-type peptide pheromone P-factor and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. P-factor is a polypeptide of 23 residues, with the sequence Thr-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Ala-Tyr-Gln-Ser-Trp-Asn-Thr-Phe-Val-Asn-Pro-Asp-Arg-Pro-Asn-Leu, and is a peptide pheromone released by Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells of the cellular mating type Plus. [GOC:al, PMID:8314086]


M-factor mating pheromone receptor activity

mating-type M-factor pheromone receptor activity

Combining with the mating-type peptide pheromone M-factor and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. M-factor is a nine-membered oligopeptide that consists of tyrosyl, threonyl, prolyl, lysyl, valyl, prolyl, tyrosyl, methionyl and methyl S-farnesylcysteinate residues joined in sequence, and is a peptide pheromone released by Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells of the cellular mating type Minus. [GOC:al, PMID:7941744]


Combining with a peptide pheromone, and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:al]


uridylylpolynucleotide-(5' P->O)- tyrosine phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a 5' tyrosyl-RNA phosphodiester bond between a protein and RNA. In picornaviruses, this covalent bond connects VPg, a viral-encoded protein essential for RNA replication, to the 5' end of all nascent picornavirus genomes; it is cleaved from viral RNA prior to its engaging in protein synthesis. [GOC:bf, GOC:sp, PMID:21408223, PMID:22908287]


SREBP-SCAP complex retention in endoplasmic reticulum

Any process in which the SREBP-SCAP complex is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. The SREBP-SCAP complex is formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). In the absence of sterols, the SREBP-SCAP complex is packaged into COPII vesicles and travels to the Golgi apparatus to be processed. In the presence of sterols, the complex binds ER-resident proteins such as INSIG, which retain the complex in the ER. [GOC:bf, PMID:16525117]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus. [GOC:bf]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus. [GOC:bf]


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit binding

Binding to the catalytic subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The catalytic subunit catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring. [GOC:bf, PMID:17475214]


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit binding

Binding to a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The regulatory subunit associates with the catalytic subunit to regulate both its activity and subcellular location. [GOC:bf, PMID:20505341]


chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase activity

chitin oligosaccharide amidohydrolase activity

chitin disaccharide deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose + H2O = 2-(acetylamino)-4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose + acetate. [EC:3.5.1.105, GOC:imk]


nucleoside-triphosphatase activity involved in DNA annealing

ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity

An ATP-dependent activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule. [PMID:21078962, PMID:22704558, PMID:22705370, PMID:22759634, PMID:22888405]


cellular protein localization to M-band
protein localization to M disc
protein localization to mesophragma

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, the M band. The M band is the midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:18782775]


16S rRNA (guanine(1516)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1516) in 16S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1516) in 16S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. [GOC:imk, PMID:22079366]


23S rRNA (adenine(2030)-N(6))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(2030) in 23S rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N(6)-methyladenine(2030) in 23S rRNA. [GOC:imk, PMID:22847818]


The developmental growth that results in the increase in length of the embryonic heart tube. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. [GOC:BHF, GOC:gr, PMID:15901664]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an ameloblast, a cylindrical epithelial cell in the innermost layer of the enamel organ. [CL:0000059]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the umbilical cord are generated and organized. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta. [GOC:BHF, GOC:gr, PMID:15107403]


The process in which the anatomical structures of lymph vessels are generated and organized. The lymph vessel is the vasculature carrying lymph. [GOC:BHF, GOC:gr, PMID:18093989]


The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:gr, PMID:14701881, UBERON:0002087, ZFA:0001315]


macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

The appearance of macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk]


BCR endocytosis
BCR receptor internalization

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of a B cell receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. [GOC:add, GOC:amm]


recombination-independent interstrand cross-link repair

non-recombinational interstrand cross-link repair

Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA by a mechanism that does not involve homologous DNA recombination. [GOC:vw, PMID:11154259, PMID:22064477]


recombination-dependent interstrand cross-link repair

recombinational interstrand cross-link repair

Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA by a mechanism that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region. [GOC:vw, PMID:20658649]


Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA. DNA interstrand crosslinks occur when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together (e.g. by an exogenous or endogenous agent), thus preventing the strand unwinding necessary for essential DNA functions such as transcription and replication. [GOC:vw, PMID:16464006, PMID:22064477]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen. [GOC:al]


cellular response to raised oxygen levels

cellular response to increased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen. [GOC:al]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen. [GOC:al]


The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are reformed to regenerate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ssDNA is often bound and stabilized by proteins such as replication protein A (RPA) to form ssDNA bubbles. The bubbles can be rewound by ATP-dependent motors to reform base pairs between strands and thus dsDNA. [PMID:21078962, PMID:22704558, PMID:22705370, PMID:22759634]


The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues. [GOC:jsg, PMID:9201908]


The phosphorylation by a protein of a residue on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer. [GOC:jsg, PMID:20516151]


The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own serine amino acid residues, or a serine residue on an identical protein. [GOC:pm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ximelagatran stimulus. [GOC:hp]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iloperidone stimulus. [GOC:hp]


A filamentous cortical structure formed, in S. pombe, by the eisosome component Pil1. [GOC:vw, PMID:21900489, PMID:23722945]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SAGA complex, a SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that contains Spt8 (in budding yeast) or a homolog thereof. [GOC:mah, PMID:10637607, PMID:22456315]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-canavanine stimulus. L-canavanine is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. [GOC:al]


positive regulation of protein export from nucleus in response to glucose starvation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm in response to deprivation of glucose. [GOC:al, PMID:3541942]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to nitrogen starvation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a deprivation of nitrogen. [GOC:al, PMID:21118960]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anticonvulsant stimulus, a drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [GOC:hp]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antidepressant stimulus, a mood-stimulating drug. [GOC:hp]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 5-fluorouracil stimulus. [GOC:hp]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lapatinib stimulus. [GOC:hp]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a statin stimulus. Statins are organooxygen compounds whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC:1.1.1.34/EC:1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties. [GOC:hp]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gemcitabine stimulus. Gemcitabine is a 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position, and is used as a drug in the treatment of various carcinomas. [GOC:hp, Wikipedia:Gemcitabine]


response to ritalin
response to MPD
response to MPH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylphenidate stimulus. [GOC:hp, Wikipedia:Methylphenidate]


The response to external or internal stimuli that results in the locomotory process of swimming. Swimming is the self-propelled movement of an organism through the water. [GOC:cvs, PMID:16764679]


The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an RNA molecule. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


The appearance of granulysin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv]


TMG cap formation
2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap formation
m(7)G cap hypermethylation
conversion of m(7)G to m(3)G

Hypermethylation of the 7-(mono)methylguanosine (m(7)G) cap structure at the 2' position of the guanosine residue to convert a mono-methylated cap to a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure. This type of cap modification occurs on small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is dependent on prior guanine-N7 methylation. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, GOC:rl, PMID:11983179, PMID:18775984]


aerobic raffinose breakdown
aerobic raffinose catabolism
aerobic raffinose degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of raffinose that occur in the presence of oxygen. [GOC:al, PMID:10082789]


MVB formation
MVB biogenesis
multivesicular body biogenesis

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm. [GOC:sart, PMID:11566881, PMID:19571114]


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a multivesicular body. A multivesicular body is a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm. [GOC:sart, PMID:11566881]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylamine stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylamine stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amiloride stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amiloride stimulus. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to menadione

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a menadione stimulus. Menadione (also called vitamin K3) is a naphthoquinone having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. [GOC:al]


The directed movement of a peroxisome along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:pm, PMID:21525035]


The directed movement of cadmium ions into the vacuole. [GOC:al]


The directed movement of phytochelatin 4 (PC4) into the vacuole. Phytochelatin 4 is a glutathione-related peptide composed of (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly where n=4, and where the Glu and Cys residues are linked through a gamma-carboxylamide bond. [GOC:al, PMID:19001374]


The directed movement of phytochelatin 3 (PC3) into the vacuole. Phytochelatin 3 is a glutathione-related peptide composed of (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly where n=3, and where the Glu and Cys residues are linked through a gamma-carboxylamide bond. [GOC:al, PMID:19001374]


The directed movement of phytochelatin 2 (PC2) into the vacuole. Phytochelatin 2 is a glutathione-related peptide composed of (gamma-Glu-Cys)n-Gly where n=2, and where the Glu and Cys residues are linked through a gamma-carboxylamide bond. [GOC:al, PMID:19001374]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a menadione stimulus. Menadione (also called vitamin K3) is a naphthoquinone having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. [GOC:al, Wikipedia:Menadione]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a neutral pH (pH close to 7) stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:di, Wikipedia:PH]


succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

succinate semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity

succinyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

NADP-dependent succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity

succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NADP+ + H2O = succinate + NADPH + 2 H+. [GOC:bf, RHEA:13213]


glutamate degradation via gamma aminobutyrate transaminase activity

glutamate catabolic process to succinate via 2-oxoglutarate-dependent GABA-transaminase activity

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into succinate, that includes the conversion of 4-aminobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde by the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent gamma aminobutyrate (GABA) transaminase. [GOC:bf, MetaCyc:PWY-4321]


glutamate degradation to 4-hydroxybutyrate

glutamate catabolic process to 4-hydroxybutyrate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into 4-hydroxybutyrate. [GOC:bf, MetaCyc:PWY-4321]


The region between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, as found in organisms such as filamentous fungi. [GOC:di, PMID:21564341]


Catalysis of the reaction: taxusin + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7beta-hydroxytaxusin + NADP+ + H2O. [EC:1.14.13.147]


Catalysis of the reaction: gallate + O2 = (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate. [EC:1.13.11.57, PMID:16030014]


Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl-glucuronoside + H2O = an alcohol + D-glucuronate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:22294686]


The modification of an substrate by the conjugation of glucuronic acid to form an acyl-glucuronide (also called an acyl-glucuronoside). [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:12485951, PMID:22294686]


The removal of glucuronic acid from an acyl-glucuronide. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:22294686]


The removal of glucuronic acid from a conjugated substrate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:22294686, PMID:8560473]


The change in morphology and behavior of a granulocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [CL:0000094, GOC:nhn]


protein targeting to nuclear inner membrane


mitotic G2 cell cycle arrest in response to glucose starvation

The process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during G2 phase as a result of deprivation of glucose. [GOC:al, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:958201]


cellular response to vitamin B1 deprivation

cellular response to vitamin B1 starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of vitamin B1 (also called thiamin and thiamine). [GOC:al, Wikipedia:Thiamine]


A special chromosome region located towards one end of a chromosome that contains dispersed copies of short, repetitive DNA sequences and functions as a cis-acting element essential for presynaptic homologous chromosome pairing and chromosome-nuclear envelope attachment. [GOC:kmv, PMID:18597662]


cellular response to adenine deprivation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of adenine. [GOC:ai]


XTP pyrophosphohydrolase activity
XTPase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: XTP + H2O <=> H+ + XDP + monophosphate. [GOC:pz, PMID:16216582, PMID:22531138, RHEA:28610]


uridine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + H2O = UMP + diphosphate. [GOC:dgf, PMID:17899088]


Catalysis of the reaction: ITP + H2O = IMP + diphosphate. [GOC:dgf, PMID:17899088, PMID:22531138]


GTP diphosphohydrolase (diphosphate-forming); guanosine 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GMP + diphosphate. [GOC:dgf, PMID:22531138, RHEA:29391]


Catalysis of the reaction: dTTP + H2O = dTMP + diphosphate. [GOC:dgf, PMID:22531138, RHEA:28534]


Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H2O = dGMP + diphosphate. [GOC:dgf, PMID:17090528, PMID:22531138, RHEA:28362]


cellular response to hematopoietic growth factor KL

cellular response to stem cell factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stem cell factor (SCF) stimulus. [GOC:uh, PMID:18787413, PMID:7520444]


response to hematopoietic growth factor KL

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stem cell factor (SCF) stimulus. [GOC:uh]


The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


The process in which the contractile ring is maintained, typically in response to an internal or external cue. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


protein modification process in other organism

protein modification process in another organism

The covalent alteration performed by one organism of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) in another organism. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


Catalysis of the reaction: 9beta-pimara-7,15-diene + 3 O2 + 3 reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = 9beta-pimara-7,15-dien-19-oate + 4 H+ + 4 H2O + 3 oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase]. [RHEA:31951]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a histone protein by individual cells. [GOC:krc]


Catalysis of the reaction: abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = abieta-7,13-dien-18-al + NADP+ + 2 H2O. This is a two step reaction. The first step is: abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = abieta-7,13-dien-18,18-diol + + NADP+ + H2O. The second step is a spontaneous reaction: abieta-7,13-dien-18,18-diol = abieta-7,13-dien-18-al + H2O. [EC:1.14.14.145]


Catalysis of the reaction: 10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 10beta,14beta-dihydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + NADP+ + H2O. [EC:1.14.13.146]


Catalysis of the reaction: ent-cassa-12,15-diene + O2 + NADPH + H+ = ent-11beta-hydroxycassa-12,15-diene + NADP+ + H2O. [EC:1.14.14.112]


Catalysis of the reaction: ent-isokaurene + O2 + NADPH + H+ = ent-2alpha-hydroxyisokaurene + H2O + NADP+. [EC:1.14.14.76]


Catalysis of the reaction: androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione + NADH + H+ + O2 = 9alpha-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione + NAD+ + H2O. [EC:1.14.15.30]


Catalysis of the reaction: cholest-4-en-3-one + NADH + H+ + O2 = 26-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + NAD+ + H2O. This reaction involves the hydroxylation of the C26 carbon, followed by oxidation of the alcohol to the carboxylic acid via the aldehyde intermediate. [EC:1.14.15.29]


zymosterol anabolism
zymosterol formation
zymosterol biosynthesis
zymosterol synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of zymosterol, (5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol). [GOC:yaf, MetaCyc:PWY-6074]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving zymosterol, (5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol). [GOC:yaf]


The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle cell projection. [CL:0000187, GOC:kmv, PMID:15930100, PMID:22464329]


A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. [CL:0000187, GOC:kmv, PMID:15930100, PMID:22464329]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O. [EC:1.14.13.140]


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O. [EC:1.14.13.139, RHEA:31927]


Catalysis of the reaction: indolin-2-one + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O. [EC:1.14.14.157, RHEA:31919]


Catalysis of the reaction: indole + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = indolin-2-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O. [EC:1.14.13.137, RHEA:31899]


Catalysis of the reaction: abieta-7,13-diene + NADPH + H+ + O2 = abieta-7,13-dien-18-ol + NADP+ + H2O. [EC:1.14.14.144]


Catalysis of the reaction: abieta-7,13-diene-18-al + H2O + NAD+ = abieta-7,13-diene-18-oate + NADH + H+. [EC:1.2.1.74]


cell growth mode switching, budding to filamentous

The process in which a cell switches from growing as a round budding cell to growing as a filament (elongated cells attached end-to-end). An example of this is the yeast-hyphal transition of Candida albicans. [GOC:di]


The lipid bilayer surrounding an early phagosome. [GOC:phg]


Definition: Catalysis of the reaction: 15-oxolipoxin A4 + NAD(P)H + H+ = 13,14-dihydro-15-oxolipoxin A4 + NAD(P)+. [GOC:mw, PMID:10837478]


asperthecin formation
asperthecin synthesis
asperthecin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asperthecin, an anthraquinone pigment obtained from the mould Aspergillus nidulans. [GOC:di]


asperthecin breakdown
asperthecin degradation
asperthecin catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asperthecin, an anthraquinone pigment obtained from the mould Aspergillus nidulans. [GOC:di]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving asperthecin, an anthraquinone pigment obtained from the mould Aspergillus nidulans. [GOC:di]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an ovary that produces an ovule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ovary is the enlarged basal portion of a carpel and matures into a fruit. An ovule is the multicellular structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells, and develops into a seed. [GOC:bf, GOC:tb, ISBN:0879015322]


The development of the portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


metanephric part of ureteric bud development

The development of the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


neutral amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of neutral amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:mah]


neutral amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of neutral amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:mah]


basic amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of basic amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:mah]


nicotinamide riboside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nicotinamide riboside, which is a pyridine-3-carboxamide covalently bonded to a ribose sugar, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:se]


GPCR signaling pathway via inhibition of PLC

G-protein-coupled inhibitory pathway of phospholipase C

phospholipase C-inhibiting G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

GPCR signaling pathway coupled to inhibition of phospholipase C activity

phospholipase C-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway which proceeds with inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) activity and a subsequent decrease in the levels of cellular inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb, PMID:8280098]


positive chemotaxis involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration

chemoattraction involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration

The creation and reception of signals that result in the migration of interneuron precursors up a concentration gradient towards the olfactory bulb. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, PMID:12626695]


negative chemotaxis involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration

chemorepulsion involved in embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration

The creation and reception of signals that guide olfactory bulb interneuron precursors down concentration gradients towards the olfactory bulb. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, PMID:12626695]


medullary reticular formation development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medullary reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medullary reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cjm, GOC:cls, GOC:curators, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, http://www.brainspan.org, Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon]


glutamate catabolic process to succinate via pyruvate-dependent GABA-transaminase activity

glutamate catabolic process to succinate via succinate semialdehyde

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into succinate, that includes the conversion of 4-aminobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde by the pyruvate-dependent gamma aminobutyrate (GABA) transaminase. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, MetaCyc:PWY-4321]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose. [ISBN:0198506732]


keto-D-gluconate breakdown
keto-D-gluconate catabolism
keto-D-gluconate degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose. [ISBN:0198506732]


glutamine degradation to fumarate, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)

glutamine breakdown to fumarate, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)

glutamine catabolic process to fumarate, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into fumarate, beginning with the conversion of glutamine to glutamate catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate synthase (NADPH) (EC:1.4.1.13). [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


glutamine degradation to fumarate
glutamine breakdown to fumarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into other compounds, including fumarate. [GOC:go_curators]


viral DNA cleavage involved in viral genome maturation

The cleavage of viral DNA into singular functional units. [ISBN:0121585336]


evasion or tolerance of host defenses by virus


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor. [GOC:mah]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and two atoms of oxygen are incorporated into one donor. [GOC:mah]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, nitrogenous group as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a nitrogenous group. [GOC:ai]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule. [GOC:ai]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, NAD(P) as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP. [GOC:ai]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor. [GOC:ai]


endosome localization
endosome localisation

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]


energy coupled proton transmembrane transport, against electrochemical gradient

The transport of protons across a membrane and against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from a source such as ATP hydrolysis, light, or electron transport. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a toxic substance, a poisonous substance that causes damage to biological systems. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:jl, GOC:pr]


regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of action potential

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of blood pressure by chemoreceptor signalling pathway

regulation of blood pressure by chemoreceptor signaling pathway

A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound interacting with a chemoreceptor resulting in a modulation of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


globoside biosynthesis via lactosylceramide biosynthesis

globoside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of globosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


ganglioside biosynthesis via lactosylceramide biosynthesis

ganglioside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gangliosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


activation of adenylate cyclase activity by glucose involved in G-protein signaling

activation of adenylate cyclase activity by glucose-triggered G-protein signalling pathway

activation of adenylate cyclase activity by glucose-triggered G-protein signaling pathway

adenylate cyclase-activating glucose-activated G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glucose binding to its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. [GOC:dph, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


The process that gives rise to a shoot axis. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:tb]


A fruit ripening process that does not involve a respiratory burst. [GOC:lr, ISBN:0521587840]


A fruit ripening process that involves a burst of respiration and ethylene (ethene) evolution at the onset. [GOC:lr, ISBN:0521587840]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. [GOC:lr]


The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript. [GOC:vw, PMID:9266685]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water. [GOC:jl]


oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


hormone-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone, and which triggers the apoptotic signaling pathway in a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a hormone signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to changes in intracellular ion homeostasis, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:11454444, PMID:16483738]


granzyme-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce apoptosis in target cells. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:17158907]


The process of hardening of a chitin-based cuticle. [GOC:dos, GOC:mtg_sensu]


phospholipase C-activating tachykinin receptor signaling pathway

A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway

A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


protein kinase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG). [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]


cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis

The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb]


creatine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of creatine from one side of a membrane to the other. Creatine is a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle. [GOC:ai]


The process whereby a cytosine in a tRNA is methylated at position 5 of the cytosine. [ISBN:155581073X]


The process whereby a uridine in a transfer RNA is converted to dihydrouridine. [GOC:hjd, ISBN:155581073X]


The process whereby a guanine residue in a transfer RNA is methylated twice at the N2 position. [GOC:hjd, ISBN:155581073X]


The multiplication or reproduction of type B synoviocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A type B synoviocyte is a fibroblast-like cell found in synovial tissues. [PMID:10770586, PMID:9546370]


The process whereby a guanine in a tRNA is methylated at the N2 position of guanine. [ISBN:155581073X, ISBN:1555811337]


The process whereby a guanine in tRNA is methylated at position N1 of the guanine. [ISBN:155581073X, ISBN:1555811337]


The process whereby a guanosine residue in a tRNA is methylated on the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose moiety. [ISBN:1555811337]


The processes whereby a uridine residue in a tRNA is converted to 4-thiouridine. Typically 4-thiouridine is found at position 8, in many transfer RNAs. [ISBN:155581073X]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptide hormone bradykinin. [PMID:11226291]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(37) in tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + C2-methyladenine(37) in a tRNA. [PMID:22891362]


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm. [GOC:hjd]


The covalent attachment of a hydroxyl group to one or more fatty acids in a lipid. [GOC:hjd, PMID:15658937]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move. [PMID:20696843]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply. [GOC:hjd]


The progression of the trabecular meshwork over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trabecular meshwork is a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris. The trabecular meshwork provides drainage for the aqueous humor. [PMID:20568247]


protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:12952892]


RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription

transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:aruk, GOC:txnOH-2018, PMID:20737563, PMID:27145859]


RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription

transcriptional repressor activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH-2018]


Binding to a transcription coactivator, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:krc]


Binding to a transcription corepressor, a protein involved in negative regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that negatively regulate transcription. Transcription corepressors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressing transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:krc]


bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcriptional repressor activity, cadmium ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding


bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcriptional repressor activity, copper ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding


bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcriptional repressor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding


sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription

bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcriptional repressor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding


sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription

bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcriptional activator activity, sequence-specific DNA binding


bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcriptional activator activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding

metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription


RNA polymerase II transcriptional repressor activity, metal ion regulated proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase II transcriptional repressor activity, metal ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding


RNA polymerase II transcriptional activator activity, metal ion regulated proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase II transcriptional activator activity, metal ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding


RNA polymerase II transcriptional activator activity, zinc ion regulated proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase II transcriptional activator activity, zinc ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding

zinc ion regulated core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription


RNA polymerase II transcriptional activator activity, copper ion regulated proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding


transcriptional repressor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding


transcriptional activator activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding


bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding

metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity


transcription factor activity, metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding

metal ion regulated sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity


phosphorelay response regulator activity

Responds to a phosphorelay sensor to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The activity of the response regulator is regulated by transfer of a phosphate from a histidine residue in the sensor, to an aspartate residue in the response regulator. Many but not all response regulators act as transcriptional regulators to elicit a response. [GOC:bf, PMID:10966457, PMID:11842140]


Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a histidine residue in response to detection of an extracellular signal such as a chemical ligand or change in environment, to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The two-component sensor is a histidine kinase that autophosphorylates a histidine residue in its active site. The phosphate is then transferred to an aspartate residue in a downstream response regulator, to trigger a response. [GOC:bf, GOC:mcc, PMID:10966457, PMID:20223701, PMID:9191038]


A neuroinflammatory response, occurring over several days, during which glial cells undergo nonspecific reactive changes in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS); typically involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of different types of glial cells. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, PMID:24462092]


development of a plant organ
plant organ development

Transformative processes which occur in cells and tissues to produce differentiated plant organs.


Adaptive antiviral defense mechanisms, in archaea and bacteria, based on DNA repeat arrays called CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPR elements) that function in conjunction with CRISPR-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS (Cas proteins). Several types have been distinguished, including Type I, Type II, and Type III, based on signature motifs of CRISPR-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.


immunoglobulin complex location, circulating

An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


A pre-organized unit composed either of adhesion molecules (mainly integrins and members of the Ig superfamily), signaling receptors and/or enzyme-enriched plasma membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains might be specially suited for the regulation of avidity of adhesion receptors and the compartmentalization of enzymatic activities. [GOC:ans, PMID:19709882, PMID:21930792]


The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process. [GOC:curators]


A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. [GOC:pdt]


A type of nucleophagy, distinct from piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus (PNM) where the nuclear material is delivered to the vacuole/lysosome for breakdown and recycling later than observed for PNM. [GOC:dgf, GOC:jl, PMID:22768199]


The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from inorganic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released. [GOC:mah]

energy derivation by oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vegetative cell. The vegetative cell is gives rise to the pollen tube. [GOC:isa_complete]


membrane depolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential

The process in which atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:tb]

atrial cardiac muscle cell depolarization


The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11]

membrane depolarization during action potential


A region of heterochromatin that is formed dynamically under specific growth conditions by a process that requires RNAi, and is enriched in histone H3 methylated on lysine 9 (H3K9me). [PMID:23151475, PMID:24210919]


A cytoplasmic dense-core vesicle that transports a range of proteins including piccolo, bassoon, N-cadherin and syntaxin. The transported proteins may be associated with the external side of the vesicle, rather than being contained within the vesicle, therefore forming an aggregate of vesicle and proteins. Piccolo-bassoon transport vesicles (or PTVs) range in size from approximately 80 nm in diameter for dense core vesicles to 130 nm by 220 nm in area for aggregates. They are packaged via the trans-Golgi network before being transported through the axon. [GOC:dr, PMID:21569270]


Catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide + H2O = nucleotide + phosphate. [GOC:dos]

nucleotide phosphatase activity, acting on free nucleotides


IscS
L-cysteine desulfurase complex location
L-cysteine desulfurase complex

A protein complex capable of cysteine desulfurase activity decomposing L-cysteine to L-alanine and sulfur. It belongs to a ubiquitous family of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. In E. coli it consists of a SufS dimer. [GOC:bhm, PMID:11827487]


regulation of retroviral genome replication


transcription preinitiation complex location

DNA-templated transcriptional preinitiation complex location

transcriptional pre-initiation complex location

A protein-DNA complex composed of proteins binding promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription. [GOC:di, PMID:22751016]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the origin of replication during the initial step of DNA replication and allows the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication. [GOC:bf, GOC:bhm, GOC:jh2]


mycomembrane
mycolate outer membrane
MOM

A mycolic acid-rich cell outer membrane containing a lipid bilayer and long-chain mycolic acids (hydroxylated branched-chain fatty acids) that are covalently linked to the cell wall peptidoglycan via an arabinogalactan network. Found in mycobacteria and related genera (e.g. corynebacteria). [GOC:bf, GOC:das, GOC:md, PMID:18316738, PMID:18567661]


ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown

ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation

ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide encoded by an aberrant message and associated with a stalled ribosome. Degradation is initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the ribosome-associated protein. [GOC:dgf, PMID:23358411]

ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism


The process by which a callus is formed at a wound site. A plant callus is a portion of plant tissue that consists of mass of undifferentiated plant cells. It consists primarily of parenchyma cells but possibly contains other cell types as the callus begins to differentiate. [ISBN:0070187517]


CoA-synthesizing protein complex location

A multisubunit complex likely involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). In S. cerevisiae, the complex consists of at least Cab2, Cab3, Cab4 and Cab5 but may also include Sis2 and Vhs3. The latter subunits are shared by the GO:0071513 phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase complex that catalyses the third step of the coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic pathway. [GOC:rb, PMID:23789928]

coenzyme A-synthesizing protein complex location


membrane depolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

The process in which ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11, GOC:tb]


catalytic complex
catalytic complex location
enzyme complex location

A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity. [GOC:bhm, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:8077207]


host cell outer membrane
outer membrane of host cell

A lipid bilayer that forms the outermost layer of the cell envelope, occurring in a host cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:ch]


parasexual reproduction with cellular fusion

parasexual conjugation with cellular fusion

A type of reproduction in which new individuals are produced from two individuals, with the fusion of two somatic cells. [GOC:di, PMID:26210747]


messenger ribonucleoprotein complex location

A ribonucleoprotein complex containing both protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. [GOC:bf, PMID:15574591, PMID:21915786]


A plasma membrane region adjacent to the base of eukaryotic cilia and flagella that is enriched in endocytosis-associated proteins and vesicles and that appears to regulate ciliary membrane homeostasis. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dr, GOC:krc, PMID:22342749]


regulation of sporocarp development involved in sexual reproduction

regulation of perfect stage fruiting body development

regulation of fruiting body formation involved in sexual reproduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporocarp development involved in sexual reproduction. [GOC:di, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23480775]

regulation of fruiting body development involved in sexual reproduction


post-anaphase microtubule array
post-anaphase array

A cytoskeletal part that consists of an array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms at the end of anaphase, and in which microtubules are nucleated from an equatorial microtubule organizing center. [PMID:11792817, PMID:17072892, PMID:9601091]


regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle


Pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cell integrity pathway


ciliary or bacterial-type flagellar motility


canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation


homocysteine transmethylase activity
homocysteine methyltransferase activity


termination of RNA polymerase II transcription, polyadenylation-coupled


extrinsic to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane


intrinsic to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane


extrinsic to external leaflet of plasma membrane, in periplasmic space


extrinsic to internal leaflet of cell outer membrane


cotranscriptional gene silencing by RNA interference machinery


cytoplasmic poly(A)-dependent rRNA catabolic process


The directed movement of an opsin (a G protein-coupled receptor of photoreceptor cells) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:atm, PMID:20238016, PMID:22855808]


fucose 1-epimerase activity
type-2 mutarotase activity
alpha-L-fucose 1-epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-L-fucose = beta-L-fucose. [GOC:crds, PMID:15060078, RHEA:25580]


gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity
glutathionase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + L-glutamate. [EC:3.4.19.13, GOC:imk]


Kbr, Ex and Mer complex
Kbr, Ex and Mer complex location
KEM complex location
KEM complex
Kibra-Ex-Mer complex location

An apical protein complex that contains the proteins Kibra, Expanded and Merlin (Mer), or orthologs thereof. In humans, the complex contains KIBRA, FDM6 and NF2. [PMID:20159598]


sodium ion export across plasma membrane

The directed movement of sodium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region. [GOC:vw, PMID:14674689]


arbuscular mycorrhizas formation
arbuscular mycorrhizae formation

A form of mutualism between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant, where hyphae of the fungus penetrate the plant cell wall and invaginate its cell membrane. Once inside, the fungus forms highly branched structures for nutrient exchange with the plant called arbuscules. Aids in the acquisition by the plant of nutrients such as phosphorus from the soil. [GOC:sk, Wikipedia:Arbuscular_mycorrhiza]


calcitriol biosynthesis from calciol
vitamin D3 activation

calcitriol biosynthetic process from calciol

Conversion of vitamin D3 from its largely inactive form (calciol, also called cholecalciferol) into a hormonally active form (calcitriol). Conversion requires 25-hydroxylation of calciol in the liver to form calcidiol, and subsequent 1,alpha-hydroxylation of calcidiol in the kidney to form calcitriol. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:17426122, PMID:20511049]


UDP-GlcNAc:undecaprenyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase activity

UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase activity

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:undecaprenyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase activity

UDP-GIcNAc:undecaprenyl phosphate N-acetylglucosaminyl 1-P transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine + ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyldiphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol. [EC:2.7.8.33, GOC:rs]


pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing) activity

pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase (glutamine hydrolysing) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + L-glutamine = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + L-glutamate + 3 H2O + phosphate. The reaction occurs in two steps: L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + NH3, and subsequently D-ribose 5-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NH3 = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + 4 H2O + phosphate. [EC:4.3.3.6, GOC:rs]


NADH-dependent flavin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: reduced flavin + NAD+ = flavin + NADH + H+. [EC:1.5.1.36, GOC:rs]


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + FMNH2 + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + FMN + H2O. [EC:1.14.14.12, GOC:rs]


Catalysis of the reaction: CDP + H2O = CMP + phosphate. [GOC:al, RHEA:64880]


A process in which chromosomal DNA and associated proteins organize into a compact, orderly bacterial nucleoid. Often resulting in DNA supercoiling. [GOC:bf, GOC:bhm, PMID:17097674, PMID:17360520]


bacterial pre-replicative complex location

A protein-DNA complex that forms at the bacterial oriC during the initial step of DNA replication and allows the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication. [GOC:bf, GOC:bhm, GOC:jh2, PMID:19833870, PMID:21035377, Wikipedia:Pre-replication_complex]


bacterial pre-replicative complex assembly

pre-replicative complex assembly involved in bacterial-type DNA replication

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the bacterial pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the bacterial oriC during the initial step of DNA replication and allows the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication. [GOC:bf, GOC:bhm, GOC:jh2, PMID:19833870, PMID:21035377, PMID:21895796]


A ring-shaped structure that forms at the medial cortex of a symmetrically dividing cell at the onset of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. [GOC:vw, PMID:16009555]


C-C motif chemokine 20 production
CCL20 production
CCL-20 production

chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:jc]


Catalysis of the reaction: thiocyanate (SCN-) + hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) = hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) + 2 H2O. Catalyzes the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of thiocyanate. [GOC:pm, PMID:12626341]


The controlled release of amylase from a cell. [GOC:jc, PMID:19028687]


The controlled release of amylase from a cell of the pancreas. [GOC:jc, PMID:19028687]


RNA N6-methyladenosine methyltransferase complex location

A RNA methyltransferase complex that catalyzes the post-transcriptional methylation of adenosine to form N6-methyladenosine (m6A). In budding yeast, the MIS complex consists of Mum2p, Ime4p and Slz1p. In vertebrates, the complex consists of METTL3, METTL14 and associated components WTAP, ZC3H13, VIRMA, CBLL1/HAKAI and in some cases of RBM15 (RBM15 or RBM15B). [GOC:dgf, GOC:sp, PMID:22685417, PMID:24316715, PMID:24407421, PMID:29507755, PMID:29535189, PMID:29547716]


formate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: formate + a quinone = CO2 + a quinol. [GOC:bhm, RHEA:48592]


linker for activation of T cells signalosome

A multi-protein complex containing at least the T-cell receptor complex and the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) scaffold protein. Also contains a variety of signaling proteins including co-receptors, kinases, phosphatases and adaptors such as CD8. Connects events on the plasma membrane to distal signaling cascades to ultimately modulate T cell biology. [GOC:krc, PMID:17534068, PMID:20107804, PMID:22426112]


linker for activation of T cells signalosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TCR signalosome. [GOC:krc, PMID:22426112]


Combining with a short neuropeptide F and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. Short neuropeptide F is an arthropod peptide of less than 28 residues (as small as 8-10 residues in some species) with a C-terminal RFamide or LRFamide. [GOC:ha, PMID:16330127, PMID:21440021]


Combining with a pyrokinin and transmitting the signal within the cell to induce a change in cell activity. Pyrokinins are a group of insect neuropeptides that share the common C-terminal pentapeptide sequence Phe-X-Pro-Arg-Leu-NH2 (X = S, T, K, A, or G). They play a central role in diverse physiological processes including stimulation of gut motility, production and release of sex pheromones, diapause, and pupariation. [GOC:ha, PMID:12951076, PMID:19186060]


ATPase involved in positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, which promotes unfolding of protein substrates, and channel opening of the core proteasome. [GOC:rb, PMID:11430818]


Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O(2) = (5Z,8S,9E,11Z,14Z)-8-hydroperoxyicosa-5,9,11,14-tetraenoate. [GOC:lb, PMID:10625675, RHEA:38675]


anchored component of cell outer membrane

The component of the cell outer membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping. [GOC:dos, GOC:md]


anchored to internal side of cell outer membrane

anchored component of periplasmic side of cell outer membrane

The component of the cell outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are tethered to the periplasmic side of membrane by only a covalently attached anchor, embedded in the periplasmic side of the membrane only. [GOC:dos, GOC:md]


anchored to periplasmic side of cell outer membrane


histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K14 specific)

histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K14 specific)

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 14) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 14). [GOC:vw, PMID:21289066]


H3-K14 histone acetyltransferase complex location

histone H3 Lys 14 (H3K14) acetyltransferase complex location

histone H3K14 acetyltransferase complex location

histone acetyltransferase complex (H3-K14 specific)

histone H3-K14 acetyltransferase complex location

histone acetyltransferase complex location (H3-K14 specific)

A protein complex that can catalyze the acetylation of lysine at position 14 in histone H3. [GOC:vw, PMID:21289066]


Mst2 histone acetyltransferase complex location

Mst2 histone H3K14 acetyltransferase complex location

Mst2 H3K14 acetyltransferase complex location

A protein complex that can catalyze the acetylation of lysine at position 14 in histone H3, and contains Mst2 as the catalytic subunit. In fission yeast, contains at least Mst2, Nto1, Ptf2, Ptf1 and Eaf6. [GOC:vw, PMID:21289066]


A trimeric protein complex containing a H-NS homodimer and a Cnu monomer. In bacteria, this complex negatively regulates transcription of a range of genes. [GOC:bhm, PMID:18189420, PMID:22358512]


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + oxalate = acetate + oxalyl-CoA. [GOC:imk, PMID:23935849]


histone-arginine deiminase activity (H3-R26 specific)

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + histone 3 L-arginyl (position 26)= histone 3 L-citrullyl (position 26) + NH4+, resulting in histone H3 citrullination at position 26. [PMID:15339660]


Any process that modulates the propensity of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize tRNAs. [GOC:aa, PMID:21502523, PMID:23572593]


Prevention of degradation of tRNA molecules. [GOC:aa, GOC:bf, PMID:20459084]


Any process that decreases the stability of a tRNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes. [GOC:aa, GOC:bf]


intrinsic to MOM
intrinsic to mycomembrane
intrinsic to mycolate outer membrane

intrinsic component of mycolate outer membrane

The component of the mycolate outer membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:md]


integral to mycomembrane
integral to MOM

integral component of mycolate outer membrane

The component of the mycolate outer membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:md]


extrinsic to mycomembrane
extrinsic to MOM

extrinsic component of mycolate outer membrane

The component of mycolate outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:md]


extrinsic to external side of mycomembrane

extrinsic to external side of mycolate outer membrane

extrinsic component of external side of mycolate outer membrane

The component of mycolate membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its external surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:md]


heptaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase activity

heptaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity

heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 4 isopentenyl diphosphate = 4 diphosphate + all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate. [RHEA:27794]


hexaprenyl-diphosphate synthase ((2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 3 isopentenyl diphosphate = 3 diphosphate + all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate. [EC:2.5.1.83, RHEA:27559]


Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-serine + H2O = L-serine + phosphate, on a free amino acid. [PMID:25037224, PMID:9188776, RHEA:21208]


Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-undecaprenyl phosphate + GDP-alpha-D-mannose = D-mannosyl undecaprenyl phosphate + GDP. [RHEA:28118]


adenosylcobinamide kinase (GTP-specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide + GTP = adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GDP + H+. [RHEA:15765]


adenosylcobinamide kinase (ATP-specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide + ATP = adenosylcobinamide phosphate + ADP + H+. [RHEA:15769]


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol + all-trans-undecaprenyl phosphate + ADP + H+. [RHEA:23752]


di-trans, poly-cis-undecaprenol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans, octa-cis-undecaprenol + ATP = di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate + ADP + H+. [RHEA:28122]


nitronate monooxygenase (FMN-linked) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ethylnitronate + FMNH(2) + O(2) = acetaldehyde + FMN + H(2)O + H(+) + nitrite. [RHEA:26458]


K48-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 in the target protein. [GOC:al, PMID:20739285]


An Isw1 complex that binds DNA and has nucleosome-stimulated ATPase activity. In S. cerevisiae, contains an Isw1p ATPase subunit in complex with Ioc3p. [GOC:jd, PMID:12482963]


An Isw1 complex that binds DNA and has nucleosome-stimulated ATPase activity. In S. cerevisiae, contains an Isw1p ATPase subunit in complex with Ioc2p and Ioc4p. [GOC:jd, PMID:12482963]


preservation of lens transparency
maintenance of ocular lens transparency

A homeostatic process in which the lens is maintained in a highly refractive, transparent state to allow for optimal focusing of light on the retina. [GOC:nhn, PMID:22095752]


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantolactone + NADP+ = 2-dehydropantolactone + NADPH + H+. [RHEA:18981]


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dermatan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dermatan 6'-sulfate. [EC:2.8.2.33, GOC:bf, KEGG_REACTION:R07288]


The self-renewing division of a neuronal stem cell. [CL:0000047, GOC:nhn]


The process in which an undifferentiated cell acquires the features of a myofibroblast cell. [CL:0000186, GOC:nhn]


cellular response to sugar-phosphate stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the accumulation of sugar-phosphate. [GOC:am, PMID:17383224]


cellular response to presence of non-metabolizable sugars


cellular response to glucose-phosphate stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the accumulation of glucose-phosphate. [GOC:am, PMID:17383224]


polyuridylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that has been modified by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of uridylyl residues (polyuridylation) at the 3' end. [GOC:vw, PMID:19430462]


uridylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA


Methylation of the 2'-O-ribose of the first or second transcribed nucleotide of a 5'-capped mRNA. [GOC:bf, PMID:20713356]


An RNA interference where the silencing signal spreads along the target mRNA in a 5' or 3' direction, outside of the initial target sequence. [GOC:pf, PMID:11719187, PMID:12554873, PMID:23724097, PMID:24369430]


A protein complex that has growth factor activity. [GOC:bhm]


Catalysis of the transfer of a iron-sulfur cluster from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:bhm]


A cytoplasmic, non-membrane bound granule of, at least, keratinocyte. Associated to keratin intermediate filaments and partially crosslinked to the cell envelope. [GOC:krc, PMID:15854042]


Binding to a hepatocyte growth factor. [GOC:curators]


cellular response to cell envelope stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stress acting at the cell envelope. [GOC:imk, PMID:15101969, PMID:15882407]


positive regulation of Wnt-activated signaling pathway by Wnt receptor internalization


nerve growth factor signalling pathway
NGF signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, PMID:11520933]


Combining with a bile acid and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. A bile acid is any member of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. [GOC:bf, PMID:10334992, PMID:12718893]


G-protein coupled bile acid receptor activity

G protein-coupled bile acid receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular bile acid and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, PMID:12524422]


The series of molecular signals initiated by bile acid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling, PMID:12016314]


cell surface bile acid receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a bile acid to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, PMID:12419312, PMID:19442546]


membrane bile acid receptor signaling pathway


intracellular bile acid receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a bile acid binding to an receptor located within a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, PMID:10334992]


nuclear bile acid receptor signaling pathway


Combining with lithocholic acid and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bf, PMID:12016314, PMID:12419312]


Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:ar, GOC:bf]


A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by cholecystokinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:jc, PMID:11181948]


cholecystokinin receptor signaling pathway


The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, PMID:12852851]


vascular endothelial growth factor-activated neuropilin signaling pathway

VEGF-activated neuropilin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a neuropilin protein on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:12852851]


glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide signaling

gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor signaling pathway

gastric inhibitory peptide signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:nhn, PMID:15955806]


TXA2 signaling
TXA(2) receptor signaling

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thromboxane A2 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:nhn, PMID:15893915]


thyrotropin signaling pathway
TSH signaling pathway

thyroid-stimulating hormone signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:gap, PMID:10809230]


urokinase plasminogen activator signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by urokinase plasminogen activator binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:gap, PMID:9417082]


type III interferon-activated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by type III interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far. [GOC:pg, GOC:signaling]


type I interferon receptor complex location

A heterodimeric protein complex that binds a type I interferon and transmits the signal across the membrane into the cell. Consists of an alpha subunit (IFNAR1) and a beta subunit (IFNAR2). [GOC:cjm, GOC:signaling, PMID:17502368]


interferon-alpha/beta receptor complex location


Combining with auxin and transmitting the signal in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. Auxin is a plant hormone (phytohormone). [GOC:signaling, PMID:15917797]


Combining with ethylene and transmitting the signal in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:signaling, PMID:22467798, PMID:24012247]


ethylene receptor histidine kinase activity

Combining with ethylene and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-histidine = ADP + a protein-L-histidine phosphate. [GOC:signaling, PMID:22467798]


TOR signaling complex
TOR signaling complex location
target of rapamycin complex
target of rapamycin complex location
TOR complex location

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling components including PKB (AKT) or S6K. [Wikipedia:MTORC1, Wikipedia:MTORC2]


A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC1; TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with at least Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components. [GOC:lb]


A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC2; TOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR) in complex with at least Rictor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components. [GOC:lb]


induction by virus of host caspase activity


fusion of virus membrane with host endosomal membrane

fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane

Fusion of a virus membrane with a host endosome membrane. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the virus contents into the cell. [GOC:bf, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1170, VZ:992]


viral entry into host cell via caveolin-mediated endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane


viral entry into host cell via endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with host endosome


viral entry into host cell via endocytosis followed by membrane fusion with the endosome membrane


modulation by virus of host gene expression

The process in which a virus effects a change in gene expression in its host organism. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:bf]


regulation by virus of host gene expression


suppression by virus of host gene expression

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression in the host organism. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-1190, VZ:1582]


TBK1-IKBKE-DDX3 complex
TBK1-IKBKE-DDX3 complex location
TBK1-IKKE-DDX3 complex location

A protein complex containing TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1), IKBKE (I-Kappa-B kinase epsilon/IKKE/IKK-epsilon) and the DEAD box family RNA helicase DDX3. [PMID:18636090, VZ:719]


The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a virion. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope, occurring in a host cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:ch]


fusion of virus membrane with host membrane during viral entry

membrane fusion involved in viral entry into host cell

Merging of the virion membrane and a host membrane (host plasma membrane or host organelle membrane) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1168]


fusion of virus membrane with host membrane


viral entry into host cell via membrane fusion


viral penetration via lysis of host organellar membrane

lysis of host organelle involved in viral entry into host cell

The viral-induced lysis of an organelle (endosome, lysosome, or caveosome) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs once the virus is within the organelle, and results in transfer of the viral contents from the organelle compartment into the cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1174, VZ:984]


viral entry into host cell via endosome membrane lysis


viral entry into host cell via lysis of host organelle membrane


viral penetration via host endosomal membrane disruption by virus

viral penetration via permeabilization of host organellar membrane

viral penetration via perforation of host organellar membrane by virus

permeabilization of host organelle membrane involved in viral entry into host cell

Induction of organellar membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with a viral capsid. Results in release of the virus contents from an organelle into the host cell cytoplasm. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1173, VZ:985]


viral entry into host cell via permeabilization of host organelle membrane


pilus-mediated viral adsorption onto host cell

The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a pilus on the host cell surface. Pili are retractile filaments that protrude from gram-negative bacteria. Filamentous viruses can attach to the pilus tip, whereas icosahedral viruses can attach to the pilus side. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-1175, VZ:981]


pilus-mediated viral attachment to host cell


viral entry into host cell via pilus retraction

The uptake of a virus or viral genetic material into a host cell which occurs through retraction of a virion-bound pilus. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:981]


viral entry into host cell via pilus basal pore

The uptake of a virus or viral genetic material into a host cell which occurs through retraction of the virion-bound pilus, followed by entry of the viral genome into the host cell through the pilus basal pore. Filamentous bacteriophages absorb to the tip of the F-pili and can enter the bacterial cell in this way. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


filamentous viral entry into host cell via pilus retraction


viral entry into host cell via pilus retraction and membrane fusion

The uptake of a virus into a host cell which occurs via retraction of the viral-bound pilus to bring the virus in contact with the host cell membrane, followed by fusion of the bacteriophage membrane with the host outer membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, PMID:20427561, VZ:981]


A turret-like appendage formed at the vertices of an icosahedral capsid. [GOC:jh2, PMID:20592081]


protection by virus against host NK cell cytotoxicity

evasion by virus of host natural killer cell response

suppression by virus of host natural killer cell function

evasion by virus of host NK cell killing

evasion by virus of host natural killer cell activity

Any process by which a virus avoids the effects mediated by the host organism's natural killer (NK) cells. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, PMID:15640804, PMID:18688275, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1131]


modulation of host NK-cell activity by virus


suppression by virus of host NK-cell activation

suppression by virus of host natural killer cell activation

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation in the host. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


evasion by virus of host dendritic cell response

impairing dendritic cell function by virus

evasion by virus of host dendritic cell activity

Any process by which a virus avoids the effects mediated by the host organism's dendritic cells. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1118]


modulation of host dendritic cell activity by virus


The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus. [VZ:2177]


exit of virus from host cell nucleus through nuclear pore complex

The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus through the nuclear pore. [PMID:12921991, VZ:1953]


exit of virus from host cell nucleus via nuclear envelope breakdown

exit of virus from host cell nucleus via nuclear envelope disassembly

The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus that involves disruption of the nuclear membrane envelope by the virus. [VZ:2176]


viral genome ejection through host cell envelope

Ejection by a non-enveloped prokaryotic virus of its genome into the host cytoplasm. Caudovirales carry an ejection apparatus that can be long and contractile, long and noncontractile, or short, and is able to penetrate the host cell envelope to deliver the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm. [GOC:ch, PMID:23385786, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1171]


viral genome injection through bacterial membranes


A crystalline protein matrix surrounding the nucleocapsids of some insect viruses after their release in the environment. Produced in the host cell, the occlusion body protects the infectious virion after death of the host. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-0842, VZ:1949]