Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. [GOC:mtg_far_red, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures. [GOC:sm]


up-regulation of vernalization response
up regulation of vernalization response
upregulation of vernalization response

positive regulation of vernalization response

Any process that activates or induces the rate of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures. [GOC:sm]


down-regulation of vernalization response

down regulation of vernalization response

downregulation of vernalization response

negative regulation of vernalization response

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures. [GOC:sm]


Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the stem of vascular plants. [GOC:tb]


The process that gives rise to secondary (or auxiliary or axillary) shoots in plants. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. These secondary shoots originate from secondary meristems initiated in the axils of leaf primordia. Axillary meristems function like the shoot apical meristem of the primary shoot initating the development of lateral organs. [GOC:tb, PMID:12815068]


response to medium wave ultraviolet radiation stimulus

response to medium wave ultraviolet light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm. [GOC:tb]


response to shortwave ultraviolet radiation stimulus

response to shortwave ultraviolet light stimulus

response to germicidal ultraviolet light stimulus

response to germicidal ultraviolet radiation stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm. [GOC:tb]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus. [GOC:tb]


The controlled shedding of floral organs. [GOC:PO_curators, PMID:12972671, PO:0025395]


synaptic vesicle docking during exocytosis


second mitotic wave during compound eye morphogenesis


The removal of an internal amino acid sequence (an intein) from a protein during protein maturation; the excision of inteins is precise and the N- and C-terminal exteins are joined by a normal peptide bond. Protein splicing involves 4 nucleophilic displacements by the 3 conserved splice junction residues. [GOC:ma, http://www.neb.com/neb/inteins.html]


A protein complex that contains an Isw1 subunit from the ISWI-family of ATPases and acts to modify chromatin structure. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:15020051, PMID:15284901, PMID:16568949, PMID:21810179]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP. [GOC:jl]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, dinitrogen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces dinitrogen. [GOC:jl]


peptidyl-arginine hydroxylation to peptidyl-4-hydroxy-L-arginine

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-4-hydroxy-L-arginine. [RESID:AA0215]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of epidermal development

down regulation of epidermis development

down-regulation of epidermis development

negative regulation of epidermis development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of epidermal development

positive regulation of epidermis development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that reduces the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that increases the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of hedgehog signaling pathway

downregulation of smoothened signaling pathway

negative regulation of smoothened signalling pathway

down regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

negative regulation of hh signaling pathway

down-regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of smoothened signalling pathway

up-regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

upregulation of smoothened signaling pathway

up regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

positive regulation of hh signaling pathway

positive regulation of hedgehog signaling pathway

positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of mitotic centrosome separation

down regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

down-regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

negative regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of mitotic centrosome separation

up regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

up-regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

positive regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome separation. [GOC:ai]


response to arsenic-containing substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides. [GOC:hjd, ISBN:0721662544]


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-[N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->6)]-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-R + CMP. [EC:2.4.99.7, RHEA:53896]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the R1 and R6 pair of photoreceptors in the eye over time, from their formation to the mature structures. R1 and R6 are paired photoreceptors that contribute to the outer rhabdomeres. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the R2 and R5 pair of photoreceptors in the eye over time, from their formation to the mature structures. R2 and R5 are paired photoreceptors that contribute to the outer rhabdomeres. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the R3 and R4 pair of photoreceptors in the eye over time, from their formation to the mature structures. R3 and R4 are paired photoreceptors that contribute to the outer rhabdomeres. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:jid]


Establishment of a pattern of pigment in the compound eye. [GOC:jid]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the compound eye. [GOC:jid]


negative regulation of compound eye pigmentation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the compound eye. [GOC:jid]


positive regulation of compound eye pigmentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the compound eye. [GOC:jid]


Binding to a protein or protein complex in the presence of calcium. [GOC:jid, PMID:10485905]


Catalysis of the reaction: NH3 + 2 H2O + 6 oxidized ferredoxin = nitrite + 6 reduced ferredoxin + 7 H+. [EC:1.7.7.1, GOC:jid]


The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division. [GOC:jid]


The partitioning of endoplasmic reticulum between daughter cells at cell division. [GOC:jid]


mitochondrial distribution
distribution of mitochondria

Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria between and within cells. [GOC:jid]


mitochondrion positioning within cell
mitochondria positioning within cell

intracellular distribution of mitochondria

Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria within the cell. [GOC:jid]


The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division. [GOC:jid, PMID:12851069]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryo sac are generated and organized. The embryo sac develops from the megaspore in heterosporous plants. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_plant, http://www.bio.uu.nl]


The process of producing non-motile spores, called conidia, via mitotic asexual reproduction in higher fungi. Conidia are haploid cells genetically identical to their haploid parent. They are produced by conversion of hyphal elements, or are borne on sporogenous cells on or within specialized structures termed conidiophores, and participate in dispersal of the fungus. [GOC:di, ISBN:0963117211, PMID:2524423, PMID:9529886]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seed over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A seed is a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves. [GOC:jid, PO:0009010]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the seed are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an axial mesoderm cell. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which a cell becomes committed to become an axial mesoderm cell. [GOC:dgh]


axial mesodermal cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an axial mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:dgh]


axial mesodermal cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an axial mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:dgh]


The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell. [GOC:dgh]


The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:dgh]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:dgh]


paraxial mesoderm structural organisation

paraxial mesoderm structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:dgh]


Nucleus resulting from the fusion of the male gamete and two polar nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac. [ISBN:0471245208]


mucilage synthesis during seed coat development

mucilage formation during seed coat development

mucilage anabolism during seed coat development

mucilage biosynthetic process involved in seed coat development

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage that occur as part of seed coat development; mucilage is normally synthesized during seed coat development. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


root cap mucilage formation
root cap mucilage anabolism
root cap mucilage biosynthesis
root cap mucilage synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage that occur in the root cap; mucilage is normally synthesized during root growth. [GOC:jid]


root epithelial mucilage anabolism
root epithelial mucilage biosynthesis
root epithelial mucilage synthesis
root epithelial mucilage formation

root epithelial mucilage biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage that occur in the root epithelium; mucilage is normally synthesized during root growth. [GOC:jid]


pedicel mucilage synthesis
pedicel mucilage formation
pedicel mucilage anabolism
pedicel mucilage biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage that occur in the flower stem. [GOC:jid]


mucilage pectin anabolism
mucilage pectin biosynthesis
mucilage pectin formation
mucilage pectin synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pectin component of mucilage. [GOC:jid]


mucilage metabolism during seed coat development

mucilage metabolic process involved in seed coat development

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucilage that occur as part of seed coat development; mucilage is normally synthesized during seed coat development. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucilage that occur in the root cap; mucilage is normally synthesized during root growth. [GOC:jid]


root epithelial mucilage metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucilage that occur in the root epithelium; mucilage is normally synthesized during root growth. [GOC:jid]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucilage that occur in the flower stem. [GOC:jid]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving the pectin component of mucilage. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the leaf over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the shoot system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the lateral mesoderm are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


lateral plate mesoderm biosynthesis
lateral plate mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:jid]


lateral plate mesodermal cell differentiation

lateral plate mesoderm cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a lateral mesoderm cell. [GOC:jid]


lateral plate mesoderm cell fate commitment

lateral plate mesodermal cell fate commitment

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a lateral mesoderm cell. [GOC:jid]


lateral plate mesodermal cell fate determination

lateral mesoderm cell fate determination

lateral plate mesoderm cell fate determination

lateral mesodermal cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a lateral mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:jid]


regulation of lateral plate mesodermal cell fate determination

regulation of lateral plate mesoderm cell fate determination

regulation of lateral mesoderm cell fate determination

regulation of lateral mesodermal cell fate determination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lateral mesoderm cell fate determination. [GOC:jid]


lateral plate mesoderm cell fate specification

lateral plate mesodermal cell fate specification

lateral mesoderm cell fate specification

lateral mesodermal cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a lateral mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:jid]


lateral mesoderm structural organisation

lateral plate mesoderm structural organization

lateral mesoderm structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesendoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesendoderm development gives rise to both mesoderm and endoderm tissues. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesectoderm development processes give rise to both mesoderm and ectoderm tissues. [GOC:jid]


retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway

retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:dgh]


regulation of retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway

regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]


up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of RAR signaling pathway

up regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway

upregulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]


downregulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of RAR signaling pathway

down regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

down-regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of RAR signalling pathway

negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]


Any process that reduces the pH of the endosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. [GOC:dgh]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:dgh]


intermediate mesoderm cell differentiation

intermediate mesodermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an intermediate mesoderm cell. [GOC:dgh]


intermediate mesoderm cell fate commitment

intermediate mesodermal cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an intermediate mesoderm cell. [GOC:dgh]


intermediate mesoderm cell fate determination

intermediate mesodermal cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a intermediate mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:dgh]


intermediate mesoderm cell fate specification

intermediate mesodermal cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an intermediate mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:dgh]


intermediate mesoderm structural organisation

intermediate mesoderm structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:dgh]


brain-derived neurotrophic factor binding

Binding to brain-derived neurotrophic factor. [GOC:dgh]


NT-3 binding
neurotrophin-3 binding
NT3 binding


NGF binding
beta-nerve growth factor binding

Binding to nerve growth factor (NGF). [GOC:dgh]


Binding to platelet-derived growth factor. [GOC:dgh]


Binding to epidermal growth factor. [GOC:dgh]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the floral organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:PO_curators, PO:0025395]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a floral whorl over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A floral whorl is a circular arrangement of parts of a flower arising from a stem of a plant. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:PO_curators, GOC:tb, PO:0025023]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the flower are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the carpel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A carpel is an organ (generally believed to be a modified foliar unit) at the centre of a flower, bearing one or more ovules and having its margins fused together or with other carpels to enclose the ovule in an ovary, and consisting also of a stigma and usually a style. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the petal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sepal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stamen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the floral organ are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:PO_curators, PO:0025395]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the carpel are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the petal are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the sepal are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the stamen are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators]


The process that gives rise to floral organs. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:jid, GOC:PO_curators, PO:0025395]


The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of floral organs. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:jid, GOC:PO_curators, PO:0025395]


The process that gives rise to the petal. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:jid]


The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the petal. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:jid]


The process that gives rise to the sepal. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:jid]


The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the sepal. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:jid]


The process that contributes to the act of giving rise to the stamen. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:jid]


The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the stamen. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:jid]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the floral whorl are generated and organized. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:PO_curators, PO:0025023]


The process that gives rise to the floral whorl. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:jid, GOC:PO_curators, PO:0025023]


The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the floral whorl. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:jid, GOC:PO_curators, PO:0025023]


The process that gives rise to the flower. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:jid]


The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the flower. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:jid]


The process that gives rise to the carpel. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:jid]


The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the carpel. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corolla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gynoecium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gynoecium is the collective name for the carpels of a flower. [GOC:go_curators, PO:0008062]


L-threonine O-3-phosphate carboxy-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-threonine + H(+) = (R)-1-aminopropan-2-yl phosphate + CO(2). [EC:4.1.1.81, RHEA:11492]


The directed movement of D-methionine into, out of, within, or between cells. [GOC:mlg, PMID:12169620]


A single or double lipid bilayer with any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes. [GOC:jid]


Holliday junction resolvase complex location

An endodeoxyribonuclease complex that resolves the 4-way DNA intermediates of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules. Can be branch-migration associated. [PMID:11207366, PMID:12374758]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the style over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The style is an elongated part of a carpel, or group of fused carpels, and it lies between the ovary and the stigma. [GOC:jid, PO:0009074]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stigma over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stigma is the pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky. [GOC:jid, PO:0009073]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ovule is the structure in seed plants enclosing the female gametophyte, and is composed of the nucellus, one or two integuments, and the funiculus; it develops into the seed. [GOC:tb]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the ovule are generated and organized. The ovule is the structure in seed plants enclosing the female gametophyte, and is composed of the nucellus, one or two integuments, and the funiculus; it develops into the seed. [GOC:tb]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands. [FMA:9905, GOC:jid, GOC:sr]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. [FMA:66070, GOC:jid, GOC:sr]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter. [FMA:9906, GOC:jid, GOC:sr]


parasympathetic nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia. [FMA:9907, GOC:jid, GOC:sr]


Binding to the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin. [GOC:krc]


retrograde axonal transport of synaptic vesicle

The directed movement of synaptic vesicle along axonal microtubules from the presynapse to the cell body. [GOC:jid, GOC:lmg, PMID:24762653]


plasma membrane ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase complex location

plasma membrane-derived thylakoid ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase complex location

A complex, located in the plasma membrane-derived thylakoid, containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits. It carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. [GOC:mlg, GOC:mtg_sensu]


chromatophore ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase complex location

A complex, located in the chromatophore, containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits which carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. [GOC:mlg, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Binding to Roundabout (ROBO) receptor, a transmembrane receptor. [GOC:ecd, PMID:10102268, PMID:10197527]


The process in which the identity of an animal organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized. [GOC:tb]


The process in which the identity of a floral organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized. [GOC:PO_curators, GOC:tair_curators, PMID:9090883, PO:0025395]


The process that determines the orientation of petals with reference to the central axis. [GOC:tb, PMID:10572040]


synaptic vesicle membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, PMID:10620806]


signal recognition particle, plasma membrane targeting

A complex consisting of a protein and RNA component which binds the signal sequence of some proteins and facilitates their export to or across the plasma membrane. [GOC:mlg, GOC:mtg_sensu]


ATP-dependent thiamine transmembrane transporter activity

ATPase-coupled thiamine transmembrane transporter activity


Binding to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. GPI anchors serve to attach membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. [GOC:vw]


regulation of timing of animal organ formation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation at a consistent predetermined time point during development. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


regulation of timing of cell differentiation

The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


regulation of timing of meristematic phase transition

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a change in identity of a meristem at a characteristic predetermined time point. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the meristem over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic meristem over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meristem development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the meristem over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]


Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism. [GOC:jid]


The specific behavior of an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]


The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. [GOC:jid]


regulation of lipid degradation
regulation of lipid catabolism
regulation of lipid breakdown

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of lipid catabolic process

negative regulation of lipid degradation

down regulation of lipid catabolic process

downregulation of lipid catabolic process

negative regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of lipid degradation

up regulation of lipid catabolic process

up-regulation of lipid catabolic process

positive regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a quaternary ammonium group, including glycine betaine, choline, carnitine and proline. A quaternary ammonium group is any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

upregulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

up-regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase. [GOC:ai]


ligase activity, forming nitrogen-metal bonds

Catalysis of the joining of a metal ion to a molecule via a nitrogen-metal bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. [EC:6.6.-.-, GOC:mah]


ligase activity, forming nitrogen-metal bonds, forming coordination complexes

Catalysis of the ligation of two substances via a nitrogen-metal bond, forming a coordination complex. [EC:6.6.1.-]


regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

downregulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

down regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

negative regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

up regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

upregulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

positive regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. [GOC:ai]


squalene:hopene cyclase activity
squalene mutase (cyclizing)

Catalysis of the reaction: squalene = hop-22(29)-ene. [EC:5.4.99.17]


Binding to Hsp27 proteins, a lightweight heat shock protein. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: O-acetyl-L-homoserine + hydrogen sulfide = homocysteine + acetate. [MetaCyc:ACETYLHOMOSER-CYS-RXN, RHEA:27822]


Binding to the plus end of a microtubule. [GOC:ai, PMID:14557818, PMID:14614826]


Binding to the minus end of a microtubule. [GOC:ai, PMID:14557818, PMID:14614826]


The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule. [PMID:14557818, PMID:14614826]


The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends. [GOC:ai, PMID:27037673]


actin filament severing
F-actin severing
actin depolymerizing activity

The process in which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments. [GOC:ai, PMID:14657234]


Binding to an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits. [ISBN:0198506732]


plus-end actin filament capping activity

The binding of a protein or protein complex to the end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits. [ISBN:071673706X]


mitogen-activated protein kinase binding

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a GDP-dissociation inhibitor protein. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor protein. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of RNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


nucleic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Nucleic acids are single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information. [GOC:ai]


Enables the transfer of RNA, ribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


Enables the transfer of tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


Enables the transfer of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


regulation of transcription, meiotic
meiotic regulation of transcription

regulation of transcription involved in meiotic cell cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as part of a meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of transcription, meiotic

downregulation of transcription during meiosis

down-regulation of transcription during meiosis

down regulation of transcription during meiosis

negative regulation of meiotic transcription

negative regulation of transcription involved in meiotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription involved in the meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of transcription during meiosis

upregulation of transcription during meiosis

up-regulation of transcription during meiosis

positive regulation of transcription, meiotic

positive regulation of meiotic transcription

positive regulation of transcription involved in meiotic cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as part of a meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:ai]


regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

upregulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

up-regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

positive regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

down-regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

down regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

negative regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion. [GOC:ai]


regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain). [GOC:ai]


up regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

up-regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

upregulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain peptidolysis. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

down-regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

downregulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

negative regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of secretion
up regulation of secretion
up-regulation of secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of secretion
down-regulation of secretion
down regulation of secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of transport
up regulation of transport
up-regulation of transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of transport
down-regulation of transport
downregulation of transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of DNA metabolic process

down-regulation of DNA metabolic process

negative regulation of DNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of DNA metabolism
up-regulation of DNA metabolic process
upregulation of DNA metabolic process
up regulation of DNA metabolic process

positive regulation of DNA metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

downregulation of lipid biosynthetic process

inhibition of lipid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of lipid biosynthesis

down regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. [GOC:ai]


regulation of small GTPase-mediated signal transduction

regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

up regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

upregulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

positive regulation of small GTPase-mediated signal transduction

positive regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

negative regulation of small GTPase-mediated signal transduction

down-regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

down regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

negative regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction. [GOC:ai]


Binding to NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: dADP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ADP + thioredoxin. [MetaCyc:ADPREDUCT-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: dUDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = UDP + thioredoxin. [MetaCyc:UDPREDUCT-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: dCDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = CDP + thioredoxin. [MetaCyc:CDPREDUCT-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: dTTP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = TTP + thioredoxin. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin. [MetaCyc:1.17.4.2-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = CTP + thioredoxin. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin. [MetaCyc:1.17.4.2-RXN]


dihydropterin metabolism
dihydropterin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a dihydrobiopterin, a reduced pteridine derivative related to folic acid; it acts as an electron carrier in tyrosine biosynthesis and its quinoid form is produced by oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin in several biological hydroxylation reactions. [PMID:2557335]


6,7-dihydropteridine metabolic process
dihydropteridine metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 6,7-dihydropteridine, a bicyclic compound with the formula C6H6N4. [PMID:2557335]


dihydrothioctamide metabolism
dihydrolipoamide metabolism
dihydrothioctamide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrolipoamide, the reduced form of lipoamide, produced as an intermediate in the reactions in which lipoamide acts as a cofactor. [ISBN:0721601464]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-galactose and D-mannose. The mannose units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-galactose as single side units. [http://www.els.net/els/public/glossary/]


galactomannan formation
galactomannan anabolism
galactomannan biosynthesis
galactomannan synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-galactosyl and D-mannosyl. The mannosyl units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-galactosyl as single side units. [GOC:ai]


4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue metabolism

4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the pyruvylated galactose residue 4-6-O-[(R)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-Gal-beta-1,3-. The galactose residue is part of a larger polysaccharide chain. [GOC:ai, PMID:15173185]


4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue synthesis

4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthesis

4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue anabolism

4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue formation

4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pyruvylated galactose residue 4-6-O-[(R)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-Gal-beta-1,3-. The galactose residue is part of a larger polysaccharide chain. [GOC:ai, PMID:15173185]


cobalamin 5'-phosphate synthase activity

cobalamin (5'-phosphate) synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide-GDP + alpha-ribazole-5'-phosphate = adenosylcobalamin-5'-phosphate + GMP. [MetaCyc:COBALAMIN5PSYN-RXN]


S-adenosyl methionine:tRNA ribosyltransferase-isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethionine + 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine-tRNA = adenine + methionine + epoxyqueuosine-tRNA. 7-(aminomethyl)-7-deazaguanosine-tRNA is also known as preQ1-tRNA, and epoxyqueuosine-tRNA as oQ-tRNA. [PMID:12731872]


Cell wall structures composed of linear polysaccharides which are deposited at both sides of the primary septum at 90 degrees to the primary septum. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:15194814]


meiotic nuclear envelope degradation
meiotic nuclear envelope catabolism
meiotic nuclear envelope breakdown


meiosis I nuclear envelope degradation
meiosis I nuclear envelope catabolism
meiosis I nuclear envelope breakdown


meiosis II nuclear envelope degradation
meiosis II nuclear envelope breakdown
meiosis II nuclear envelope catabolism


nuclear envelope disassembly
nuclear envelope catabolism
nuclear membrane disassembly
nuclear envelope breakdown

The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division. [GOC:ai]


Binding to an unfolded protein. [GOC:ai]


'de novo' co-translational protein folding

'de novo' cotranslational protein folding

The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of the ribosome-bound nascent chains of a multidomain protein whilst other parts of the protein are still being translated. [GOC:rb]


chaperone mediated protein folding requiring cofactor

chaperone cofactor-dependent 'de novo' protein folding

chaperone cofactor-dependent protein folding

chaperone co-factor-dependent protein folding


chaperone cofactor-independent protein folding

chaperone mediated protein folding independent of cofactor

The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and does not depend on additional protein cofactors. This function occurs over one or more cycles of nucleotide-dependent binding and release. [GOC:rb]


Binding to a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport. [PMID:10585443]


constitutive protein ectodomain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain that occurs constantly, regardless of environmental conditions or demands. [PMID:12714508]


regulation of transcription factor activity


activation of transcription factor activity


activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor

positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15087454, PMID:15170030]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of helicase activity. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of helicase activity
up-regulation of helicase activity
upregulation of helicase activity

positive regulation of helicase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a helicase. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of helicase activity
down-regulation of helicase activity
downregulation of helicase activity

negative regulation of helicase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a helicase. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of binding
upregulation of binding
up-regulation of binding

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of binding
down-regulation of binding
down regulation of binding

Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


DNA ligation during DNA-dependent DNA replication


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of DNA ligation
up-regulation of DNA ligation
up regulation of DNA ligation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of DNA ligation
down regulation of DNA ligation
downregulation of DNA ligation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: D-carnitine + CoA + ATP = AMP + diphosphate + D-carnitinyl-CoA. [MetaCyc:DCARNCOALIG-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + crotono-betaine + ATP = AMP + diphosphate + crotonobetainyl-CoA. [MetaCyc:CROTCOALIG-RXN]


peptidyl-histidine uridylylation, to form peptidyl-1'-(phospho-5'-uridine)-L-histidine

The uridylylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-(phospho-5'-uridine)-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-UMP-histidine, tele-UMP-histidine). [RESID:AA0372]


The adenylylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-AMP-histidine, tele-AMP-histidine) or peptidyl-3'-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-AMP-histidine, pros-AMP-histidine). [RESID:AA0371]


peptidyl-histidine adenylylation, to form peptidyl-1'-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-histidine

The adenylylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-AMP-histidine, tele-AMP-histidine). [RESID:AA0371]


The uridylylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-(phospho-5'-uridine)-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-UMP-histidine, tele-UMP-histidine) or peptidyl-3'-(phospho-5'-uridine)-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-UMP-histidine, pros-UMP-histidine). [RESID:AA0372]


hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide cobaltochelatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + Co(2+) + H(2)O + hydrogenobyrinate a,c-diamide = ADP + cob(II)yrinate a,c diamide + 4 H(+) + phosphate. [EC:6.6.1.2, RHEA:15341]


Binding to an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in isolichenin, pseudonigeran and nigeran. [EC:3.2.1.59]


Catalysis of the reaction: 12S-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-12-hydro(pero)xy-eicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid = (5Z,9E,14Z)-(8,11R,12S)-11,12-epoxy-8-hydroxyicosa-5,9,14-trienoate. 12S-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-12-hydro(pero)xy-eicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid is also known as 12S-HpETE, and (5Z,9E,14Z)-(8,11R,12S)-11,12-epoxy-8-hydroxyicosa-5,9,14-trienoate as hepoxilin A3. [PMID:15123652]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology. [PMID:15123652]


hepoxilin anabolism
hepoxilin biosynthesis
hepoxilin formation
hepoxilin synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology. [GOC:ai]


transcriptional preinitiation complex formation


synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of actin nucleation
down regulation of actin nucleation
downregulation of actin nucleation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of actin nucleation
up-regulation of actin nucleation
upregulation of actin nucleation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. [GOC:ai]


regulation of cellular component organisation

regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis

negative regulation of cell organisation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of cell organisation

positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [GOC:ai]


natural killer T cell activation
NK T-lymphocyte activation
NK T lymphocyte activation
NKT cell activation
natural T cell activation
NK T-cell activation
NT cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


regulation of NK T-lymphocyte activation

regulation of NK T lymphocyte activation

regulation of natural killer T cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


negative regulation of NK T lymphocyte activation

negative regulation of NK T-lymphocyte activation

negative regulation of NT cell activation

negative regulation of NK T-cell activation

negative regulation of natural killer T cell activation

negative regulation of natural T cell activation

negative regulation of NKT cell activation

negative regulation of NK T cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


positive regulation of natural T cell activation

positive regulation of NK T lymphocyte activation

positive regulation of natural killer T cell activation

positive regulation of NK T-cell activation

positive regulation of NKT cell activation

positive regulation of NK T-lymphocyte activation

positive regulation of NT cell activation

positive regulation of NK T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


regulation of NK T lymphocyte differentiation

regulation of natural killer T cell differentiation

regulation of NK T-lymphocyte differentiation

regulation of natural T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


negative regulation of NK T-cell differentiation

negative regulation of natural T cell differentiation

negative regulation of NK T-lymphocyte differentiation

downregulation of NK T cell differentiation

negative regulation of NK T lymphocyte differentiation

negative regulation of NT cell differentiation

down regulation of NK T cell differentiation

negative regulation of natural killer T cell differentiation

negative regulation of NKT cell differentiation

down-regulation of NK T cell differentiation

negative regulation of NK T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


positive regulation of natural T cell differentiation

positive regulation of NT cell differentiation

up-regulation of NK T cell differentiation

positive regulation of NKT cell differentiation

positive regulation of NK T lymphocyte differentiation

positive regulation of NK T-lymphocyte differentiation

upregulation of NK T cell differentiation

positive regulation of NK T-cell differentiation

positive regulation of natural killer T cell differentiation

up regulation of NK T cell differentiation

positive regulation of NK T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: metal ion(in) + H+(out) = metal ion(out) + H+(in). [GOC:mlg]


regulation of NK T-lymphocyte proliferation

regulation of NK T lymphocyte proliferation

regulation of natural killer T cell proliferation

regulation of natural T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


negative regulation of NT cell proliferation

downregulation of NK T cell proliferation

negative regulation of NK T-lymphocyte proliferation

negative regulation of NK T-cell proliferation

down regulation of NK T cell proliferation

negative regulation of natural killer T cell proliferation

down-regulation of NK T cell proliferation

negative regulation of NK T lymphocyte proliferation

negative regulation of natural T cell proliferation

negative regulation of NKT cell proliferation

negative regulation of NK T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


positive regulation of NK T-lymphocyte proliferation

positive regulation of natural killer T cell proliferation

positive regulation of NT cell proliferation

up-regulation of NK T cell proliferation

positive regulation of NK T-cell proliferation

positive regulation of natural T cell proliferation

positive regulation of NK T lymphocyte proliferation

positive regulation of NKT cell proliferation

up regulation of NK T cell proliferation

positive regulation of NK T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12154375, PMID:9133426]


propylene glycol metabolism
propanediol metabolism
1,2-dihydroxypropane metabolic process
1,2-dihydroxypropane metabolism
propylene glycol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving propanediol, CH3-CHOH-CH2OH, a sweet, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze, in brake fluid and as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care items. [PMID:15995211]


propanediol degradation
propanediol catabolism
propanediol breakdown
propylene glycol catabolism
1,2-dihydroxypropane catabolism
propylene glycol catabolic process
1,2-dihydroxypropane catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propanediol, a sweet, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid with the formula CH3-CHOH-CH2OH. [GOC:ai]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. [CL:0000192, GOC:ai]


regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000187, GOC:ai]


downregulation of muscle cell differentiation

down regulation of muscle cell differentiation

down-regulation of muscle cell differentiation

negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000187, GOC:ai]


up-regulation of muscle cell differentiation

up regulation of muscle cell differentiation

upregulation of muscle cell differentiation

positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000187, GOC:ai]


regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000192, GOC:ai]


down-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

downregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

down regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

negative regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000192, GOC:ai]


up-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

up regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

upregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

positive regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000192, GOC:ai]


regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000737, GOC:ai]


down-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

down regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

downregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000737, GOC:ai]


upregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

up regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

up-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000737, GOC:ai]


glucose 6-phosphate utilization
glucose 6-phosphate metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6. [GOC:ai]


arabitol catabolism
arabitol breakdown
arabitol utilization
arabitol degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arabitol, the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. [ISBN:0198506732]


L-arabitol breakdown
L-arabitol degradation
L-arabitol catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabitol, the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. [ISBN:0198506732]


D-arabitol catabolism
D-arabitol degradation
D-arabitol breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabitol, the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. The D enantiomer is present in lichens and mushrooms. [ISBN:0198506732]


L-xylitol breakdown
L-xylitol degradation
L-xylitol catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving arabitol, the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-arabitol, the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-arabitol, the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. The D enantiomer is present in lichens and mushrooms. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and is used as a noncariogenic sweetner and as a sugar substitute in diabetic diets. [GOC:ai]


2,5-dihydroxypyridine metabolism
pyridine-2,5-diol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2,5-dihydroxypyridine. [GOC:ai]


pyridine-2,5-diol catabolic process
2,5-dihydroxypyridine breakdown
2,5-dihydroxypyridine catabolism
2,5-dihydroxypyridine degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,5-dihydroxypyridine. [GOC:ai]


D-xylulose 5-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose 5-phosphate, a derivative of the ketopentose xylulose phosphorylated at the 5 carbon; it is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. [ISBN:0721662544]


regulation of nitrogen metabolic process

regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]


down-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process

negative regulation of nitrogen metabolism

downregulation of nitrogen metabolic process

negative regulation of nitrogen metabolic process

down regulation of nitrogen metabolic process

negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]


up regulation of nitrogen metabolic process

upregulation of nitrogen metabolic process

positive regulation of nitrogen metabolism

up-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process

positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process

positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. [GOC:ai, GOC:tb]


regulation of phosphorus metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of sulfur metabolic process

down-regulation of sulfur metabolic process

negative regulation of sulphur metabolic process

negative regulation of sulfur metabolism

down regulation of sulfur metabolic process

negative regulation of sulphur metabolism

negative regulation of sulfur metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of sulfur metabolic process

positive regulation of sulfur metabolism

positive regulation of sulphur metabolism

up regulation of sulfur metabolic process

up-regulation of sulfur metabolic process

positive regulation of sulphur metabolic process

positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. [GOC:ai]


The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein. [GOC:ai]


prosthetic group catabolism
prosthetic group breakdown
prosthetic group degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein. [GOC:ai]


prosthetic group biosynthesis
prosthetic group synthesis
prosthetic group anabolism
prosthetic group formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein. [GOC:ai]


Binding to a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein. [GOC:ai, GOC:vw]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytochromobilin, the linear tetrapyrrole chromophore required for plant phytochrome photoactivity. [PMID:11500553]


peptidyl-aspartic acid reduction to form L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde

peptidyl-aspartic acid reduction to form L-beta-formylalanine

peptidyl-aspartic acid reduction to form L-aspartyl aldehyde

The reduction of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-L-aspartyl aldehyde, as found photosystem II P680 chlorophyll A apoprotein. [PMID:15237995, RESID:AA0373]


localization of protein in mitochondrial membrane

protein insertion into mitochondrion membrane

positioning of protein in mitochondrial membrane

integral mitochondrial membrane protein positioning

integral mitochondrial membrane protein localization

protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane

The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a mitochondrial membrane. [GOC:ai]


integral membrane protein localization
membrane protein positioning
integral membrane protein positioning
membrane protein localization
protein-membrane insertion

The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a biological membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving silicates, the salts of silicic acids. Silicates are usually composed of silicon and oxygen (Si[x]O[y]), one or more metals, and possibly hydrogen. Types of silicate include unisilicates, metasilicates and hydrous silicates. [GOC:ai]


retention of calcium ion (Ca2+)
calcium ion (Ca2+) storage
storage of calcium ion (Ca2+)
sequestering of calcium ion (Ca2+)
calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestration
calcium ion (Ca2+) retention
calcium ion (Ca2+) sequestering
sequestration of calcium ion (Ca2+)

The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system. [GOC:ai]


The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one or more axes, where the growth rate varies according to the direction of growth. Growth may be limited to a particular axis, axes, or to particular locations on the surface of the cell. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 are incorporated into the (reduced) product(s) of the reaction. The two atoms of oxygen may be distributed between two different products. [DOI:10.1016/S0040-4020(03)00944-X, GOC:bf]


RNA VIGS
RNA virus induced gene silencing
RNA virus-induced PTGS
RNA virus-induced gene silencing

RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity against RNA virus

An RNAi-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway induced by RNA viruses leading to a sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs or inhibition of translation. In plants, DCL4 is the primary Dicer to detect RNA viruses. [PMID:15165191, PMID:17693253]


DNA virus-induced gene silencing
DNA virus induced gene silencing
DNA virus-induced PTGS
DNA VIGS

RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity against DNA virus

An RNAi-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway induced by DNA viruses leading to a sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs or inhibition of translation. In plants, DCL3 is the primary Dicer to detect DNA viruses. [PMID:15165191, PMID:17693253, PMID:23151511]


molybdenum incorporation via L-aspartyl molybdenum bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)

The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-aspartyl molybdenum bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide). [PDB:1Q16, PMID:12910261, RESID:AA0375]


tungsten incorporation via L-selenocysteinyl tungsten bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)

The incorporation of tungsten into a protein via L-selenocysteinyl tungsten bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide). [PDB:1HOH, PMID:12220497, RESID:AA0376]


Binding to a phosphorylated protein. [GOC:ai]


maintenance of protein location in cytoplasm

The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell. [GOC:ai]


tungsten incorporation into metallo-sulphur cluster

tungsten incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster

The incorporation of tungsten into a metallo-sulfur cluster. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of protein transport
up regulation of protein transport
up-regulation of protein transport

positive regulation of protein transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of protein transport
down-regulation of protein transport
downregulation of protein transport

negative regulation of protein transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


spindle breakdown during mitosis
mitotic spindle catabolism
mitotic spindle degradation
mitotic spindle breakdown
spindle degradation during mitosis
spindle disassembly during mitosis

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:ai]


meiotic spindle degradation
spindle breakdown during meiosis
meiotic spindle breakdown
spindle disassembly during meiosis
meiotic spindle catabolism
spindle degradation during meiosis

The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:ai]


spindle catabolism
spindle breakdown
spindle degradation

The controlled breakdown of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart. [GOC:ai]


The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle. [GOC:ai]


The lengthening of the distance between poles of the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:ai]


The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap. [GOC:ai, PMID:15296749]


Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. [GOC:ai, GOC:dos]


RNA recruitment
RNA positioning
establishment of RNA localisation

The directed movement of RNA to a specific location. [GOC:ai]


RNA retention
maintenance of RNA localization

Any process in which RNA is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. [GOC:ai]


metal ion retention
retention of metal ion
storage of metal ion
metal ion storage
sequestration of metal ion
metal ion sequestering
metal ion sequestration

The process of binding or confining metal ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of cellular defense response

negative regulation of cellular defence response

down-regulation of cellular defense response

downregulation of cellular defense response

negative regulation of cellular defense response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the cellular defense response. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process

up regulation of cellular protein metabolic process

up regulation of protein metabolic process

upregulation of protein metabolic process

positive regulation of protein metabolism

upregulation of cellular protein metabolic process

up-regulation of protein metabolic process

positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process

positive regulation of cellular protein metabolism

positive regulation of protein metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of protein metabolic process

negative regulation of cellular protein metabolism

negative regulation of protein metabolism

negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process

down regulation of protein metabolic process

downregulation of protein metabolic process

downregulation of cellular protein metabolic process

down-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process

down regulation of cellular protein metabolic process

negative regulation of protein metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of lymphocyte activation
up-regulation of lymphocyte activation
up regulation of lymphocyte activation

positive regulation of lymphocyte activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of RNA metabolic process

down regulation of RNA metabolic process

negative regulation of RNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of RNA metabolic process
positive regulation of RNA metabolism
up-regulation of RNA metabolic process
upregulation of RNA metabolic process

positive regulation of RNA metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. [GOC:ai]


spindle midzone biogenesis
spindle midzone formation
spindle midzone biosynthesis

The cell cycle process in which aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle midzone. The spindle midzone is the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap. [GOC:ai, PMID:15296749]


spindle midzone biogenesis involved in mitosis

spindle midzone formation involved in mitosis

spindle midzone assembly involved in mitosis

The cell cycle process in which the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components forms the spindle midzone. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:vw, PMID:24239120]


spindle midzone formation involved in meiosis

spindle midzone assembly involved in meiosis

spindle midzone biosynthesis involved in meiosis

spindle midzone biogenesis involved in meiosis

The formation of the spindle midzone, the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap, as a part of the process of meiosis. [GOC:ai, GOC:expert_rg, GOC:tb]


protein polymer biosynthesis
protein polymer biosynthetic process
protein polymer formation

The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. [GOC:ai]


protein oligomer assembly
protein oligomerization
protein oligomer formation

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai, PMID:18293929]


protein homooligomer biosynthetic process

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]


protein polymer catabolism
protein polymer breakdown
protein polymer degradation
protein polymer catabolic process

The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. [GOC:ai]


protein tetramer formation
protein tetramer assembly
protein tetramer biosynthesis
protein tetramer biosynthetic process

The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [GOC:ecd]


microcin E492 formation by siderophore ester modification of peptidyl-serine

microcin E492 synthesis by siderophore ester modification of peptidyl-serine

microcin E492 anabolism by siderophore ester modification of peptidyl-serine

microcin E492 biosynthetic process by siderophore ester modification of peptidyl-serine

The modification of serine to N-[5-(6-O-seryl-beta-glucosyl)-2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl]-O-[N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-O-[N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)seryl]seryl]serine as found in microcin E492 produced from the mceA gene in plasmid pJAM229 of the E. coli VCS257 strain and the K. pneumoniae RYC492 strain. [RESID:AA0374]


Catalysis of the reaction: mono-olein + mono-olein = diolein + glycerol. Mono-olein, also known as mono-oleoylglycerol, is the monoglyceride formed from oleic acid, 9-octodecenoic acid; diolein is also known as dioleoylglycerol. [GOC:ai, PMID:15364929]


Catalysis of the reaction: diolein + mono-olein = triolein + glycerol. Mono-olein, also known as mono-oleoylglycerol, is the monoglyceride formed from oleic acid, 9-octodecenoic acid; diolein is also known as dioleoylglycerol, and triolein as trioleoylglycerol and olein. [GOC:ai, PMID:15364929]


Catalysis of the reaction: siroheme + 2 H+ = Fe(2+) + sirohydrochlorin. [RHEA:24360]


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-keto amide + 2 H+ (from donor) = (R)-hydroxy amide. Alpha-keto amides are of the form R-CO-CONH2, where R may be aromatic or aliphatic. [GOC:ai, PMID:15564669]


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-keto ester + 2 H+ (from donor) = (R)-hydroxy ester. Alpha-keto esters are of the form R(1)-CO-CO-O-R(2), where the R groups may be aromatic or aliphatic. [GOC:ai, PMID:15564669]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-D-glucosidic bonds. [GOC:ai]


beta-glucan synthesis
beta-glucan anabolism
beta-glucan biosynthesis
beta-glucan formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-glucans. [GOC:ai]


beta-glucan catabolism
beta-glucan degradation
beta-glucan breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-glucans. [GOC:ai]


glycosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GPI-GnT) complex location

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI anchors for cell surface proteins. The complex contains PIG-A, PIG-C, PIG-H, PIG-Q, PIG-P, and DPM2 in human, and Eri1p, Gpi1p, Gpi2p, Gpi15p, Gpi19p, and Spt14p in budding yeast. [GOC:kp, GOC:rb, PMID:10944123, PMID:15163411]


The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu]


optic lobe and Bolwig's organ precursor development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure. During embryonic stage 12 the placode starts to invaginate, forming a pouch. Cells that will form Bolwig's organ segregate from the ventral lip of this pouch, remaining in the head epidermis. The remainder of the invagination loses contact with the outer surface and becomes the optic lobe. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:8402833]


compound eye photoreceptor fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a compound eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


mesenchymal cell differentiation from epithelial cell

A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:14701881]


The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0824072820]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]


The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]


The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]


The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to an opsonin, such as a complement component or antibody, deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Combining with an opsonin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to a component or product of the complement cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


complement component C1q complex binding

Binding to a C1q complex, a component of the classical complement cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to a C3a product of the complement cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to a C3b product of the complement cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to a iC3b product of the complement cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to a C3dg product of the complement cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to a C3d product of the complement cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to a C4b product of the classical complement cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


Binding to a C5a product of the complement cascade. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


complement component C1q receptor activity

Combining with the C1q complex, a component of the classical complement cascade, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]


complement component iC3b receptor activity

Combining with the iC3b product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]


complement component C3dg receptor activity

Combining with the C3dg product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]


complement component C3d receptor activity

Combining with the C3d product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]


complement component C4b receptor activity

Combining with the C4b product of the classical complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0781735149]