cytoplasmic exosome (ribonuclease complex)

cytoplasmic exosome (ribonuclease complex location)

prokaryotic exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex location

cytoplasmic exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex location

cytoplasmic exosome (RNase complex location)

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured. [PMID:17174896, PMID:20531386, PMID:26726035]


cytoplasmic ubiquitin ligase complex location

A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the cytoplasm. [GOC:mah]


Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein complex location

Cul1-RING ubiquitin ligase complex location

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1). [PMID:15571813, PMID:15688063]


An intracellular membrane-bounded particle found in fungi and containing chitin synthase; it synthesizes chitin microfibrils. Chitin synthase activity exists in chitosomes and they are proposed to act as a reservoir for regulated transport of chitin synthase enzymes to the division septum. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:8970154]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a chitosome. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle. [GOC:mah]


clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle. [GOC:mah]


clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle. [GOC:mah]


trans-Golgi network constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane

trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell. [GOC:ai]


A clathrin coat found on a vesicle. [GOC:mah]


A clathrin coat found on an endocytic vesicle. [GOC:mah]


AP-2 adaptor complex
HA2
AP-2 adaptor complex location

A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits, and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle, and the cargo receptors during receptor/clathrin mediated endocytosis. Vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC). [GOC:mah, PMID:10611976, PMID:21097499, PMID:22022230, PMID:24322426]


A clathrin coat found on a synaptic vesicle. [GOC:mah]


clathrin coat of trans-Golgi network vesicle

A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network. [GOC:mah]


A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. [GOC:go_curators]


A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle. [GOC:mah]


integral component of synaptic vesicle membrane

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators]


trans-Golgi network constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle

A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a coated vesicle. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle. [GOC:mah]


Golgi to ER constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane

Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicle membrane

Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER. [GOC:ai]


inter-Golgi transport constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances within the Golgi. [GOC:ai]


ER to Golgi constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane

endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport vesicle membrane

endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. [GOC:ai, GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Golgi to ER constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle

Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicle

Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum transport vesicle

COPI-coated Golgi to ER transport vesicle

OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:go_curators]


inter-Golgi transport constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle

COPI-coated inter-Golgi transport vesicle

A vesicle that mediates transport of cargo within the Golgi complex (for example, between cisternae of the Golgi stack). [GOC:mah]


One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. COPII is best characterized in S. cerevisiae, where the subunits are called Sar1p, Sec13p, Sec31p, Sec23p, and Sec24p. Vesicles with COPII coats are found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:11252894]


A membrane coat found on a coated vesicle. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule. [GOC:mah]


constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle. [GOC:mah]


Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix found throughout the merozoite life cycle stage of apicomplexan parasites; contains proteins destined to be secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole following parasite invasion of a host cell. [GOC:mb, GOC:mtg_sensu]


actin capping protein of dynactin complex location

A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, nucleates the polymerization of actin monomers but does not sever actin filaments, and which is a part of the dynactin complex. [GOC:jl, PMID:18221362, PMID:18544499]


A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments. [GOC:jl, GOC:vw, PMID:12479800]


Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains. [GOC:cilia, GOC:hla, GOC:krc, GOC:mah, PMID:12600311]


A form of the tropomyosin dimer found associated with actin and the troponin complex in muscle thin filaments. [ISBN:0815316194]


A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction. [ISBN:0815316194]


A type of plasma membrane that has been modified through addition of distinct intracellular and extracellular components, including ceramide, found in cornifying epithelial cells (corneocytes). [GOC:add, PMID:11112355, PMID:11590230, PMID:15803139]


Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell. [ISBN:0716731363]


A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins. [ISBN:0716731363]


The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell. [GOC:mah]


Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole. [ISBN:0815316194]


Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell. [ISBN:0815316194]


Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation. [ISBN:0815316194]


Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart. [ISBN:0815316194]


Any multimeric complex connected to a microtubule. [GOC:jl]


Any of several large complexes that contain two or three dynein heavy chains and several light chains, and have microtubule motor activity. [ISBN:0815316194]


Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work. [GOC:mah, http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinMotility.html, http://www.proweb.org/kinesin//KinesinStructure.html]


A complex of two kinesin heavy chains and two kinesin light chains. [http://www.csfic.mi.cnr.it/centro/lines/8/ric.html]


A complex consisting of two distinct motor subunits that form a heterodimer complexed with a third non-motor accessory subunit, the kinesin associated protein or KAP; the KIF3 heterodimer interacts via its C-terminal portion with KAP, which is thought to regulate the binding of the motor to cargo membranes. [http://www.csfic.mi.cnr.it/centro/lines/8/ric.html]


Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the minus end of a microtubule. [GOC:mah]


Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule. [GOC:mah]


The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. [ISBN:0198547684]


One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the central plaque is embedded in the nuclear envelope. [ISBN:0879693568]


Structure adjacent to the plaques of the spindle pole body. [ISBN:0879693568]


One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the inner plaque is in the nucleus. [ISBN:0879693568]


Structure between the central and outer plaques of the spindle pole body. [PMID:9215630]


One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the outer plaque is in the cytoplasm. [ISBN:0879693568]


A mechanically stable cytoskeletal structure associated with the cytoplasmic face of the pellicle and surrounding the microtubule-based cytoskeleton. [PMID:11420112]


phosphoinositide 3-kinase complex location

1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex location

A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too. [GOC:bf, PMID:24587488]


OBSOLETE. A large multisubunit protease found in the cytosol that recognizes, unfolds, and digests protein substrates that have been marked for degradation by the attachment of a ubiquitin group. Individual subcomplexes of the complete 26S proteasome are involved in these different tasks: the ATP-dependent 19S caps are believed to unfold substrates and feed them to the actual protease, the 20S proteasome. [PMID:10410804]


proteasome core complex location
20S proteasome
proteasome core complex

A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex. [GOC:rb, PMID:10806206]


A multisubunit complex that activates the hydrolysis of small nonubiquitinated peptides by binding to the proteasome core complex. [GOC:rb]


A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]


Multisubunit protein complex with 2x7 (Type I, in most cells) or 2x8 (Type II, in Archaea) ATP-binding sites involved in maintaining an unfolded polypeptide structure before folding or to entry into mitochondria and chloroplasts. [EC:3.6.4.9]


A multisubunit ring-shaped complex that mediates protein folding in the cytosol without a cofactor. [GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:11580267]


cytosolic type I fatty acid synthase complex location

cytosolic fatty acid synthase complex location

A multienzyme complex that catalyses the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA. [GOC:pde, GOC:sgd_curators, ISBN:0716746840]


A tetrameric complex of four different subunits which catalyzes the elongation of fatty acids chains 2 carbon units at a time in the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids. [GOC:tb]


fatty-acyl-CoA synthase complex location

fatty acyl CoA synthase complex location

A protein complex that possesses fatty-acyl-CoA synthase activity. [BRENDA:2.3.1.86, GOC:mah]


haemoglobin complex location
haemoglobin complex
hemoglobin complex location

An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


trimeric IKK complex
IkappaB kinase complex
IKK complex
trimeric IKK complex location
IKK complex location
IkappaB kinase complex location
heterotrimeric IKK complex

A trimeric protein complex that phosphorylates inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB) proteins. The complex is composed of two kinase subunits (alpha and beta) and a regulatory gamma subunit (also called NEMO). In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to inhibitory IKB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:ma, PMID:12055104, PMID:20300203]


phosphopyruvate hydratase complex location

A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


A multisubunit chaperone that is capable of delivering unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin, which it acts as a cofactor for. In humans, the complex is a heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha and four PFD-beta type subunits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it also acts in the nucleus to regulate the rate of elongation by RNA polymerase II via a direct effect on histone dynamics. [GOC:jl, PMID:17384227, PMID:24068951, PMID:9630229]


steroid hormone aporeceptor complex location

A protein complex consisting of a steroid receptor associated with nonreceptor proteins, minimally a dimer of Hsp90 and a monomer of hsp56/FKBP59; forms in the absence of bound ligand. [PMID:7493981]


dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex location

dystrophin glycoprotein complex location

A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase. [PMID:15117830, PMID:16710609]


A protein complex comprising alpha- and beta-dystrobrevin; forms part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. [PMID:15117830, PMID:16710609]


A protein complex that includes alpha- and beta-dystroglycan, which are alternative products of the same gene; the laminin-binding component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex, providing a link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton (in muscle cells) and the extracellular matrix. Alpha-dystroglycan is an extracellular protein binding to alpha-laminin and to beta-dystroglycan; beta-dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein which binds alpha-dystroglycan and dystrophin. [PMID:15117830, PMID:16710609]


sarcoglycan complex location
sarcoglycan complex
sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex location

A protein complex formed of four sarcoglycans plus sarcospan; there are six known sarcoglycans: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-sarcoglycan; all are N-glycosylated single-pass transmembrane proteins. The sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex is a subcomplex of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex, and is fixed to the dystrophin axis by a lateral association with the dystroglycan complex. [PMID:15117830, PMID:16710609]


A protein complex that includes alpha-, beta1-, beta2-syntrophins and syntrophin-like proteins; the syntrophin complex binds to the second half of the carboxy-terminal domain of dystrophin; also associates with neuronal nitric oxide synthase. [http://www.dmd.nl/DGC.html#syn]


cytosolic electron transfer flavoprotein complex location

A protein complex located in the cytosol containing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that, together with an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, forms a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198506732]


endoplasmic reticulum lumen
ER lumen
cisternal lumen
ER cisterna

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198547684]


integral to endoplasmic reticulum membrane

integral component of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


oligosaccharyl transferase complex location

A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected. [ISBN:0879695595, PMID:15835887]


serine C-palmitoyltransferase complex location

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a palmitoyl on to serine, forming 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine. [EC:2.3.1.50]


Endoplasmic reticulum found in plasmodesmata, junctions connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells. [GOC:ai, PMID:29880547]


A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space. [GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:1846444, PMID:7615509]


signal sequence receptor complex location

signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting

A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198506732]


A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090702, PMID:11964142, PMID:2557062]


eukaryotic 43S preinitiation complex location

eukaryotic 43S pre-initiation complex location

A protein complex composed of the 40S ribosomal subunit plus eIF1A, eIF3, and eIF2-GTP-bound methionyl-initiator methionine tRNA. [GOC:hjd, PMID:15145049]


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex location

Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA. [PMID:10216940]


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex location

A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs. [PMID:15904532]


eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex location

A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma. [GOC:jl, PMID:10216950]


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex location

A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon. [PMID:9438375]


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex location

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A and eIF4G; it is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of the 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome. [GOC:hb, PMID:8449919]


A large intracellular spectrin-rich structure that has been found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells. The fusome is an elongated, branched structure, formed from the spherical spectrosome organelle. [GOC:bf, PMID:12655376]


transport protein particle complex location

A large complex that acts as a tethering factor involved in transporting vesicles from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane. A TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex has a core set of proteins which are joined by specific subunits depending on the cellular component where a given TRAPP complex is active. [GOC:bhm, GOC:vw, PMID:22669257]


The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks. [GOC:mah]


Golgi integral membrane protein
integral to Golgi membrane

The component of the Golgi membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:go_curators]


The Golgi cisterna closest to the endoplasmic reticulum; the first processing compartment through which proteins pass after export from the ER. [ISBN:0815316194]


A complex that posseses mannosyltransferase activity. [GOC:mah]


The middle Golgi cisterna (or cisternae). [ISBN:0815316194]


The Golgi cisterna farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum; the final processing compartment through which proteins pass before exiting the Golgi apparatus; the compartment in which N-linked protein glycosylation is completed. [ISBN:0815316194]


A spherical, membrane-bounded organelle found in some anaerobic protozoa, which participates in ATP and molecular hydrogen formation. [GOC:jl, PMID:11197234, PMID:11293569]


spherosome
monolayer-surrounded lipid storage body
oilbody
oil body

A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0943088372]


Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules. [GOC:mah]


A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes. [GOC:mah, PMID:11252894, PMID:9531549]


A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane. [GOC:mah]


The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex. [GOC:mah]


A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. AP-3 does not appear to associate with clathrin in all organisms. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B). [GOC:mah, PMID:10611976, PMID:21097499]


An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta4, epsilon, mu4 and sigma4 subunits and is found associated with membranes in the trans-Golgi network; it is not clear whether AP-4 forms clathrin coats in vivo. [GOC:mah, PMID:10611976]


A complex comprised of gamma tubulin and other proteins that can act as a scaffold for the nucleation of microtubules.


gammaTuSC
gamma-tubulin small complex location

A complex usually comprising two gamma-tubulin molecules and two conserved non-tubulin proteins. Some gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the repeating unit making up the core of the gamma-tubulin ring complex. [PMID:11297925, PMID:12134075]


A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome. [GOC:clt, ISBN:0815316194]


A mitochondrial protein complex with 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity that participates in intron-independent turnover and processing of mitochondrial transcripts. In humans, the mitochondrial degradosome is a pentameric complex, and in yeast it exists as a heterodimer. [PMID:10397341, PMID:9829834]


The major and minor mitochondrial derivatives are the mitochondria of the sperm tail and derive by the unfolding of the Nebenkern during flagellum elongation. [GOC:ma]


The larger of the two mitochondrial derivatives that arise by the unfolding of the Nebenkern during flagellum elongation; the major mitochondrial derivative is ovoid and darker than the minor derivative. [GOC:mah, PMID:17123504, PMID:24211517, PMID:30802236]


The smaller of the two mitochondrial derivatives that arise by the unfolding of the Nebenkern during flagellum elongation. [GOC:mah, PMID:17123504, PMID:24211517, PMID:30802236]


branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex location

3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) complex location

A protein complex that catalyzes the reaction 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + lipoamide = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide + carbon dioxide (CO2). This requires thiamine diphosphate; the enzyme also acts on (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and 4-methyl-2-oxo-pentanoate. [EC:1.2.4.4]


mitochondrial electron transfer flavoprotein complex location

A protein complex located in the mitochondrion. It contains flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that, together with an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, forms a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the mitochondrial electron transport system. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198506732]


fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex location

A multienzyme complex possessing three kinds of enzymes that catalyze the chain reactions in the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle, enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HACD), and acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (KACT). [GOC:imk, PMID:12115060, PMID:16472743]


mitochondrial endopeptidase Clp complex location

A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the mitochondrion. [GOC:mah]


mitochondrial processing peptidase complex location

A protein complex consisting of a regulatory subunit (alpha-MPP) and a catalytic subunit (beta-MPP) that catalyzes the release of N-terminal targeting peptides from precursor proteins imported into the mitochondrion. [GOC:mah]


A ribosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell; contains a characteristic set of proteins distinct from those of cytosolic ribosomes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). [GOC:mcc]


mitochondrial ribosomal SSU complex location

mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit complex location

The smaller of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. [GOC:mcc]


mitochondrial oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex location

A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2) within the mitochondrial matrix. An example of this complex is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:mtg_sensu, MetaCyc:CPLX66-42, PMID:10848975]


Mitochondrial complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]

mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex location


mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase complex location (NAD+)

mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+)

Mitochondrial complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that is involved in mitochondrial protein turnover and in processing of proteins imported into mitochondria. [GOC:mcc, PMID:12417197, PMID:21147776]


A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]

mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I location


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, succinate dehydrogenase complex location (ubiquinone)

mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II, succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone)

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:vw, ISBN:0198547684]

mitochondrial fumarate reductase complex location


mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex location

mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex location

mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex location

mitochondrial cytochrome bc(1) complex location

mitochondrial coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase complex location

mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III location

mitochondrial coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex location

mitochondrial electron transport complex III location

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV location

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex V location

mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex location

A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the mitochondrial membrane. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex location, catalytic sector F(1)

The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10838056]

mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic sector F(1)


mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core

The hexamer, comprising three alpha and three beta subunits, that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10838056]


mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk

One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the mitochondrial membrane-associated F0 proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10838056]


mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)

All non-F1 subunits of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10838056]

mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex location, coupling factor F(o)


mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex location

mitochondrion outer membrane translocase complex location

A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates transport of proteins into all mitochondrial compartments. [PMID:12581629]


A protein complex that posttranscriptionally catalyzes insertion, deletion or substitution of nucleotides at multiple sites within nascent mRNA transcripts to produce mature mRNAs in eukaryotes. [http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol1/issue1/full/4/, PMID:11564867, PMID:12139607, PMID:24316715]


A product of the fusion of the mitochondria during spermatogenesis. After the completion of meiosis the mitochondria of the spermatid collect along side the nucleus and fuse into two masses; these wrap around each other to produce the spherical Nebenkern. During flagellum elongation the Nebenkern unfolds and the two derivatives (major and minor mitochondrial derivatives) elongate down the axoneme. [GOC:ma, PMID:25265054]


Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils. [GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815316194]


Electron-dense region associated with a smooth muscle contractile fiber. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


nascent polypeptide-associated complex location

A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome. [PMID:12475173, PMID:7568149]


cytosolic oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex location

A cytosolic complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2). [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10848975]


A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P1 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content; they contain fewer peroxisomal proteins than the other subforms. [PMID:10629216]


A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P2 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content; they are the least dense of the subforms observed. [PMID:10629216]


A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P3 peroxisomes are formed by fusion of P1 and P2 peroxisomes, and are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content. [PMID:10629216]


A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P4 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content. [PMID:10629216]


A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P5 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content. [PMID:10629216]


A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P6 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content, and are equivalent to mature peroxisomes. [PMID:10629216]


The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0815316194]


integral component of peroxisomal membrane

The component of the peroxisomal membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:mah]


extrinsic component of intraperoxisomal membrane

The component of the intraperoxisomal membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase complex location

Includes phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphatase (enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system) and protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase (enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system). [GOC:ma]


Fibrous structure (light microscope view) that arises between the daughter nuclei at telophase and within which the initial partition (cell plate), dividing the mother cell in two (cytokinesis), is formed. Appears at first as a spindle connected to the two nuclei, but later spreads laterally in the form of a ring. Consists of microtubules. [ISBN:0471245208]


A flattened membranous vesicle containing cell wall components. [ISBN:0943088399]


A plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch. [ISBN:0140514031]


Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter, and located in amyloplasts. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped. [GOC:jl, PMID:11217978]


The plastid organelle found in apicomplexans. [ISBN:0521664470]


The double lipid bilayer enclosing the chloroplast and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. [GOC:tb]


The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope; also faces the chloroplast stroma. [GOC:tb]


The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope. [GOC:tb]


Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter, and located in chloroplasts. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chloroplast but excluding the thylakoid space. It contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary products of photosynthesis. [ISBN:0198547684]


Unstacked thylakoids that connect the grana stacks through the stroma. [ISBN:0943088399]


chloroplastic endopeptidase Clp complex location

A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the chloroplast. [GOC:mah]


ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase complex location

A complex containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits which carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. [GOC:mlg]


ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase complex location

ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase complex location

A protein complex that possesses ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase activity. [GOC:mah]


Appressed thylakoid membranes that are part of a granum (stacked regions). A characteristic of these appressed regions is the preferential localization of photosystem II. [GOC:lr]


Sac-like membranous structures (cisternae) in a chloroplast combined into stacks (grana) and present singly in the stroma (stroma thylakoids or frets) as interconnections between grana. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0943088399]


chloroplast ATP synthase complex location

The protein complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in chloroplasts. [ISBN:0198547684]


The cavity enclosed within the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0943088399]


The pigmented membrane of a chloroplast thylakoid. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:lr, GOC:mtg_sensu]


chloroplast hydrogen-translocating F-type ATPase complex location

chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex location

chloroplast proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex location

A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane; it catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during photo-phosphorylation. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:pj, ISBN:0716743663]


thylakoid light-harvesting complex location

A thylakoid membrane complex of chlorophylls a and b together with chlorophyll a-b binding proteins. In addition, LHCs contain a number of other proteins, the function of which is speculative, together with accessory pigments. The LHCs capture and transfer energy to photosystems I and II. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198547684]


PSI associated light-harvesting complex I location

Protein-pigment complex associated with photosystem I. [GOC:lr]


PSI associated light-harvesting complex I, LHCIa subcomplex location

A pigment protein complex that forms part of the photosystem I associated light-harvesting complex I; contains two proteins (usually about 24 and 21.5 kDa); has a fluorescence maximum between 680 and 690 nm. [PMID:8825475]


PSI associated light-harvesting complex I, LHCIb subcomplex location

A pigment protein complex that forms part of the photosystem I associated light-harvesting complex I; contains two proteins (usually about 20 kDa); has a fluorescence maximum of 730 nm. [PMID:8825475]


PSII associated light-harvesting complex II location

Protein-pigment complex associated with photosystem II. [GOC:lr, ISBN:0582227089]


PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, core complex location

The pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in higher plants, green algae and cyanobacteria that directly transfers electrons to the reaction center. [GOC:lr]


PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, core complex, LHCIId subcomplex location

PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, core complex, LHCIIc subcomplex location

PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, core complex, LHCIIa subcomplex location

OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:mah]


PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, peripheral complex location

Pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in plants, green algae and cyanobacteria. Involved in state transitions that cause migration to PSI under certain environmental conditions such as high light. [GOC:lr]


PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, peripheral complex, LHCIIb subcomplex location

A pigment protein complex that forms part of the photosystem II associated light-harvesting complex II; contains two proteins (usually about 28 and 27 kDa), and may contain a third; peripherally located relative to other LHC polypeptides. [PMID:8825475]


An integral chloroplast membrane complex containing the P680 reaction center. In the light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chromoplast but excluding the photosynthetic material. [GOC:jl]


A plastid that contains unstacked, phycobilisome-bearing thylakoid membranes and is surrounded by a double membrane with a peptidoglycan layer in the intermembrane space between the two envelope membranes. Cyanelles are characteristic of algae in the class Glaucophyta, and may represent an ancestral form of plastid. [ISBN:0521316871, ISBN:1402001894]


A thylakoid found in a cyanelle, which is a type of plastid found in certain algae. The cyanelle contains a photosynthetic membrane resembling that of cyanobacteria. [GOC:lr, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


A protein complex located in the plasma membrane-derived thylakoid. The photosystem functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. Examples of this complex are found in bacterial species. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu]


plasma membrane-derived thylakoid photosystem II

A protein complex, located in the membrane-derived thylakoid, containing the P680 reaction center. In the light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu]


A leucoplast in which oil is stored. [ISBN:0140514031]


The space enclosed by the double membrane of an elaioplast. [GOC:mah]


A plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions. [ISBN:0943088399]


A three dimensional regular lattice found in etioplasts. It is composed of a continuous system of tubules but when exposed to light the symmetrical arrangement is rapidly lost as tubules become pinched off into two dimensional sections of lattice. These for perforated sheets of membrane that move apart, extend and increase, finally establishing the typical granal and intergranal lamellae of the mature chloroplast. [ISBN:0140514031]


The space enclosed by the double membrane of an etioplast but excluding the prothylakoid space. It contains the etioplast DNA. [GOC:jl]


A colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes. [ISBN:0943088399]


The space enclosed by the double membrane of a leucoplast. [GOC:mah]


The double lipid bilayer enclosing a plastid and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. [GOC:jy]


Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a plastid and form the plastid envelope. [GOC:mah]


The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope; also faces the plastid stroma. [GOC:lr]


The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the plastid envelope. [GOC:lr]


The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope. [GOC:lr]


The proteinaceous ground substance of plastids. [ISBN:0943088399]


A ribosome contained within a plastid. [GOC:tair_curators]


The larger of the two subunits of a plastid ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). [GOC:mcc]


The smaller of the two subunits of a plastid ribosome. [GOC:mcc]


The space enclosed by the double membrane of a proplastid. [GOC:jl]


The precursor of other plastids. [ISBN:0943088399]


Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole (animal, vegetal, anterior, or posterior) of an oocyte, egg or early embryo. [GOC:kmv, PMID:17113380]


A dense band of microtubules, 1-3 pm wide, that appears just beneath the cell membrane before the start of cell division in the cells of higher plants. It precedes the onset of prophase and then disappears as mitosis begins, yet it somehow determines the plane of orientation of the new cell plate forming in late telophase and marks the zone of the parental cell wall where fusion with the growing cell plate ultimately occurs. [ISBN:0198506732]


cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex location

Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Usually contains fewer subunits than its eukaryotic counterpart; for example, the E. coli complex contains 12 E1 dimers, 8 E2 trimers, and 6 E3 dimers arranged in highly symmetric cubic order. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0471331309, ISBN:0716720094]


The larger of the two subunits of a ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). [ISBN:0198506732]


The larger of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). [GOC:mcc]


A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle. [GOC:mah, GOC:mcc]


The smaller of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. [GOC:mcc]


The smaller of the two subunits of a ribosome. [GOC:mah]


A germline specific spherical organelle, rich in membrane skeletal proteins. Precursor to the fusome. [GOC:bf]


cytosolic tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex location

Any of the heteromeric enzymes, located in the cytosol, that act in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Cytosolic complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]

cytosolic alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex location


cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase complex location (NAD+)

cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+)

Cytosolic complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


A specialized vacuole of eukaryotic cells, especially Protozoa, that fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of contractile vacuole pores. One of its functions is osmoregulatory. [GOC:jl, PMID:10503189, PMID:23890380]


A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases. [GOC:krc]


Vacuole within a parasite used for digestion of the host cell cytoplasm. An example of this component is found in the Apicomplexa. [GOC:mb]


lysosomal proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex location

lysosomal hydrogen-translocating V-type ATPase complex location

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the lysosomal membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the lysosomal lumen. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716743663, PMID:16449553]


lytic vacuole within protein storage vacuole

A membrane-bounded compartment containing crystals of phytic acid and proteins characteristic of a lytic vacuole, found within a storage vacuole. [PMID:11739490]


vacuole, cell cycle-correlated morphology

A vacuole that has both lytic and storage functions. The fungal vacuole is a large, membrane-bounded organelle that functions as a reservoir for the storage of small molecules (including polyphosphate, amino acids, several divalent cations (e.g. calcium), other ions, and other small molecules) as well as being the primary compartment for degradation. It is an acidic compartment, containing an ensemble of acid hydrolases. At least in S. cerevisiae, there are indications that the morphology of the vacuole is variable and correlated with the cell cycle, with logarithmically growing cells having a multilobed, reticulated vacuole, while stationary phase cells contain a single large structure. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879693649]


membrane of vacuole with cell cycle-correlated morphology

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:krc, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Membrane-bounded vacuole within a host cell in which a symbiont organism resides. The vacuole membrane is derived from both the host and symbiont. [GOC:jl, GOC:mb]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a symbiont-containing vacuole, derived from both the host and symbiont. [GOC:jl, GOC:mb]


parasitophorous vacuolar membrane network

symbiont-containing vacuole membrane network

symbiont-containing vacuolar membrane network

Tubular network of extensions from the symbiont-containing vacuole membrane that protrude into the host cytoplasm. [GOC:jl, PMID:3528173]


The space between a symbiont plasma membrane and the symbiont-containing vacuole membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mb]


A vacuole that functions primarily in the storage of materials, including nutrients, pigments, waste products, and small molecules. [GOC:krc]


A storage vacuole that contains a lytic vacuole; identified in plants. [PMID:11739409]


The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane. [ISBN:0198506732]


lumen of vacuole with cell cycle-independent morphology

The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane of a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:krc, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. [GOC:ai]


extrinsic component of vacuolar membrane

The component of a vacuolar membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:dos, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


vacuolar hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V0 domain

vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:mah, PMID:16449553]


vacuolar hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase V1 domain

vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain

The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:mah, PMID:16449553]


membrane of vacuole with cell cycle-independent morphology

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0471245208]


electron transfer flavoprotein complex location

A protein complex facilitating the electron transfer from an acyl-CoA molecule to ubiquinone via its flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. Usually contains an alpha and a beta subunit and the structural cofactor adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Part of a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the electron transport system. [GOC:bhm, ISBN:0198506732]


A protein complex comprised of members of the ClpX, ClpC, ClpD, ClpP or ClpR protein families. ClpPs are the proteolytic subunit of active complexes, and ClpA and ClpX form the regulatory subunits. Enzymatically active and inactive complexes can form. [GOC:mah, PMID:11352464]


eukaryotic exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex location

nuclear exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex location

nuclear exosome (ribonuclease complex location)

nuclear exosome (RNase complex location)

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive and distributive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity and endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured. [PMID:17174896, PMID:20531386, PMID:26726035]


Circular DNA structures that are not part of a chromosome. [GOC:ai]


A plasmid commonly found in Saccharomyces, inherited in a non-Mendelian manner and often present in 100-400 copies. [PMID:12073320]


Circular DNA molecules encoding ribosomal RNA that are replicated independently of chromosomal replication. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats. [GOC:mah, PMID:12044934]


The long, slender, mid section of a pilus. [GOC:jl]


The pointed extremity furthest from the cell of a pilus. [GOC:jl]


An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules. [PMID:11121744]


The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined. [GOC:bm, GOC:ma, ISBN:3540076689]


cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase holoenzyme complex location

A cyclin-dependent kinase activating kinase complex capable of activating cyclin-dependent kinases by threonine phosphorylation, thus regulating cell cycle progression. consists of a kinase, cyclin and optional assembly factors, in human CDK7, CCNH and MNAT1. CAK activity is itself regulated throughout the cell cycle by T-loop phosphorylation of its kinase component (CDK7 in human). Phosphorylation of serine residues during mitosis inactivates the enzyme. Also capable of CAK phosphorylating the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and other transcription activating proteins, as part of the general transcription factor TFIIH. [GOC:bhm, PMID:8752210]


dosage compensation complex
dosage compensation complex location

A protein or protein-RNA complex that localizes to one or more of the sex chromosome(s), where it acts to normalize transcription between different sexes. [GOC:kmv, GOC:mah]


The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females. [CL:0000021, GOC:hjd]


male germ cell nucleus
male germ-cell nucleus
sperm cell nucleus

The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males. [CL:0000015, GOC:hjd, GOC:mtg_sensu]


nucleus inner membrane
nuclear inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope. [GOC:ma]


integral component of nuclear inner membrane

The component of the nuclear inner membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:go_curators]


nucleus outer envelope
nuclear outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. [ISBN:0198547684]


NLS-dependent protein nuclear import complex location

A dimer consisting of an alpha and a beta-subunit that imports proteins with an NLS into the nucleus through a nuclear pore. [GOC:jl, PMID:9323123, PMID:9323134, Wikipedia:Importin]


A complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus and yeast, the export receptor CRM1 (also known as exportin 1), the Ran protein and any RNA with a nuclear export sequence (NES). The complex acts to export RNA molecules with a NES from the nucleus through a nuclear pore. [GOC:jl, PMID:9323123]


nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex location

A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the nucleus. [GOC:mah]


A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and a collection of proteins. [PMID:10754561]


DNA-directed RNA polymerase I complex location

RNA polymerase I, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces rRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase III and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases II and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template. [GOC:krc, GOC:mtg_sensu]


A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures. [PMID:10754561]


A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm. [PMID:10754561]


ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing complex location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family, and cleaves the rRNA precursor as part of rRNA transcript processing. It also has other roles: In S. cerevisiae it is involved in cell cycle-regulated degradation of daughter cell-specific mRNAs, while in mammalian cells it also enters the mitochondria and processes RNAs to create RNA primers for DNA replication. [GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:10690410, PMID:14729943, PMID:7510714]


RNA polymerase I transcription factor complex location


small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family and associated proteins. Many are involved in a step of processing of rRNA molecules: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation, but other RNA types can be targets as well. The majority fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type, which are conserved across eukaryotes and archaea. Other members include the telomerase RNA and the ribonuclease MRP RNA. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897, PMID:17284456]

sno(s)RNA-containing ribonucleoprotein complex location


An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and additional small histone fold subunits (generally two of these, but Xenopus has only one and some additional non-conserved subunits). CHRAC plays roles in the regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair. [GOC:bf, GOC:krc, PMID:15284901, PMID:16568949, PMID:21810179, PMID:9252192]

chromatin accessibility complex location


An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and generally no other subunits, though Xenopus is an exception with a third non-conserved subunit. ACF plays roles in regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair. [GOC:bf, GOC:krc, PMID:12192034, PMID:15284901, PMID:16568949, PMID:21810179]

ATP-utilizing chromatin assembly and remodeling factor complex location


Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing. [GOC:mah]


Polybromo- and BAF containing complex location

A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains a bromodomain containing-protein, such as yeast Rsc1 or Rsc4 or mammalian PB1/BAF180. The RSC complex is generally recruited to RNA polymerase III promoters and is specifically recruited to RNA polymerase II promoters by transcriptional activators and repressors; it is also involved in non-homologous end joining. [GOC:bhm, PMID:11937489, PMID:12672490, PMID:15870268, PMID:19355820, PMID:8980231]


SWI/SNF complex location
SWI-SNF complex location
SWI-SNF complex

A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains 8 to 14 proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of the yeast SNF2 or mammalian SMARCA4/BAF190A/BRG1 gene, or an ortholog thereof. [GOC:bhm, PMID:12672490]


DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme

A nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex containing an RNA polymerase II core enzyme as well as additional proteins and transcription factor complexes, that are capable of promoter recognition and transcription initiation from an RNA polymerase II promoter in vivo. These additional components may include general transcription factor complexes TFIIA, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, or TFIIH, as well as Mediator, SWI/SNF, GCN5, or SRBs and confer the ability to recognize promoters. [GOC:jl, GOC:krc, PMID:16858867, Wikipedia:Rna_polymerase_ii]


mediator complex
L mediator complex
Srb-mediator complex
Srb-mediator complex location
mediator complex location

A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The mediator complex is required for activation of transcription of most protein-coding genes, but can also act as a transcriptional corepressor. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins. [PMID:11454195, PMID:16168358, PMID:17870225]


Paf1 complex location
Paf1p complex
Cdc73/Paf1 complex location
Paf1 complex
Paf1p complex location

A multiprotein complex that associates with RNA polymerase II and general RNA polymerase II transcription factor complexes and may be involved in both transcriptional initiation and elongation. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Paf1p, Cdc73p, Ctr9p, Rtf1p, and Leo1p. [PMID:11884586]


transcription factor TFIIA complex location

A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12). [GOC:jl, PMID:17560669]


transcription factor TFIIE complex location

A transcription factor which in humans consists of a complex of two alpha and two beta chains. Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and helps activate both RNA polymerase II and TFIIH. [GOC:jl, PMID:16547462]


transcription factor TFIIF complex location

A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation. [GOC:jl, PMID:7597077]


DNA-directed RNA polymerase III complex location

RNA polymerase III, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces 5S rRNA, tRNAs and some of the small nuclear RNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase I and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases I and II. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template. [GOC:krc, GOC:mtg_sensu]


mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex location

A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal. [PMID:14749727]


Any macromolecular complex involved in cleavage or polyadenylation of mRNA molecules. [GOC:mah, PMID:10357856]


mRNA cleavage stimulating factor complex location

A protein complex required for mRNA cleavage but not for poly(A) addition. [GOC:mah, PMID:10357856]


Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei. [GOC:jl, PMID:11790299]


A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection. [GOC:ma, PMID:10944585]


nuclear RNA export factor complex location

A protein complex that contains two proteins (know in several organisms, including Drosophila, as NXF1 and NXF2) and is required for the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; localized in the nucleoplasm and at both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex; shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. [PMID:11780633]


nucleosome remodeling factor complex location

An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2L in mammals), a NURF301 homolog (BPTF in humans), and additional subunits, though the composition of these additional subunits varies slightly with species. NURF is involved in regulation of transcription from TRNA polymerase II promoters. [GOC:bf, GOC:krc, PMID:10779516, PMID:11279013, PMID:15284901, PMID:16568949, PMID:21810179]


nuclear pre-replicative complex location

eukaryotic pre-replicative complex location

A protein-DNA complex assembled at eukaryotic DNA replication origins during late mitosis and G1, allowing the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication. The complex normally includes the origin recognition complex (ORC), Cdc6, Cdt1 and the MiniChromosome Maintenance (Mcm2-7) proteins. [PMID:15222894]


The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


Any of a family of protein complexes that form at the origin of replication or stalled replication forks and function in replication primer synthesis in all organisms. Early complexes initiate double-stranded DNA unwinding. The core unit consists of a replicative helicase and a primase. The helicase further unwinds the DNA and recruits the polymerase machinery. The primase synthesizes RNA primers that act as templates for complementary stand replication by the polymerase machinery. The primosome contains a number of associated proteins and protein complexes and contributes to the processes of replication initiation, lagging strand elongation, and replication restart. [GOC:bhm, GOC:mah, PMID:21856207]


delta DNA polymerase complex location
delta-DNA polymerase complex location
delta-DNA polymerase complex

A multimeric DNA polymerase enzyme complex which differs in composition amongst species; in humans it is a heterotetramer of four subunits of approximately 125, 50, 68 and 12kDa, while in S. cerevisiae, it has three different subunits which form a heterotrimer, and the active enzyme is a dimer of this heterotrimer. Functions in DNA replication, mismatch repair and excision repair. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198547684, PMID:11205330, PMID:12403614]


DNA replication factor A complex location

A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa. [PMID:9242902]


DNA replication factor C complex location

A complex that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. In eukaryotes the complex consists of five polypeptides. [PMID:14614842, PMID:14646196, PMID:16172520]


epsilon DNA polymerase complex location
DNA polymerase epsilon complex location
DNA polymerase epsilon complex

A heterotetrameric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes processive DNA synthesis in the absence of PCNA, but is further stimulated in the presence of PCNA. The complex contains a large catalytic subunit and three small subunits, and is best characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are named Pol2p, Dpb2p, Dpb3p, and Dpb4p. Some evidence suggests that DNA polymerase epsilon is the leading strand polymerase; it is also involved in nucleotide-excision repair and mismatch repair. [PMID:15814431, PMID:9745046]


mini-chromosome maintenance complex location

A hexameric protein complex required for the initiation and regulation of DNA replication. [GOC:jl, PMID:11282021]


origin of replication recognition complex location

A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome. [GOC:elh]


transcription elongation factor complex location

Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation. [GOC:jl]


A heteromeric transcription factor complex that binds to the CCAAT-box upstream of promoters; functions as both an activator and a repressor, depending on its interacting cofactors. Typically trimeric consisting of NFYA, NFYB and NFYC subunits. In Saccharomyces, it activates the transcription of genes in response to growth in a nonfermentable carbon source and consists of four known subunits: HAP2, HAP3, HAP4 and HAP5. [GOC:bhm, PMID:7828851]


The Ccr4-Not complex is an eukaryotically conserved deadenylase that can initiate cytoplasmic mRNA decay, and reduce translation by releasing poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1/PABPC1). Ccr4-Not contains seven core subunits, including two poly(A)-specific exonucleases, Ccr4/CNOT6/CNOT6L and Caf1/Pop2/CNOT7/CNOT8. [GOC:sart, PMID:11113136, PMID:11239395, PMID:22785621, PMID:30601114]


The core of the CCR4-NOT complex. In Saccharomyces the CCR4-NOT core complex comprises Ccr4p, Caf1p, Caf40p, Caf130p, Not1p, Not2p, Not3p, Not4p, and Not5p. [GOC:sart, PMID:11113136]


CBF complex
CBF complex location
core-binding factor complex location

A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that contains an alpha subunit (Runx1, Runx2 or Runx3 in human) that binds DNA and a non-DNA-binding beta subunit (CBFbeta), and binds to a consensus sequence 5'-YGYGGTY-3' found in several enhancers and promoters; the beta subunit enhances the DNA binding of the alpha subunit. [PMID:15156179, PMID:8497254]


A heterodimeric complex containing the products of the insect genes Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp). Binding of ecdysone promotes association between the two subunits, and the receptor complex then initiates molting and metamorphosis by binding DNA and regulating the transcription of target genes. [GOC:bf, PMID:14592980]


activator ecdysone receptor holocomplex location


repressor ecdysone receptor holocomplex location


histone acetyltransferase complex location

A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity. [GOC:mah]


KAT2B-containing ATAC complex location
ADA2A-containing complex
KAT2A-containing ATAC complex
Ada-Two-A-containing complex
Ada Two-A containing complex location
Ada two A containing complex location
ADA2A-containing complex location
KAT2B-containing ATAC complex
Ada Two-A containing complex
G-ATAC complex
Ada two A containing complex
KAT2A-containing ATAC complex location
ATAC complex location
Ada-Two-A-containing complex location
G-ATAC complex location

A chromatin remodelling complex that regulates transcription via acetylation primarily of nucleosomal histones H3 and possibly H4. Shares the histone acetylation (HAT) module of GCN5/PCAF-ADA2-ADA3-SGF29 (or orthologs) with the related SAGA complex (GO:0000124). Contains HAT subunits GCN5 or PCAF in a mutually exclusive manner. In addition to the HAT module contains DR1/NC2B, KAT14, MBIP, WDR5, YEATS2 and ZZZ3 or orthologs. Also regulates the activity of non-histone targets and orchestrates mitotic progression by regulating Cyclin A degradation through acetylation. [GOC:bhm, PMID:19936620, PMID:20562830, PMID:28966424]


A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that deubiquitinates H2A and/or H2B. This complex is organized into several functional submodules: a structural core including the activator binding module and consisting of ADA1 or a homolog, members of the SPT and TAF protein families as well as promotor recruitment factor TRRAP/TRA1, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module consisting of GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, ADA2, ADA3/NGG1, and SGF29 or homologues thereof, a histone deubiquitinase (DUB) module consisting of ATXN7/SGF73, ATXN7L3/SGF11, ENY2/SUS1 and USP22/UBP8 or homologues thereof, and in some taxa a splicing module consisting of SF3B3 and SF3B5 or homologues thereof (not in fungi). In budding yeast also contains Spt8 which distinguishes it from SAGA-like (SLIK) complex (GO:0046695). [PMID:10637607, PMID:17337012, PMID:19056896, PMID:20838651, PMID:33004486]


SALSA complex
SLIK/SALSA complex location
SAGA (alt) complex location
SAGA (alt) complex
SALSA complex location
SLIK (SAGA-like) complex location
SLIK/SALSA complex

A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that contains a smaller form of Spt7 (lacking the SPT8 binding region) than the fungal SAGA complex, and consequently lacks Spt8. The complex is involved in the yeast retrograde response pathway, which is important for gene expression changes during mitochondrial dysfunction. [PMID:33864814]


transcription factor TFIIIC complex location

A heterotrimeric transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIC contains three conserved subunits that associate with the proximal Pol III promoter element, and additional subunits that associate with sequence elements downstream of the promoter and are more diverged among species. It also functions as a boundary element to partition genome content into distinct domains outside Pol III promoter regions. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:11433012, PMID:16751097]


histone deacetylase complex location
HDAC complex location
histone deacetylase complex

A protein complex that possesses histone deacetylase activity. [GOC:mah]


nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation complex location

An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins. [PMID:10589671, PMID:11743021, PMID:17289569]


A multiprotein complex that functions broadly in eukaryotic organisms as a transcriptional repressor of protein-coding genes, through the gene-specific deacetylation of histones. Amongst its subunits, the Sin3 complex contains Sin3-like proteins, and a number of core proteins that are shared with the NuRD complex (including histone deacetylases and histone binding proteins). The Sin3 complex does not directly bind DNA itself, but is targeted to specific genes through protein-protein interactions with DNA-binding proteins. [PMID:10589671, PMID:11743021, PMID:12865422]


insulin control element activator complex location

Transcription factor complex that binds to the insulin control element (ICE), a DNA sequence element found within the 5'-flanking region of the insulin gene, and activates ICE-mediated transcription. [PMID:7935390]


RNA polymerase transcription factor SL1 complex location

A RNA polymerase I-specific transcription factor complex that contains the TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) and at least three TBP-associated factors including proteins known in mammals as TAFI110, TAFI63 and TAFI48. [PMID:15691654]


snRNA-activating protein complex location

A protein complex that recognizes the proximal sequence element of RNA polymerase II and III snRNA promoters. [PMID:7715707, PMID:9003788]


transcription factor TFIIIB complex location

A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIB contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and two Pol III-specific proteins, B'' and BRF. [GOC:mah, PMID:11433012]


transcriptional repressor complex location

transcription factor inhibitor complex location

transcription repressor complex location

A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription. [GOC:mah]


A heterodimeric protein complex that can stably associate with TATA-binding protein on promoters, thereby preventing the assembly of transcription factors TFIIA and TFIIB and leading to repression of RNA polymerase II transcription. The two subunits, NC2alpha (Drap1) and NC2beta (Dr1), dimerize through histone fold domains of the H2A/H2B type present in the amino termini. [PMID:15574413]


A heterodimeric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes error-prone DNA synthesis in contexts such as translesion synthesis and double-stranded break repair. First characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are Rev3p and Rev7p; a third protein, Rev1p, is often associated with the polymerase dimer. [PMID:16631579, PMID:16971464]


nucleotide-excision repair complex location

Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair. [PMID:10915862]


nucleotide-excision repair factor 1 complex location

One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses DNA damage recognition and endodeoxynuclease activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad1p, Rad10p, and Rad14p; in human the subunits are ERCC4/XPF, ERCC1 and XPA, respectively. [PMID:10915862]


nucleotide-excision repair factor 2 complex location

One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses damaged DNA binding activity. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad4p and Rad23p. [PMID:10915862]


nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex location

One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses endodeoxynuclease and DNA helicase activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad2p and the core TFIIH-Ssl2p complex (core TFIIH is composed of Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p, Tfb4p and Tfb5p. Note that Ssl2p is also called Rad25p). [GOC:ew, PMID:10915862, PMID:14500720, PMID:7813015]


nucleotide-excision repair factor 4 complex location

One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses DNA damage recognition and DNA-dependent ATPase activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad7p and Rad16p. [PMID:10915862]


The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents. [ISBN:0198506732]


Globular nuclear domains where the transcription and replication of the viral genome occurs. More than one site can be present simultaneously. [PMID:9499108, VZ:1951]


single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent DNA helicase complex location

ssDNA-dependent ATP-dependent DNA helicase complex location

A protein complex that possesses single-stranded DNA-dependent DNA helicase activity. [GOC:mah]


small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex
small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
snRNP
snRNP location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains at least one RNA of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) class and as well as its associated proteins. These are typically named after the snRNA(s) they contain, e.g. U1 snRNP, U4/U6 snRNP, or 7SK snRNP. Many, of these complexes become part of the spliceosome involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs. Others are involved in regulation of transcription elongation or 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex location


A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U1, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U1 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U1 snRNA both while the U1 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


snRNP U11 location
snRNP U11
U11 snRNP location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U11, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U11 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U11 snRNA both while the U11 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U12, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U12 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U12 snRNA both while the U12 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


U2 snRNP location
snRNP U2 location
snRNP U2

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U2, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U2 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U2 snRNA both while the U2 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


U4 snRNP
U4 snRNP location
snRNP U4 location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U4, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U4 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U4 snRNA both while the U4 snRNP is free or assembled into the U4/U6 snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


snRNP U4atac
snRNP U4atac location
U4atac snRNP location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U4atac, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U4atac snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U4atac snRNA both while the U4atac snRNP is free or assembled into the U4atac/U6atac complex or into a series of spliceosomal complexes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


U5 snRNP location
snRNP U5
snRNP U5 location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U5, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U5 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U5 snRNA both while the U5 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U6 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U6 snRNA both while the U6 snRNP is free or assembled into the U4/U6 snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


U6atac snRNP location
snRNP U6atac
snRNP U6atac location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U6atac, the Lsm2-8 heptameric ring complex, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U6atac snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U6atac snRNA both while the U6atac snRNP is free or assembled into the U4atac/U6atac snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


U7 snRNP
snRNP U7 location
U7 snRNP location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the U7 snRNA and is required for the 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs. [PMID:12872004]


U4/U6.U5 snRNP complex
U4/U6.U5 snRNP complex location
U4/U6 x U5 tri-snRNP complex location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is formed by the association of the U4/U6 and U5 snRNPs. [GOC:krc, GOC:pr, ISBN:0879695897, PMID:11867543]


A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the U1 snRNP with the 5' splice site of an unspliced intron in an RNA transcript. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897, PMID:9150140]


tRNA splicing endonuclease complex location

tRNA-intron endonuclease complex location

A protein complex that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron. [PMID:22391451]


Specific locations and structures in the virus infected cell involved in replicating the viral genome. [ISBN:0781718325]


oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex location

dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase complex location

A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2). [MetaCyc:CPLX66-42, PMID:10848975]


(1->3)-beta-glucan synthase complex location

1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase complex location

1,3-beta-glucan synthase complex location

A protein complex that catalyzes the transfer of a glucose group from UDP-glucose to a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan chain. [EC:2.4.1.34]


The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell. [GOC:curators]


The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells. [GOC:hb]


immunoglobulin complex location, membrane bound

An immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and that in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:11732910]


A septate junction in which regular arrays of electron-dense septae span the intermembrane space. [PMID:11700298]


A septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions. [PMID:11700298]


A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens. [PMID:11700298]


The space between the plasma membrane and the desmotubule of a plasmodesma. [PMID:29880547]


A tightly wound cylinder of membrane that is located within the plasmodesmal pore and runs the length of the plasmodesma. The desmotubule likely provides a rigid stability to plasmodesmata and confers a fixed diameter and pore size to the plasmodesmal canal, and is linked to the endoplasmic reticulum in each of the adjacent cell. [PMID:29880547]


The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasmodesma. [GOC:mah]


A plasmodesma that consists of a simple, single channel; found predominantly in young tissue and formed as a function of cell plate formation during cytokinesis. [PMID:15012255]


A plasmodesma with a branched structure, often with many channels leading into a larger central cavity; found in older tissues and usually derived from preexisting primary plasmodesmata. [PMID:15012255]


T-cell receptor complex location
T cell receptor complex
T-cell receptor complex
T lymphocyte receptor complex location
T-lymphocyte receptor complex
TCR complex location
T-lymphocyte receptor complex location
TCR
T lymphocyte receptor complex
T cell receptor complex location

A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0781735149]


alpha-beta T-lymphocyte receptor complex location

alpha-beta T lymphocyte receptor complex location

alpha-beta T cell receptor complex location

alpha-beta T-cell receptor complex location

A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0781735149]


gamma-delta T-cell receptor complex location

gamma-delta T-lymphocyte receptor complex location

gamma-delta T lymphocyte receptor complex location

gamma-delta T cell receptor complex location

A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises gamma and delta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes antigen directly, without a requirement for processing and presentation by an MHC protein. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0781735149]


The protein complex associated with the plasma membrane of certain plant cells (e.g. root cortex, epidermal cells) that functions to transport auxin out of the cell. [PMID:9843496]


The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]


The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. [GOC:go_curators]


A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae. [PMID:17206938, PMID:17600709]


A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, NIF_Subcellular:sao1969557946, PMID:10559856, PMID:17284835]


outer surface of cytoplasmic membrane
external side of plasma membrane

The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos, GOC:tb]