positive regulation of histone H3 acetylation at K14

up regulation of histone H3-K14 acetylation

upregulation of histone H3-K14 acetylation

up-regulation of histone H3-K14 acetylation

positive regulation of histone H3K14 acetylation

positive regulation of histone H3-K14 acetylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to histone H3 at position 14 of the histone. [GOC:mah]


activation of histone H3-K14 acetylation


stimulation of histone H3-K14 acetylation


Binding to DNA sequences encoding transfer RNA. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to salicylate stimulus

cellular response to salicylic acid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salicylic acid stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to alkyl hydroperoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkyl hydroperoxide stimulus. Alkyl hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH, where the substituent is an alkyl group. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to lipid hydroperoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a singlet oxygen stimulus. Singlet oxygen is a dioxygen (O2) molecule in which two 2p electrons have similar spin. Singlet oxygen is more highly reactive than the form in which these electrons are of opposite spin, and it is produced in mutant chloroplasts lacking carotenoids and by leukocytes during metabolic burst. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to anaerobic conditions

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating a decline in oxygen levels to trace amounts, <0.1%. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to increased oxygen tension

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to lowered oxygen tension

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ozone stimulus. [GOC:mah]


integral to cytosolic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

integral to cytosolic side of ER membrane

integral to cytosolic leaflet of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

integral component of cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products that penetrate only the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


protein localisation to chromosome, centromeric region

protein localization to chromosome, centric region

protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of cell-matrix adhesion. [GOC:sl, PMID:11425869]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a humidity stimulus, moisture in the atmosphere. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to static fluid pressure

cellular response to hydrostatic pressure

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to biomechanical stress


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a desiccation stimulus, extreme dryness resulting from the prolonged deprivation of water. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:mah, Wikipedia:PH]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah, Wikipedia:PH]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mah, Wikipedia:PH]


cellular osmotic response
cellular osmotic stress response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to non-ionic osmotic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of non-ionic solutes (e.g. mannitol, sorbitol) in the environment. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to ionic osmotic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of cation stress, an increase or decrease in the concentration of positively charged ions in the environment. [GOC:mah]


cellular hypertonic response
cellular HOG response
cellular response to hypertonicity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to hyperosmotic salt stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to hypotonic salt stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to ionizing radiation stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to gamma ray
cellular response to gamma-ray photon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to X-ray radiation stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to blue light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an absence of light stimuli. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to high light intensity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high light intensity stimulus. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to low light intensity stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to very low light intensity stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very low light intensity stimulus. A very low light intensity stimulus is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation below 0.001 mmol/m2/sec. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to red or far red light

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red or far red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to far red light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to UV-A radiation stimulus

cellular response to UV-A light stimulus

cellular response to UVA radiation stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to UVB radiation stimulus

cellular response to medium wave ultraviolet radiation stimulus

cellular response to UV-B radiation stimulus

cellular response to UV-B light stimulus

cellular response to medium wave ultraviolet light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to shortwave ultraviolet light stimulus

cellular response to shortwave ultraviolet radiation stimulus

cellular response to germicidal ultraviolet radiation stimulus

cellular response to UVC radiation stimulus

cellular response to germicidal ultraviolet light stimulus

cellular response to UV-C light stimulus

cellular response to UV-C radiation stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to endogenous stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a freezing stimulus, temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to laminar fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to temperature stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycophenolic acid stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycophenolic acid stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]


phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase complex location

A protein complex that catalyzes decarboxylation of 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine to yield 4'-phosphopantetheine; this is the third step in the biosynthesis of Coenzyme A. The complex is homotrimeric in many eukaryotes, but is a heterotrimer in Saccharomyces. [GOC:jh, PMID:19915539]


The establishment of epigenetic modifications (imprints) during gametogenesis, leading to an asymmetry in the heterochromatin between the maternal and paternal alleles, and differential expression of the corresponding alleles. This asymmetry results from the different epigenetic pathways acting in maternal and paternal gametes. [PMID:31896690]


mating type determination, imprinting
genetic imprinting at mating-type locus
genomic imprinting at mating-type locus

A genomic imprinting process in which a stable single-strand DNA lesion triggers programmed gene conversion at the mating-type locus, thereby restricting mating-type interconversion to one of the two sister chromatids during DNA replication. [GOC:mah, PMID:14765111, PMID:18723894]


Catalysis of the reaction: 4,5-dihydroxy-pentane-2,3-dione + ATP = 5-phospho-4-hydroxy-pentane-2,3-dione (P-DPD) + ADP. [GOC:imk, PMID:17274596, PMID:20025244]


actin filament bundle assembly involved in actomyosin contractile ring formation


actin filament bundle convergence involved in actomyosin contractile ring formation


A protein complex formed by the association of the small GTPase Cdc42 with additional proteins. In Schizosaccharomyces the complex contains the Cdc42, Ras1, Scd1, Scd2, andShk1 proteins, and functions in the Ras1-Scd GTPase signalling pathway. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:10567532, PMID:7923372, PMID:8943016]


Catalysis of the reaction: ureidoglycine + H2O = S-ureidoglycolate + NH3. [MetaCyc:URUR-RXN, PMID:19935661, PMID:20038185]


monomethylamine methyltransferase cofactor lysine adduct biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrrolysine, N6-{[(2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-yl]carbonyl}-L-lysine. [GOC:dh, PMID:17204561]


monomethylamine methyltransferase cofactor lysine adduct metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrrolysine, N6-{[(2R,3R)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-yl]carbonyl}-L-lysine. [GOC:mah, PMID:17204561]


The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vk, PMID:15239959]


semaphorin-plexin signalling pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand that contributes to outflow tract morphogenesis. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vk, PMID:15239959]


The directed movement from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a tRNA that was previously exported to the cytoplasm and then imported back into the nucleus. The processes of primary tRNA export and secondary export (re-export) can be distinguished because in organisms in which tRNA splicing occurs in the cytoplasm, the export of a mature tRNA must occur by re-export. [GOC:mcc, PMID:17475781, PMID:20032305]


The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited into the initial acellular cementum. [GOC:sl, PMID:17043865]


Binding to an ankyrin repeat of a protein. Ankyrin repeats are tandemly repeated modules of about 33 amino acids; each repeat folds into a helix-loop-helix structure with a beta-hairpin/loop region projecting out from the helices at a 90-degree angle, and repeats stack to form an L-shaped structure. [GOC:mah, InterPro:IPR002110]


Binding to a RING-like zinc finger domain domain of a protein. The RING-like domain is a zinc finger domain that is related to the C3HC4 RING finger domain. [GOC:mah, InterPro:IPR014857]


A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centrosome. [GOC:ecd]


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex location, eIF3e

eIF3e-containing eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex location

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex, eIF3e

An eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex that contains the PCI-domain protein eIF3e. [PMID:15904532, PMID:19061185]


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex location, eIF3m

eIF3m-containing eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex location

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex, eIF3m

An eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex that contains the PCI-domain protein eIF3m. [PMID:15904532, PMID:19061185]


The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine. [GOC:rph]


diphosphoinositol polyphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached. [GOC:mah, PMID:12387729]


diphosphoinositol polyphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached. [GOC:mah, PMID:12387729]


myo-inositol phosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached. [GOC:mah]


A P granule that contains the PIWIL2-TDRD1 module, a set of proteins that act in the primary piRNA pathway. The pi-body corresponds to the cementing material between mitochondria found in gonocytes. [GOC:sp, PMID:20011505]


A P granule that contains the PIWIL4-TDRD9 module, a set of proteins that act in the secondary piRNA pathway. [GOC:sp, PMID:20011505]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]


cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]


death-inducing signaling complex formation

death-inducing signalling complex assembly

death domain-mediated complex assembly involved in extrinsic apoptotic pathway

death-inducing signaling complex assembly

A process of protein complex assembly in which the arrangement and bonding together of the set of components that form the protein complex is mediated by a death domain (DD) interaction, as part of the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:amm, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, InterPro:IPR000488]


Binding to a RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) of a protein. The RHIM is a 16-amino-acid motif found in some members, including RIP3, of a family of related kinases. [GOC:mah, PMID:11734559]


G protein coupled pyrimidinergic nucleotide receptor activity

G-protein coupled pyrimidinergic nucleotide receptor activity

pyrimidinergic nucleotide receptor activity, G-protein coupled

pyrimidinergic nucleotide receptor activity, G protein coupled

G protein-coupled pyrimidinergic nucleotide receptor activity

Combining with a pyrimidine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:sl, PMID:10736418, PMID:12369950, PMID:15796906]


cellular cell wall organization or biogenesis

cellular cell wall organisation or biogenesis

cell wall organization or biogenesis at cellular level

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell wall. [GOC:mah]


cell wall organisation in other organism

cell wall organization at cellular level

cell wall organization in other organism

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. [GOC:mah]


integral to lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

integral to lumenal leaflet of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

integral component of lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of the gene products that penetrate only the lumenal side of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 27 of the histone. [GOC:sp, PMID:20023638]


histone demethylase activity (H3-K27 specific)


response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. [GOC:mah]


cellular response to TGF-beta stimulus
cellular response to TGFbeta stimulus

cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. [GOC:ecd, PMID:15451575]


nucleus-vacuole membrane contact site
NVJ
NV junction

An organelle membrane contact site formed between the vacuole membrane and the outer nuclear membrane. In S. cerevisiae these contacts are mediated through direct physical interaction between Vac8p and Nvj1p. [GOC:jp, PMID:16709156, PMID:16806880]


NV junction assembly
nucleus-vacuole junction formation
NVJ formation
NVJ assembly
NV junction formation

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nucleus-vacuole junction (NVJ), membrane contact sites formed between the vacuole membrane and the outer nuclear membrane. In S. cerevisiae these contacts are mediated through direct physical interaction between Vac8p and Nvj1p. The NVJ plays roles in piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus and in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway. [GOC:jp, PMID:16709156, PMID:28533415]


Myo2p-Vac17p-Vac8p transport complex location

A protein complex that is involved in transport of vacuoles to a newly formed daughter cell. In yeast, this complex is composed of Myo2p, Vac17p, and Vac8p. [GOC:jp, PMID:12594460]


A SWI/SNF-type complex that is found in neural stem or progenitor cells, and in human contains actin and proteins encoded by the ARID1A/BAF250A or ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD3/BAF60C, SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B, SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A, SMARCB1/BAF47, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCC2/BAF170, PHF10/BAF45A, ACTL6A/BAF53A genes. The npBAF complex is essential for the self-renewal/proliferative capacity of the multipotent neural stem cells. [GOC:mah, GOC:ss, PMID:17640523]


A SWI/SNF-type complex that is found in post-mitotic neurons, and in human contains actin and proteins encoded by the ARID1A/BAF250A or ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD3/BAF60C, SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B, SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A, SMARCB1/BAF47, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCC2/BAF170, DPF1/BAF45B, DPF3/BAF45C, ACTL6B/BAF53B genes. The nBAF complex along with CREST plays a role regulating the activity of genes essential for dendrite growth. [GOC:mah, GOC:ss, PMID:17640523]


Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier UFM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. [GOC:sp, PMID:20018847]


A thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves UFM1 from a target protein to which it is conjugated. [GOC:sp, PMID:17182609, PMID:20018847]


Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-UFM1 + Y --> Y-UFM1 + X, where both X-UFM1 and Y-UFM1 are covalent linkages. [GOC:sp, PMID:20018847]


Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to another protein. [GOC:vw, PMID:20018847]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cement gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cement gland is a simple mucus-secreting organ positioned at the anterior of amphibious embryos. The cement gland attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed. [GOC:bf]


The modification of histone H3 by the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 56 of the histone. [GOC:mah]


Pot1-Tpz1 complex assembly
shelterin complex formation


A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the medial cortex. [GOC:mah]


integral to external leaflet of plasma membrane

integral to external side of plasma membrane

integral component of external side of plasma membrane

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products that penetrate only the external side of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


zinc ion membrane transport
zinc transmembrane transport
zinc II ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a zinc II ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


zinc II ion plasma membrane import
zinc II ion transmembrane import
zinc import
zinc uptake

The directed movement of zinc(2+) ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GOC:vw, PMID:18637840]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


regulation of zinc ion membrane transport

regulation of zinc ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


negative regulation of zinc ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


negative regulation of zinc ion membrane transport

negative regulation of zinc ion transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cadmium ion. These may include transport of cadmium away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of cadmium ion. [GOC:BHF, GOC:kmv, PMID:16741752]


The second process in a series of specific posttranslational modifications to the CAAX box region of CAAX box proteins, in which the last three amino acids of the protein (AAX) are removed by proteolysis. [GOC:mah]


The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within the CAAX box region of CAAX box proteins. [GOC:mah]


hydrogen peroxide mediated signalling pathway

hydrogen peroxide mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). [GOC:mah, PMID:17043891]


pyridine nucleoside anabolism
pyridine nucleoside biosynthesis
pyridine nucleoside formation
pyridine nucleoside synthesis

pyridine nucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any pyridine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyridine base covalently bonded to a sugar, usually ribose. [GOC:mah]


nicotinamide riboside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide. [GOC:mah, PMID:19846558]


D-ribosylnicotinic acid metabolic process

nicotinic acid riboside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinic acid riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinic acid. [GOC:mah, PMID:19846558]


D-ribosylnicotinic acid biosynthetic process

nicotinic acid riboside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinic acid riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinic acid. [GOC:mah, PMID:19846558]


The adhesion of one lymphocyte to one or more other lymphocytes via adhesion molecules. [GOC:sl]


T cell precursor aggregation
immature T cell aggregation
immature T-lymphocyte aggregation
thymic lymphocyte aggregation
immature T-cell aggregation

The adhesion of one thymocyte (an immature T cell) to one or more other thymocytes via adhesion molecules. [GOC:sl, PMID:1382990]


A protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex that is involved in nuclear envelope organization, and contains proteins known in budding yeast as Nem1p and Spo7p. [GOC:mah, PMID:9822591]


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism via the N-end rule pathway

ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown via the N-end rule pathway

ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation via the N-end rule pathway

ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the N-end rule pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the N-end rule pathway. In the N-end rule pathway, destabilizing N-terminal residues (N-degrons) in substrates are recognized by E3 ligases (N-recognins), whereupon the substrates are linked to ubiquitin and then delivered to the proteasome for degradation. [GOC:mah, GOC:rb, PMID:19246002, PMID:9112437]


Crater-like ring of chitinous scar tissue located on the surface of the daughter cell, in budding fungi, at the site of separation from the mother cell. It is formed after the newly emerged daughter cell separates, thereby marking the site of cytokinesis and septation. [GOC:mcc, PMID:16672383, PMID:7730409]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. [GOC:mah]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the otic vesicle are generated and organized. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. [GOC:mah]


A nuclear body that is found in the germinal vesicles of amphibian oocytes, and consist of three major parts: a remarkably spherical body about 5-10 pm in diameter, smaller spherical or nearly spherical granules on the surface, and inclusions of various sizes that strongly resemble the surface granules. The parts of the sphere organelle have distinct compositions, including splicing snRNAs and proteins. [PMID:7758244, PMID:8349728]


phytosphingosine synthesis
phytosphingosine biosynthesis
phytosphingosine formation
phytosphingosine anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol. [GOC:mah]


The attachment of an endothelial cell to another endothelial cell via adhesion molecules. [GOC:BHF]


transforming growth factor-beta production

transforming growth factor beta production

The appearance of any member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Transforming growth factor-beta family members include TGF-B1, TGF-B2, and TGF-B3. [GOC:add, GOC:rv, PMID:16891311, PMID:2022183]


monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

The appearance of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


macrophage inflammatory protein production


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 production

macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma production

The appearance of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 production

macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha production

The appearance of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted production

chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


TCA-3 production
T cell activation 3 production
CCL1 production

chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) production

granulocyte colony stimulating factor production

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production

The appearance of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 10 production

The appearance of IP-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


The appearance of granzyme B due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:rv]


Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts linoleic acid to a cis-epoxyoctadecenoic acid. [GOC:BHF, PMID:11042099]


Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to a lysophospholipid. [GOC:cjk]


Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to lysophosphatidylethanolamine. [GOC:cjk]


phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 residues

The process of introducing a phosphate group onto a serine residue at position 2 within the heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Typically, phosphorylation of serine 2 (Ser2) occurs subsequent to phosphorylation of serine 5 and is thus seen in the middle and 3' ends of genes. In vivo, Ser2 phosphorylation is primarily performed by CTDK-I in S. cerevisiae or CDK9 in metazoans. [GOC:krc, PMID:17079683]


phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 5 residues

The process of introducing a phosphate group onto a serine residue at position 5 within the heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Typically, phosphorylation of serine 5 (Ser5) occurs near the 5' ends of genes. It is generally still observed in the middle of genes, overlapping with phosphorylation of serine 2, but is generally not present at the 3' ends of genes. In vivo, Ser5 phosphorylation occurs primarily through the action of TFIIH (KIN28 in S. cerevisiae, CKD7 in metazoans). [GOC:krc, PMID:17079683]


The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:rph]


Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:mah]


The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system. [GOC:mah]


integral to fungal-type vacuolar membrane

integral component of fungal-type vacuolar membrane

The component of the fungal-type vacuole membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


intrinsic component of fungal-type vacuolar membrane

The component of a fungal-type vacuole membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


ubiquitin-dependent catabolism of misfolded proteins by cytoplasm-associated proteasome

cytoplasm-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown

cytoplasm-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation

cytoplasm-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism

cytoplasm protein quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which are targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. [GOC:mah, GOC:rb, PMID:20080635]


nucleus-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation

ubiquitin-dependent catabolism of misfolded proteins by nucleus-associated proteasome

nucleus-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism

nucleus-associated proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein breakdown

nuclear protein quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins via a mechanism in which the proteins are transported to the nucleus for ubiquitination, and then targeted to proteasomes for degradation. [GOC:mah, GOC:rb, PMID:20080635, PMID:21211726, PMID:21324894]


The regulated release of a mating pheromone, a peptide hormone that induces a behavioral or physiological response(s) from a responding organism or cell, that contributes to a process of sexual reproduction. [GOC:mah]


Eye, head or whole body movements that help to compensate movements of the environment in order to stabilize its image on the retina. In the case of whole body movements, these motor actions may also stabilize a locomotor course in response to some disturbance. Examples include: the optokinetic reflex, which allows human eyes to follow objects in motion while the head remains stationary reflex; the optomotor responses of flying insects and swimming fish. [GOC:dos, PMID:12726833, PMID:2469195]


Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroceramide + H2O = a fatty acid + dihydrosphingosine. [GOC:mah, PMID:10900202]


regulation of transforming growth factor-beta production

regulation of transforming growth factor beta production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta production

negative regulation of TGFbeta production

negative regulation of TGF-beta production

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of transforming growth factor-beta production

positive regulation of TGF-beta production

positive regulation of TGFbeta production

positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta. [GOC:mah]


regulation of CCL2 production
regulation of MCP-1 production

regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of CCL2 production
negative regulation of MCP-1 production

negative regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of CCL2 production
positive regulation of MCP-1 production

positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1. [GOC:mah]


regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 production

regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha. [GOC:mah]


regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein production


negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 production

negative regulation of MIP-1a production

negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein production


positive regulation of MIP-1a production

positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 production

positive regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein production


regulation of CCL4 production
regulation of MIP-1b production

regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of MIP-1b production

negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of MIP-1b production

positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4. [GOC:mah]


regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 production

regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 production

negative regulation of MIP-1g production

negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of MIP-1g production

positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 production

positive regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma. [GOC:mah]


regulation of Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted production

regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of RANTES production

negative regulation of Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted production

negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of RANTES production

positive regulation of Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted production

positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5. [GOC:mah]


regulation of T cell activation 3 production

regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of T cell activation 3 production

negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of T cell activation 3 production

positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1. [GOC:mah]


regulation of colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) production

regulation of granulocyte colony stimulating factor production

regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of granulocyte colony stimulating factor production

negative regulation of filgrastim production

negative regulation of lenograstim production

negative regulation of pluripoietin production

negative regulation of colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) production

negative regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony stimulating factor. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of granulocyte colony stimulating factor production

positive regulation of colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte) production

positive regulation of filgrastim production

positive regulation of lenograstim production

positive regulation of pluripoietin production

positive regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. [GOC:mah]


regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 10 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 10 production

negative regulation of CXCL10 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of CXCL10 production

positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 10 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of IP-10. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of granzyme B production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of granzyme B production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granzyme B. [GOC:mah]


catenin-TCF7L2 complex location
catenin-TCF4 complex
catenin-TCF4 complex location

A protein complex that contains a catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:vk, PMID:14661054]


gamma-catenin-TCF4 complex location
plakoglobin-TCF4 complex location
gamma-catenin-TCF4 complex
plakoglobin-TCF4 complex
gamma-catenin-TCF7L2 complex location

A protein complex that contains gamma-catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk, PMID:14661054]


Slit-Robo signaling complex location
Slit-Robo signalling complex location
Slit-Robo signalling complex

A protein-carbohydrate complex that consists of a transmembrane roundabout (Robo) receptor, an extracellular Slit ligand and heparin/heparan sulfate. [GOC:sart, PMID:17062560, PMID:18359766]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cellulose- and pectin-containing cell wall. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of a smooth muscle cell in response to an external stimulus. [GOC:mah]


regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

down-regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

downregulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

negative regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis


up regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

up-regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

upregulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

positive regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis. [GOC:mah]


activation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis


stimulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis


The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. [GOC:mah]


regulation of mononuclear cell migration

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of mononuclear cell migration

downregulation of mononuclear cell migration

down regulation of mononuclear cell migration

negative regulation of mononuclear cell migration

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of mononuclear cell migration


upregulation of mononuclear cell migration

up-regulation of mononuclear cell migration

up regulation of mononuclear cell migration

positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. [GOC:mah]


activation of mononuclear cell migration


stimulation of mononuclear cell migration


The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron in the olfactory bulb is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a commissural neuron is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]


The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endocytic vesicle. [GOC:pde]


A dendrite that is found on a sensory neuron, and directly transduces a sensory signal from the sensory neuron to another neuron. [GOC:dos, GOC:kmv, GOC:mah]


organism emergence from protective structure

The developmental process in which an organism emerges from a surrounding protective structure such as an egg or pupa case. [GOC:mah]


striated muscle myosin thick filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle. [GOC:mah]


cardiac muscle myosin thick filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in cardiac muscle. [GOC:mah]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in cardiac muscle. [GOC:mah]


protein localization in extracellular region

protein localisation in extracellular region

protein localization to extracellular region

Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location. [GOC:mah]


protein transport within extracellular region

The directed movement of proteins in the extracellular region, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


maintenance of protein location in extracellular region

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within the extracellular region and is prevented from moving elsewhere. [GOC:mah]


A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:mah]


The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. [GOC:mah]


The process in which the anatomical structures of an ectodermal placode are generated and organized. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. [GOC:mah]


The progression of the olfactory placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. [GOC:mah]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the olfactory placode are generated and organized. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. [GOC:mah]


A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the olfactory placode to attain its fully functional state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. [GOC:mah]


regulation of cytoplasmic translocation of MAP kinase

regulation of MAPK export out of nucleus

regulation of MAPK export from cell nucleus

regulation of MAPK transport from nucleus to cytoplasm

regulation of cytoplasmic translocation of mitogen-activated protein kinase

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a MAP kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:dgf]


The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon. [GOC:mah]


The series of events in which an organic substance stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:mah]


organic molecular entity metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


TNFSF cytokine production
TNF superfamily production

tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production

The appearance of any member of the TNF superfamily due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add]


membrane macromolecule synthesis
membrane macromolecule anabolism
membrane macromolecule formation
membrane macromolecule biosynthesis

membrane macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule destined to form part of a membrane in a cell. [GOC:mah]


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane. [GOC:mah]


ER-associated misfolded protein breakdown

proteasomal protein catabolism of misfolded ER proteins

ER-associated misfolded protein degradation

endoplasmic reticulum-associated misfolded protein catabolism

ER-associated misfolded protein catabolism

endoplasmic reticulum-associated misfolded protein catabolic process

ER-associated misfolded protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:14607247, PMID:19520858]


Catalysis of the reaction: para-aminobenzoyl-glutamate + H2O = para-aminobenzoate + L-glutamate. [GOC:imk, PMID:20190044]


eicosanoid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of icosanoids from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:sl]


The directed movement of icosanoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Icosanoids are unsaturated C20 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of leukotrienes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Leukotrienes are linear C20 endogenous metabolites of arachidonic acid (icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid) containing a terminal carboxy function and four or more double bonds (three or more of which are conjugated) as well as other functional groups. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of thromboxanes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A thromboxane is any of a class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels. [GOC:mah]


The directed, sodium-independent, movement of icosanoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Icosanoids are unsaturated C20 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds. [GOC:mah, GOC:sl]


The directed, sodium-independent, movement of leukotrienes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Leukotrienes are linear C20 endogenous metabolites of arachidonic acid (icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid) containing a terminal carboxy function and four or more double bonds (three or more of which are conjugated) as well as other functional groups. [GOC:mah]


The directed, sodium-independent, movement of prostaglandins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed, sodium-independent, movement of thromboxanes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A thromboxane is any of a class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels. [GOC:mah]


detoxification of arsenic-containing substance

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of arsenic or arsenic-containing compounds. [GOC:kmv, PMID:11313333, PMID:20221439]


bacterial lipopeptide binding
bacterial lipoprotein binding

Binding to a lipopeptide, any of a group of organic compounds comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds and containing a nonprotein group consisting of a lipid or lipids. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794]


response to diacylated bacterial lipoprotein

response to diacyl bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794]


response to triacylated bacterial lipoprotein

response to triacyl bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794]


cellular response to diacylated bacterial lipoprotein

cellular response to diacyl bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794]


cellular response to triacylated bacterial lipoprotein

cellular response to triacyl bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794]


The progression of the beak over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The avian beak is an external anatomical structure, in the head region, that is adapted for feeding self and young, catching prey, probing, etc. It encompasses, but is not restricted to, the maxilla, mandible, maxillary rhamphotheca, mandibular rhamphotheca, nostril, nasal fossa, nasal bones, egg tooth and rictus. [GOC:lp, ISBN:0702008729]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the beak are generated and organized. The avian beak is an external anatomical structure, in the head region, that is adapted for feeding self and young, catching prey, probing, etc. It encompasses, but is not restricted to, the maxilla, mandible, maxillary rhamphotheca, mandibular rhamphotheca, nostril, nasal fossa, nasal bones, egg tooth and rictus. [GOC:lp, ISBN:0702008729]


The process that gives rise to the beak. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The avian beak is an external anatomical structure, in the head region, that is adapted for feeding self and young, catching prey, probing, etc. It encompasses, but is not restricted to, the maxilla, mandible, maxillary rhamphotheca, mandibular rhamphotheca, nostril, nasal fossa, nasal bones, egg tooth and rictus. [GOC:lp, ISBN:0702008729]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf]


biotin-[pyruvate carboxylase] ligase activity

biotin-[pyruvate carboxylase] synthetase activity

biotin-pyruvate carboxylase synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(pyruvate-carboxylase) = AMP + diphosphate + biotin-(pyruvate-carboxylase). [GOC:mah, PMID:10551847]


A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgG immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


IgG immunoglobulin complex location, circulating

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


An IgG immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgD immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:11282392]


IgD immunoglobulin complex location, circulating

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:11282392]


surface IgD
membrane-bound IgD
IgD B cell receptor complex location

An IgD immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:11282392]


IgD immunoglobulin complex location, GPI-anchored

IgD immunoglobulin complex, GPI-anchored

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgD isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and bound via a GPI-anchor to the plasma membrane of B cells. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:11282392]


A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgE immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


IgE immunoglobulin complex location, circulating

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


IgE B cell receptor complex location
membrane-bound IgE
surface IgE

An IgE immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgE isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component. An IgA immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:16362985]


IgA immunoglobulin complex location, circulating

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, sometimes complexed with J chain or J chain and secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:16362985]


An IgA immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:16362985]


monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complex location

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:16362985]


polymeric IgA immunoglobulin complex location

A protein complex composed of two, three, or four monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complexes linked through both direct disulfide bonds and through disulfide binded monomers of J chain acting as a bridge. Each IgA monomer consists of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Dimeric IgA is sometimes complexed additionally with secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:16362985]


dimeric IgA immunoglobulin complex location

A protein complex composed of two monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complexes linked through both direct disulfide bonds and through a disulfide binded monomer of J chain acting as a bridge. Each IgA monomer consists of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Dimeric IgA is sometimes complexed additionally with secretory component, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:16362985]


secretory IgA immunoglobulin complex location

A polymeric IgA immunoglobulin complex that is complexed with one chain of secretory component (SC). Polymeric IgA is present in mucosal areas, having been transported via a transcytosis mechanism in mucosal epithelial cells relying on the polymeric Ig receptor, a portion of which then remains bound to the polymeric IgA as secretory component. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:16362985]


secretory dimeric IgA immunoglobulin complex location

A dimeric form of secretory IgA immunoglobulin complex. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:16362985]


A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:20176268]


IgM immunoglobulin complex location, circulating

A polymer of five or six IgM core units each composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds; the individual IgM core units are held together via disulfide bonds with a single J chain polypeptide acting as a bridge between two of the polymeric units. Circulating IgM is present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:20176268]


surface IgM
IgM B cell receptor complex location

An IgM immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:20176268]


pentameric IgM immunoglobulin complex location

A circulating form of IgM consisting of a pentamer of IgM core units with a single J chain polypeptide. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:20176268]


hexameric IgM immunoglobulin complex location

A circulating form of IgM consisting of a hexamer of IgM core units with a single J chain polypeptide. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:20176268]


A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgW isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgW immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgX isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgX immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgY isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgY immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


IgT immunoglobulin complex location
IgZ immunoglobulin complex location
IgZ antibody
IgT immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgZ isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. The IgZ isotype is also known as the IgT isotype in certain species of fish. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196]


A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgNAR isotype held together by disulfide bonds and lacking immunoglobulin light chains. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781765196, PMID:12543123, PMID:16051357]

heavy chain immunoglobulin complex location


nuclear membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane. [GOC:mah]


nuclear outer membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear outer membrane. [GOC:mah]


nuclear inner membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner membrane. [GOC:mah]


Actinobacterium-type cell wall biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cell wall of the type found in Actinobacteria. The cell wall is the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane. Actinobacterial cell walls contain characteristic mycolic acids, of which some are covalently linked to the cell wall peptidoglycan and others accumulate at the cell surface. [GOC:mah, PMID:15653820, PMID:3149973]


mycolate metabolic process
mycolic acid metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mycolic acids, beta-hydroxy fatty acids with a long alpha-alkyl side chain. [GOC:mah, PMID:15653820]


mycolate biosynthetic process
mycolic acid formation
mycolic acid anabolism
mycolic acid biosynthesis
mycolic acid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mycolic acids, beta-hydroxy fatty acids with a long alpha-alkyl side chain. [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWYG-321, PMID:15653820]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components, including arabinogalactan mycolate and trehalose dimycolate, to form the mycolate layer of the Actinobacterium-type cell wall. The mycolate layer is physically attached to the peptidoglycan layer. [GOC:mah, MetaCyc:PWY-6397, PMID:15653820, PMID:3149973]


PDIM cell wall layer assembly
DIM/DIP cell wall layer biogenesis
DIM cell wall layer assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components, including (phenyl)phthiocerol, phthiodiolone, phthiotriol dimycocerosate and diphthioceranate, to form the DIM/DIP layer of the Actinobacterium-type cell wall. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, PMID:15653820, PMID:3149973]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Malpighian tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut. [FBbt:00005786, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, PMID:19783135]


The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a kidney rudiment from unspecified parts. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process that results in the delineation of regions of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process in which the identity of a kidney is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


glomerular mesangial cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the glomerular mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The progression of the glomus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, PMID:10572058, PMID:15647339, PMID:9268568, XAO:0000318]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


glomerular visceral epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


glomerular parietal epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the proximal tubule and extends from the glomerular capsule to the proximal straight tubule. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal straight tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The proximal straight tubule is the part of the descending limb that extends from the proximal convoluted tubule to the descending thin tubule. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the descending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thick ascending limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thick ascending limb is the last part of the loop of Henle. Its thick, mitochondria-rich epithelium characterizes the outer medulla, and is responsible for very avid active salt transport. At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the macula densa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The distal convoluted tubule is the first segment of the nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa. Among other functions, in humans it is responsible for the reabsorption of about 5% of filtered sodium via the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl symporter. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the connecting tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a long nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend into the inner medulla. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a short nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical and superficial glomeruli, are situated entirely in the outer medulla, and have no thin ascending limb. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


proximal convoluted tubule segment 1 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S1 portion of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S1 portion is the initial portion of the proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, MA:0002612]


proximal convoluted tubule segment 2 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S2 portion of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S2 portion of the tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, MA:0002613]