actin-dependent intracellular transport of viral material towards nucleus

actin-dependent intracellular transport of virus towards nucleus

The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus using actin filaments. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-1178, VZ:991]


A process of unidirectional viral DNA replication that takes place on a circular DNA to rapidly produce numerous copies of the viral genome. Involves creating a nick in one strand of the circular DNA molecule at the origin of replication. DNA is then synthesized by DNA polymerase. Using the non-nicked strand as a template, replication proceeds around the circular DNA molecule, displacing the nicked strand as single-stranded DNA. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:915, Wikipedia:Rolling_circle_replication]


rolling circle double-stranded viral DNA replication

A rolling circle viral DNA replication that begins with a double-stranded viral DNA genome. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:2676]


rolling circle single-stranded viral DNA replication

A rolling circle viral DNA replication that begins with a single-stranded viral DNA genome. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:1941]


ssDNA rolling hairpin viral DNA replication

A viral DNA replication process where a 3' hairpin structure in the viral single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) template serves as a primer for host enzymes to synthesize DNA. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:2656]


bidirectional double-stranded viral DNA replication

A viral DNA replication process where replication occurs in both directions from the starting point. This creates two replication forks, moving in opposite directions. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:1939]


viral DNA strand displacement replication

A viral DNA replication process where only one strand is replicated at once, and which releases a single stranded DNA (ssDNA). [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:1940]


viral RNA-dependent DNA replication
RNA-dependent viral DNA replication
dsDNA replication via RNA intermediate

viral double stranded DNA replication via reverse transcription

A DNA replication process that uses viral RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:1938]


A viral genome replication process where the template genome is negative stranded, single stranded RNA ((-)ssRNA). [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:1096]


A viral genome replication process where the template genome is positive stranded, single stranded RNA ((+)ssRNA). Replication of the positive strand leads to dsRNA formation, which in turn is transcribed into positive single stranded RNA. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:1116]


A viral genome replication process where the template genome is double stranded RNA (dsRNA). Genomic dsRNA is first transcribed into single-stranded (ss) mRNA, which is then replicated to ds-genomic RNA. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:1936]


DNA-dependent viral DNA replication
viral DNA-dependent DNA replication
viral DNA replication

The replication of a viral DNA genome. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:915]


The replication of a viral RNA genome. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


A transcription process that uses a viral DNA as a template. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


A transcription process that uses viral RNA as a template. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


negative stranded viral RNA transcription

A viral transcription process that uses negative stranded (-) single stranded (ss) RNA as a template. [VZ:1096]


polyadenylation of viral mRNA by polymerase stuttering

Polyadenylation of viral mRNA through a polymerase stuttering mechanism. The stop signal present at the end of each gene comprises a stretch of uridine on which the viral polymerase acquires a stuttering behavior: after each adenine inserted, the polymerase moves back one nucleotide along with the mRNA. It resumes transcription adding a new adenine, then again moves back, thereby producing a polyA tail. [VZ:1916]


An innate immune response evasion mechanism in which a virus methylates the 2'-O-ribose of the first or second transcribed nucleotide of its mRNAs. Methylation allows evasion of the host innate immune response, which degrades cap0 (non-methylated) mRNAs. [PMID:35215972]


viral primary envelope fusion with host outer nuclear membrane

fusion of viral membrane with host outer nuclear membrane involved in nuclear egress

Fusion of a viral primary envelope with the host outer nuclear membrane during nuclear egress. The transitory primary envelope is acquired by the virus as it buds at the inner nuclear membrane and gains access to the perinuclear space. This membrane is lost by fusing with the host outer nuclear membrane during nuclear exit. [PMID:23057731, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1181]


microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material towards cell periphery

The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle towards the cell periphery using host microtubules. Mostly used by viruses that replicate their genome near or in the nucleus to allows newly assembled viral progeny to reach the plasma membrane. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-1189, VZ:1816]


viral budding through the ESCRT machinery

Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-1187, VZ:1536]


A viral translation initiation mechanism where ribosomes are loaded onto viral mRNA at the 5'-cap structure and start scanning for a short distance before by-passing the large internal leader region and initiating at a downstream start site. [PMID:15827182, PMID:18195037, VZ:608]


The continuation of translation of a viral mRNA beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons. [GOC:bf, GOC:ch, GOC:jl, PMID:10839817, VZ:859]


Binding to a coreceptor. A coreceptor acts in cooperation with a primary receptor to transmit a signal within the cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


pore formation in membrane of host cell by virus

pore formation by virus in membrane of host cell

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by a virus to form a pore complex in a membrane of a host organism. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, PMID:12972148, UniProtKB-KW:KW-1182]


The assembly of a virus capsid that occurs in the nucleus. The assembly of large icosahedral shells for herpesviridae and adenoviridae requires structural proteins that act as chaperones for assembly. [VZ:1516]


The assembly of a virus capsid that occurs in the cytoplasm. [VZ:1950]


The assembly of an icosahedral viral capsid in the cytoplasm. Often occurs by assembling around the viral genome. [VZ:1950]


The assembly of a helical viral capsid in the cytoplasm. Occurs by assembling around the viral genome. [VZ:1950]


An intracellular compartment in a host cell which increases the efficiency of viral replication, and shields the virus from host defenses. Viral factories can be either cytoplasmic or nuclear and often arise from extensive rearrangement of host cell cytoskeletal and/or cell membrane compartments. [PMID:22440839, VZ:1951]


A viral factory located in the cytoplasm of a host cell. [VZ:1951]


A viral factory located in the nucleus of a host cell. [VZ:1951]


A cytoplasmic viral factory that is electron dense due to high levels of viral RNA. Produced by nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) like Poxviridae, Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae, and dsRNA viruses like Reoviridae. [VZ:1951, Wikipedia:Viroplasm]


A cytoplasmic viral factory which is a 50-400nm diameter membrane invagination. Spherules can appear on several enveloped cellular components depending on the virus. [VZ:1951]


A cytoplasmic viral factory that consists of a double-membrane bound vesicle. Has a diameter of 200-300nm and is derived from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Produced by Picornaviridae, Nidovirales, Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae. [PMID:22440839, VZ:1951]


A cytoplasmic viral factory derived from the Golgi in which Bunyaviridae replication takes place. Tubes are membranous structures close to the assembly and budding sites, and their function may be to connect viral replication and morphogenesis inside viral factories. [VZ:1951]


suppression by virus of host TLR signaling pathway

suppression by virus of host toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the host organism. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-1225]


suppression by virus of host TBK1 activity


suppression by virus of host IKBKE activity


ncRNA polyadenylation involved in poly(A)-dependent ncRNA catabolic process


poly(A)-dependent ncRNA catabolic process


Wnt-activated signaling pathway involved in digestive tract morphogenesis


cadystin transmembrane transporter ATPase activity


membrane puncture-mediated penetration of viral genome into host cell


metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of the cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of meiosis. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The DNA-dependent DNA replication that takes place as part of the cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


bacterial-type cell cycle DNA replication

The DNA-dependent DNA replication, exemplified by prokaryotes, that occurs as part of the cell cycle. Prokaryotic DNA replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication on the circular genome. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected. [GOC:jl]


downregulation of viral release from host cell

downregulation of release of virus from host

negative regulation of release of virus from host

down regulation of viral release from host cell

negative regulation of viral release from host cell

down-regulation of viral release from host cell

negative regulation by host of viral release from host cell

down-regulation of release of virus from host

inhibition of release of virus from host

down regulation of release of virus from host

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells. [GOC:jl, PMID:18305167]


negative regulation by host of viral process

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected. [GOC:jl]


positive regulation by host of viral process

A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected. [GOC:jl]


trans-Golgi network to recycling endosome transport

The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the trans-Golgi network to the recycling endosomes. [GOC:lb, PMID:18779367]


DNA polymerase processivity factor complex location

A protein complex which is capable of increasing the processivity of nucleotide polymerization by DNA polymerase as a part of DNA replication. [GOC:bhm, GOC:jl]


cytoplasmic transcription factor complex location


nuclear transcription factor complex location


cytoplasmic membrane-bound quinol-nitrate oxidoreductase

A heterotrimeric protein complex with iron-sulfur and molybdenum cofactors that functions as a terminal reductase in electron transport pathways that operate during anaerobic nitrate respiration. In E. coli electrons are passed from the FdnGHI complex to the NarGHI complex via menoquinone and menaquinol. Within NarGHI, electrons are passed from the two heme molecules in the NarI subunit down a Fe-S cluster chain in the NarH and NarG subunits to the Molybdenum cofactor, Mo-bisMGD, in the NarG subunit. [GOC:bhm, PMID:11289299, PMID:12910261, PMID:17964535]


autophagy of nucleus
nucleus degradation

A form of autophagy, by which damaged or non-essential parts of the nucleus, or even an entire nucleus is degraded. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:jl, PMID:24013549]


The process by which G-quadruplex (also known as G4) DNA, which is a four-stranded DNA structure held together by guanine base pairing, is unwound or 'melted'. [GOC:jl, GOC:se, PMID:23657261]


macrophage migration inhibitory factor production

The appearance of macrophage migration inhibitory factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv]


The appearance of oncostatin M due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv]


thymus and activation regulated chemokine production

chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rv]


response to Dma1-dependent checkpoint signalling

response to Dma1-dependent checkpoint signaling


The fermentation of organic substances with a net release of hydrogen. [GOC:mengo_curators]


glycolytic fermentation via PFOR pathway

The glycolytic fermentation beginning with the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway, continuing with pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) activity. This pathway is found in strict anaerobes such as Clostridia species. [GOC:mengo_curators, PMID:20395274, PMID:20692761]


The glycolytic fermentation beginning with the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway, followed by pyruvate:formate lyase (PFL) activity. This pathway is found in facultative anaerobes such as E. coli. [GOC:mengo_curators, PMID:20395274, PMID:20692761]


A protein complex that plays a role in the process of DNA packaging. [GOC:jl]


A dimer of Nsk1 (nucleolus spindle kinetochore 1) and the dynein light chain, Dlc1. The dimers form an oligomeric chain structure. Functions in the regulation of kinetochore-microtubule interactions and chromosome segregation. [GOC:vw, PMID:22065639]


The production of hydrogen which results from the dissociation by light of water into molecular hydrogen and oxygen. This process is observed in cyanobacteria and microalgae. [GOC:mengo_curators, PMID:20395274, PMID:20692761]


A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


mitotic G1/S transition checkpoint signaling

A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G1 to S phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


mitotic telomere tethering at nuclear periphery

The process in which a telomere is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery, as part of a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:25778919]


meiotic telomere tethering at nuclear periphery

The process in which a telomere is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery, as part of a meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


Catalysis of the covalent insertion of double-stranded retroviral DNA into host DNA. Proceeds by an endonucleolytic cleavage at each 3'-OH extremity of the viral genome, named 3'-processing, followed by a strand transfer reaction leading to the insertion of the processed viral DNA into the target DNA by a trans-esterification mechanism. [PMID:19091057]


3'-processing activity
3' processing reaction

The catalysis of the removal of two di- or tri-nucleotides from each 3' end of double-stranded viral DNA, exposing recessed 3' hydroxyls. [PMID:22580823, Reactome:R-HSA-164522]


The insertion into a host genome of viral DNA, usually by the action of an integrase enzyme. Once integrated, the provirus persists in the host cell and serves as a template for the transcription of viral genes and replication of the viral genome, leading to the production of new viruses. [PMID:19091057]


regulation by host of viral genome reproduction

modulation by host of viral genome replication

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:jl]


negative regulation by host of viral genome replication

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:jl]


positive regulation by host of viral genome replication

A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication. [GOC:jl]


regulation by host of viral RNA genome replication

modulation by host of viral RNA genome replication

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral RNA genome replication. [GOC:jl]


modulation by virus of host cytokine production

Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production in its host organism. [GOC:jl]


positive regulation by virus of host cytokine production

induction by virus of host cytokine production

The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production in its host organism. [GOC:jl]


modulation by virus of host protein transport

Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein transport in its host organism. [GOC:jl, PMID:22334672]


A tetramer of retroviral integrase subunits tightly associated with a pair of viral DNA ends. Functions to insert viral DNA into a host cell chromosome. [PMID:20118915]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of H2 (dihydrogen) which involve a nitrogenase activity as one of the steps. This process is observed in cyanobacteria. [GOC:mengo_curators, PMID:22128188]


The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of D-xylose to ethanol, yielding energy in the form of ATP. [GOC:mengo_curators]


cytokinesis, actomyosin contractile ring organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actomyosin contractile ring. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


A specialized resting state that cells enter in response to cues from the cell's environment. Quiescence is characterized by the absence of cell growth and division, by a reprogramming of global gene expression, and by changes characteristic of the organism and specific cell type. Depending on external conditions, quiescence may persist until cell death or cells may resume cell growth and division. In some cell types or under certain conditions, cellular metabolism may proceed. [GOC:jb, GOC:mah]


A lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans. Gut granules are acidified, birefringent, autofluorescent, and contain the vacuolar H+-ATPase. They also serve as sites of cellular zinc storage. [GOC:kmv, PMID:22916203, PMID:24204312]


The membrane of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans. [GOC:kmv, PMID:22916203, PMID:24204312]


The lumen of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans. [GOC:kmv, PMID:22916203, PMID:24204312]


The cell cycle process by which a cell in G1 phase commits to S phase. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase which begins at the end of meiosis I cytokinesis and ends when meiosis II prophase begins. During meiotic interphase II no DNA replication takes place, but the centrioles duplicate and spindle fibres emerge. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


chain elongation of O-linked mannose residue

Extension of the O-linked mannose residue of a mannoprotein by the stepwise addition of further mannose molecules. [GOC:jl, PMID:19429925]


negative regulation by symbiont of auxin levels in host

negative regulation by symbiont of IAA levels in host

negative regulation by symbiont of indole acetic acid levels in host

Any process in which an organism reduces the indole acetic acid levels in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:ml, PMID:18056646]


The process by which a symbiont acquires iron from its host, either from heme or other iron containing molecules such as transferrin and lactoferrin. Begins with either the secretion of symbiont gene products that bind iron- or heme-containing molecules (siderophores and hemophores) from the symbiont cell into the host, or by expression of receptors that bind iron- or heme-containing molecules on the symbiont cell surface. Ends when the iron-containing compound is transported into the symbiont cell. [PMID:15487950, PMID:22865843]


iron acquisition by symbiont from host heme


Golgi membrane viral budding during viral capsid re-envelopment


viral budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment


virus budding from Golgi membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment


viral budding from plasma membrane by viral capsid envelopment


viral budding from ER membrane by viral capsid envelopment


viral budding from nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment


viral budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment


activation of ubiquitin transferase activity


stimulation of ubiquitin transferase activity


inhibition of ubiquitin transferase activity


cell cycle switching, mitosis to meiosis


germline cell cycle switching, mitosis to meiosis


glucose 6-phosphate:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose 6-phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = glucose 6-phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out). [GOC:dph, PMID:18337460]


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-34 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:dph, PMID:18467591]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]


The expansion of a monocyte population by cell division. [GOC:dph, PMID:18467591]


The expansion of a macrophage population by cell division. [GOC:dph, PMID:12614284, PMID:19466391]


The expansion of a microglial cell population by cell division. [GOC:dph, PMID:17344397]


The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of macrophage cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:dph, PMID:21727904]


The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a Langerhans cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:22729249]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a hepatic stellate cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:9407545]


Catalysis of the reaction 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA + H2O = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate + CoA. [GOC:dph]


A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dph, PMID:17604723, PMID:27350441]


The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the central canal of the spinal cord from its formation to the mature structure. The central canal is a spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord. [GOC:cvs, GOC:dph, PMID:23409159]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut. [GOC:dph]


The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. [GOC:dph]


The regulated release of dopamine by a cell in which the dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The regulated release of aspartate by a cell. [GOC:dph]


The regulated release of epinephrine by a cell in which the epinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The regulated release of aspartate by a cell in which the aspartate acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The regulated release of a primary amine by a cell. [GOC:dph]


primary amine secretion, neurotransmission

The regulated release of a primary amine by a cell, in which the primary amine acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell, in which the norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion, neurotransmission

The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell, in which the gamma-aminobutyric acid acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The controlled release of glutamate by a cell, in which the glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The controlled release of glycine by a cell. [GOC:dph]


The controlled release of glycine by a cell, in which glycine acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The controlled release of histamine by a cell, in which the histamine acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The controlled release of octopamine by a cell. [GOC:dph]


The controlled release of octopamine by a cell, in which the octopamine acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The process in which the anatomical structures of a rhabdomere are generated and organized. The rhabdomere is the organelle on the apical surface of a photoreceptor cell that contains the visual pigments. [GOC:dph, PMID:22113834]


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinol-n = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinol-n. [EC:2.1.1.64, GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinol-6 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinol-6. [GOC:dph]


The controlled release of a peptide from a cell in which the peptide acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


The regulated release of a tyramine by a cell. [GOC:dph]


The regulated release of a tyramine by a cell in which the tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


glycogen synthase activity, transferring glucose-1-phosphate

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UMP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n)-glucose-1-phosphate. [GOC:dph, PMID:21356517]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]


The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized. [GOC:dph]


A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:dph]


The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:dph]


The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of a ganglion. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:dph]


The process in which the anatomical structure of a trigeminal ganglion is generated and organized. [GOC:dph]


A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:dph]


A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:dph]


The process that gives rise to a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:dph]


The process that gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:dph]


cranial ganglion structural organization

The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:dph]


trigeminal ganglion structural organization

The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of the trigeminal ganglion This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:dph]


The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation). [GOC:dph, GOC:pg, GOC:pr]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate, to produce dADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dATP. [GOC:dph, PMID:23416111]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into CMP, cytidine monophosphate, to produce CDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces CTP. [GOC:dph, PMID:23416111]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate, to produce dCDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dCTP. [GOC:dph, PMID:23416111]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into GDP, guanosine diphosphate, to produce GTP. [GOC:dph, PMID:23416111]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into UDP, uridine diphosphate, to produce UTP. [GOC:dph, PMID:23416111]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCDP to produce a dCTP. [GOC:dph, PMID:23416111]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into TDP to produce a TTP. [GOC:dph, PMID:23416111]


A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle. [GOC:dph]


actin filament bundle retrograde transport

A process of actin filament bundle distribution that results in the arrangement of actin filament bundles from the periphery toward the interior of the cell. [GOC:dph]


actin filament cable retrograde transport


A protein complex involved in regulation of mRNA processing and apoptosis. It binds to RNA in a sequence-independent manner and is recruited to the EJC prior to or during the splicing process. In humans the core proteins are RNPS1, SAP18 and ACIN1. [GOC:dph, PMID:12665594, PMID:16314458, PMID:22388736]


cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase. [GOC:dph, PMID:2569363, PMID:3322810]


acyl-CoA ceramide synthase complex location

A protein complex that catalyzes the reaction acyl-CoA + sphingosine = CoA + N-acylsphingosine. In S. cerevisiae it contains three subunits: lag1, lac1 and lip1. [GOC:dph, PMID:15692566]


Hydrolysis of Lys63-Linked ubiquitin unit(s) from a ubiquitinated protein. [GOC:dph, GOC:pg, PMID:18313383]


N-acyl homoserine lactone synthase activity

Catalyzing the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine -> [acyl-carrier- protein] + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone. [GOC:dph]


The orderly movement of a colonic epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. [GOC:dph]


The orderly movement of a corneal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. [GOC:dph]


The orderly movement of an intestinal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. [GOC:dph]


The directed movement of a colon epithelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [GOC:dph]


The controlled release of hypocretin from a cell or a tissue. [GOC:dph]


The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue in which the peptide acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of transcription by transcription factor localization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the localization of a transcription factor. [GOC:dph]


transfer RNA gene-mediated gene silencing

transfer RNA gene-mediated chromatin silencing

The chromatin silencing that results in the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes located in the vicinity of tRNA genes. [GOC:dph, PMID:23707796]


calcium activated phospholipid scrambling

The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus. [GOC:krc, PMID:23532839]


calcium activated phosphatidylserine scrambling

The movement of a population of phosphatidylserine molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus. [GOC:krc, PMID:23532839]


calcium activated phosphatidylcholine scrambling

The movement of a population of phosphatidylcholine molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus. [GOC:krc, PMID:23532839]


calcium activated galactosylceramide scrambling

The movement of a population of galactosylceramide molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus. [GOC:krc, PMID:23532839]


phosphatidylserine exposure on osteoblast involved in bone mineralization

A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the surface of osteoblasts, and contributes to bone mineralization. [GOC:krc, PMID:22936354]


Catalysis of the reaction sulfoquinovose = 6-deoxy-6-sulfofructose. [GOC:dph, PMID:24463506]


Catalysis of the reaction 6-deoxy-6-sulfofructose + ATP = 6-deoxy-6-sulfofructose-1-phosphate + ADP. [PMID:24463506]


Catalysis of the reaction 6-deoxy-6-sulfofructose-1-phosphate = 3-sulfolactaldehyde + dihydroxyacetone phosphate. [PMID:24463506]


Catalysis of the reaction 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate + NAD+ = 3-sulfolactaldehyde + NADH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.373, GOC:dph, PMID:24463506]


Catalysis of the reaction ATP + molybdopterin = diphosphate + adenylyl-molybdopterin. [EC:2.7.7.75, GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the reaction adenylyl-molybdopterin + molybdate = molybdenum cofactor + AMP. [EC:2.10.1.1, GOC:dph]


molybdenum cofactor cytidylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction CTP + molybdenum cofactor = diphosphate + cytidylyl molybdenum cofactor. [EC:2.7.7.76, GOC:dph]


molybdenum cofactor guanylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction GTP + molybdenum cofactor = diphosphate + guanylyl molybdenum cofactor. [EC:2.7.7.77, GOC:dph]


Catalysis of the reaction: [Molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-Gly-AMP + [cysteine desulfurase]-S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine <=> AMP [molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-NH-CH(2)-C(O)SH + cysteine desulfurase. [EC:2.8.1.11, GOC:dph, PMID:18154309, PMID:22370186]


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP [molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-Gly = diphosphate [molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-Gly-AMP. [EC:2.7.7.80, GOC:dph, PMID:18154309, PMID:22370186]


N-terminal protein amino acid propionylation

The propionylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins. [GOC:dph, PMID:17267393, PMID:23043182]


Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-alpha-propionylpeptide. This reaction is the propionylation of the N-terminal amino acid residue of a peptide or protein. [GOC:dph, PMID:23043182]


Combining with a nuclear import signal (NIS) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the cytoplasm to the nuclear lumen. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein. [GOC:dph, GOC:pg, GOC:vw, PMID:28713609, Wikipedia:Nuclear_transport]


glycerol metabolism to glycerone phosphate

glycerol metabolism to dihydroxyacetone phosphate

glycerol to dihydroxyacetone phosphate metabolic process

glycerol to glycerone phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways in which glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, is converted to glycerone phosphate. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910]


mannose metabolism to fructose-6-phosphate

mannose to fructose-6-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways in which mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, is converted to fructose-6-phosphate. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0879010479]


galactose to glucose-1-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways in which galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose, is converted to glucose-1-phosphate. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0879010479]


The glycolytic process in which glycerol is catabolized to pyruvate generating ATP and NADH. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910]


pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

The cellular synthesis of microRNA (miRNA) transcripts. MicroRNA genes are synthesized as primary (pri) miRNA transcripts and subsequently processed to produce the ~22nt miRNAs that function in gene regulation. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, PMID:18778799]


glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0879010479]


glycolysis from fructose through fructose-6-phosphate

glycolytic process from fructose through fructose-6-phosphate

The glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate in which fructose is catabolized into pyruvate. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0879010479]


mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system

Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60. [GOC:dph, PMID:21944719, PMID:21987634, PMID:22009199, PMID:24687277]


glycolytic process from mannose through fructose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannose into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0879010479]


glycolytic process through glucose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, occurring through a glucose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0879010479]


The glycolytic process that begins with the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase activity. Glycolytic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910, ISBN:0879010479]


glycolytic process through glucose-1-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways through a glucose-1-phosphate intermediate that result in the catabolism of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910]


fructose catabolic process to hydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose that results in the formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910]


glycolytic process through fructose-1-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose into pyruvate through a fructose-1-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0201090910]


The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, PMID:20122914]


S-methylmethionine homocysteine transmethylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H+. [EC:2.1.1.10, GOC:BHF, GOC:dph]


Binding to a histone H3 in which the lysine residue at position 27 has been modified by trimethylation. [GOC:dph, PMID:23948251]


RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding

RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor binding

RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding

Binding to a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. [GOC:dph, GOC:vw]


nuclear poly(A)-dependent snoRNA catabolic process


nuclear poly(A)-dependent tRNA catabolic process


nuclear poly(A)-dependent CUT catabolic process


nuclear poly(A)-dependent mRNA catabolic process


nuclear poly(A)-dependent ncRNA catabolic process


poly(A)-dependent mRNA catabolic process


poly(A)-dependent snoRNA 3'-end processing


regulation of bacterial-type flagellar cell motility by regulation of motor speed


negative regulation of canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway involved in neural crest cell differentiation


viral entry into host cell via caveolae-mediated endocytosis followed by endosome membrane


viral entry into host cell via caveolin-mediated endocytosis


IRES-dependent viral translational initiation

Process by which viral mRNA translation is initiated, where a domain in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral mRNA called an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) binds the host 43S preinitiation complex, circumventing regular cap-dependent translation initiation. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, PMID:19632368, VZ:867]


ribosomal frameshifting involved in viral translation

A process which occurs during viral translation, which involves a translational recoding mechanism called programmed ribosomal frameshifting. This causes the ribosome to alter its reading of the mRNA to an a different open reading frame to produce alternate viral proteins. [GOC:bf, GOC:ch, GOC:jl, PMID:24825891, PMID:8852897, VZ:860]


A translation process in which a specific viral peptide prevents the ribosome from covalently linking a new inserted amino acid, and lets it continue translation, thereby cleaving the nascent protein while allowing translation to continue. [GOC:bf, GOC:ch, GOC:jl, VZ:914]


termination reinitiation involved in viral translation

viral translation involving termination re-initiation

viral translation involving translational stop-start

viral translation involving termination-reinitiation

A process which occurs as part of viral mRNA translation which allows expression of a downstream open reading frame (ORF) in a dicistronic mRNA. In this process, ribosomes translate the upstream ORF but following termination, a proportion of 40S subunits remain tethered to the mRNA and go on to re-initiate translation at the start codon of the downstream ORF. [GOC:bf, GOC:ch, GOC:jl, PMID:18631147, PMID:18824510, VZ:858]


cap snatching involved in viral mRNA transcription

A transcription initiation process during which a nucleotide sequence between 10 and 20 nucleotides in size is cleaved from the 5' end of host mRNAs by a viral RNA-dependent polymerase. The capped leader sequence obtained is subsequently used to prime transcription on the viral genome, which ultimately leads to the synthesis of capped, translatable viral mRNAs. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, VZ:839]


RNA editing involved in viral mRNA transcription

The process by which bases in viral mRNA are chemically altered during viral transcription. This is usually the incorporation of 1 - 6 additional nucleotides, which shifts the reading frame, allowing the generation of different protein products or through a specific nucleotide change that eliminates the termination codon. [PMID:1629949, VZ:857]


regulation by virus of host immune system process

modulation by virus of host immune response

The process in which a virus effects a change in the host immune response. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential


down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle


negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter during G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of low humidity stimulus, reduced moisture in the atmosphere. [GOC:tb]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nitrate. [GOC:tair_curators]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of a carbon source. [GOC:tair_curators, PMID:18245858]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of molybdenum. [GOC:tair_curators]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of manganese. [GOC:tair_curators]


A cell projection part that is the apical most portion of a unicellular trichome. [GOC:PO_curators, PO:0025537]


A cell projection part that is the apical most portion of a unicellular trichome apex. [GOC:PO_curators]


phosphatidylethanolamine flippase activity (exoplasmic to cytosolic leaftlet)

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylethanolamine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ab, PMID:16452632, PMID:20043909, RHEA:36440]


establishment of endothelial intestinal barrier

The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers of the intestine to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition. [GOC:krc, PMID:22155109]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the plant epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane. [GOC:kmv, PMID:22677064]


Catalysis of the reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2] = S-methyl-5-thioadenosine + 2-[(3S)-3-amino-3-carboxypropyl]-L-histidine-[translation elongation factor 2]. [GOC:pde, PMID:15485916]


nuclear migration during mitotic telophase

The dynein-driven microtubule based nuclear migration, whereby daughter nuclei are positioned away from the cell division site prior to cytokinesis. [GOC:vw, PMID:23087209]


protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + N,N'-diacetylchitobiose(out) = protein histidine + N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphate(in). [GOC:am, PMID:10913119]


Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + sugar(out) = protein cysteine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport. [GOC:am]


protein-phosphocysteine-glucose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + glucose(out) = protein cysteine + glucose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport. [GOC:am]


protein-phosphocysteine-mannitol phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + mannitol(out) = protein cysteine + mannitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport. [GOC:am]


protein-phosphocysteine-N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + N,N'-diacetylchitobiose(out) = protein cysteine + N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphate(in). [GOC:am, PMID:10913119]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a reproductive shoot system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:pj]


nuclear transcriptional repressor complex location


cytoplasmic transcriptional repressor complex location


RNA polymerase I transcription repressor complex location

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription from a RNA polymerase I promoter. [GOC:tb]


RNA polymerase II transcription repressor complex location

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:tb]


RNA polymerase III transcription repressor complex location

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription from a RNA polymerase III promoter. [GOC:tb]


RNA polymerase IV transcription repressor complex location

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription from a RNA polymerase IV promoter. [GOC:tb]


RNA polymerase V transcription repressor complex location

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription from a RNA polymerase V promoter. [GOC:tb]


RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex location


RNA polymerase III transcription factor complex location


RNA polymerase IV transcription factor complex location


RNA polymerase V transcription factor complex location


phosphodiesterase activity, acting on 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strands

Catalysis of the hydrolytic removal of phosphoglycolate from the 3'-terminus of a 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strand. [GOC:pde, GOC:rb, PMID:11238902]


glycolysis from storage polysaccharide through glucose-1-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a storage polysaccharide into pyruvate through a glucose-1-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD to NADH. [GOC:dph, GOC:glycolysis]


response to antihelmintic
response to nematocide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nematicide stimulus. Nematicides are chemicals used to kill nematodes. [GOC:kvm, PMID:22301316]


mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization during apoptotic cell death


The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. [CL:0000100, GOC:yaf, PMID:20711475]


The orderly movement of a spinal cord motor neuron from one site to another. A spinal cord motor neuron is a motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. [CL:0011001, GOC:yaf, PMID:20711475]


The orderly movement of a lateral motor column neuron from one site to another. A lateral motor column neuron is a motor neuron that is generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme. [CL:0011002, GOC:yaf, PMID:20711475]


Any of the two layers of lipid molecules that constitute a membrane. [GOC:cjm]


establishment and maintenance of synaptic vesicle localization

establishment and maintenance of synaptic vesicle position

Any process in which a synaptic vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:pr]


establishment of synaptic vesicle localisation

establishment of synaptic vesicle localization

The directed movement of a synaptic vesicle or vesicles to a specific location. [GOC:pr]


muscle fiber postsynaptic density
muscle cell postsynaptic density

A postsynaptic specialization that is part of a neuromuscular junction. [GOC:pr]


Long distance growth of a single dendrite involved in cellular development. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


neuron protrusion guidance
neuron process guidance
neuronal cell projection guidance

The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:22790009]


The volume enclosed by the outermost membrane of a multivesicular body. [GOC:pde, PMID:21183070]


multivesicular body, internal vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body internal vesicle. [GOC:pde, PMID:21183070]


multivesicular body, internal vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of the multivesicular body internal vesicle. [GOC:pde, PMID:21183070]


sympathetic neuronal cell projection extension

Long distance growth of a single sympathetic neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:22790009]


sympathetic neuronal cell projection guidance

The process in which the migration of a sympathetic neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:22790009]


The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of a sympathetic neuron axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:22790009]


sympathetic neuron axon growth cone guidance


structural molecule activity conferring elasticity

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell, providing elasticity and recoiling. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:23283722]


Any process that modulates the size of a vesicle. [GOC:pm, PMID:20007772]


A trimeric protein complex made up of an H-NS homodimer and an Hha monomer. In Enterobacteriaceae, this complex negatively regulates transcription of a range of genes. [GOC:bhm, PMID:21600204]


A blood vessel lumenization process that occurs by blood vessel endothelial cells delaminating and aligning along the inner surface of an existing luminal space, extending the open ended lumen, and joining to other blood vessels to form a complete blood vessel. [GOC:dgh, PMID:23698350]


blood vessel endothelial cell delamination

The process of negative regulation of cell adhesion that results in blood vessel endothelial cells splitting off from an existing endothelial sheet. [GOC:dgh, PMID:23698350]


Any endothelial tube morphogenesis process by which the tube is increased in length. [GOC:dgh, PMID:23698350]


protein localization to nonmotile primary cilium


receptor localization to nonmotile primary cilium


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a metal ion stimulus. [GOC:kmv]


The covalent attachment of a mannose residue to a substrate molecule. [GOC:cjm]


A ubiquitin ligase complex found to be involved in post-replicative bypass of UV-damaged DNA and UV mutagenesis. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme Rad6 and Rad18, a protein containing a RING finger motif and a nucleotide binding motif. The yeast Rad6-Rad18 heterodimer has ubiquitin conjugating activity, binds single-stranded DNA, and possesses single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. [GOC:jd, PMID:9287349]


deaminated base DNA glycosylase activity

DNA glycosylase activity acting on deaminated bases

deaminated base DNA N-glycosylase activity

DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated bases. [GOC:al, PMID:18789404]


DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated adenine (hypoxanthine). [GOC:al, PMID:18789404]


DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated guanine (xanthine). [GOC:al, PMID:18789404]


DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated guanine where the resulting base (oxanine) is generated by NO- or HNO2-induced nitrosative deamination. [GOC:al, PMID:18789404]


base-excision repair, AP site formation via deaminated base removal

A base-excision repair, AP site formation process occurring via excision of a deaminated base. [GOC:al, PMID:18789404]


A branched cellular projection (or cytoplasmic extension) that is extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enables the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells. [CL:0000451, GOC:BHF, GOC:cjm, PMID:12200351]


A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells. [GOC:cjm, GOC:devbiol]


A bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]


A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of meiosis. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]


A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from an asexual process. Examples of this process are found in bacterial and fungal species. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]


A parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah]


An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


A protein-DNA complex consisting of a higher-order oligomer of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) on single-stranded DNA. [GOC:cjm, PMID:10357855]


nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex location

A multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage. [GOC:cjm, GOC:elh, PMID:10197977]


A protein-DNA complex formed through interaction of the protein(s) with an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in the DNA. [GOC:amm, GOC:cjm, PMID:11747630]


transcription protein-DNA-RNA complex location

A protein-DNA-RNA complex composed of RNA polymerase, template DNA, and an RNA transcript. [GOC:cjm, GOC:txnOH]


A plasma membrane that is part of a sperm cell. [GOC:cjm]


A small ribonucleoprotein complex involved in formation of the spliceosome. [GOC:krc, GOC:pr, ISBN:0879695897]


A spliceosomal snRNP complex that is formed by the association of the U4/U6 (or U4atac/U6atac) snRNP with the U5 snRNP. [GOC:krc, GOC:pr, ISBN:0879695897, PMID:9452384]


necroptotic signalling pathway
necroptotic signal transduction
necroptosis signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals which triggers the necroptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, is characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3), and ends when the execution phase of necroptosis is triggered. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:20823910]


execution phase of necroptotic process
necroptotic execution phase

A stage of the necroptotic process that starts after a necroptotic signal has been relayed to the execution machinery. Key steps of the execution phase are swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. The execution phase ends when the cell has died. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:20823910]


The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. [GOC:cvs, PMID:22342843, PMID:24157461]


The movement of a granulocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. [GOC:cvs, PMID:24163421, PMID:24193336]


lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell migration

The orderly movement of a lymphoid lineage cell from one site to another. A lymphoid lineage cell, also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell, is a progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage. [GOC:pr, PMID:22342843]


lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell migration into thymus

lymphoid lineage cell migration into thymus

The movement of a lymphoid lineage cell (also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell) into the thymus. Lymphoid lineage cells enter and exit the thymus several times as part of this process. [GOC:cvs, PMID:22342843]


The process in which the thymus epithelium is generated and organized. [GOC:pr, PMID:22342843]


Y-shaped link
membrane-microtubule complex
Y-link structure
Y-shaped linker
membrane-microtubule complex location
Y-shaped fiber
Y-shaped assemblage
Y-shaped fibre

A Y-shaped protein complex in the ciliary transition zone that connects the cilium axoneme to the ciliary necklace. Both protein sorting and protein gating occur at this point in the cilium allowing some, but not all proteins to enter the cilium. [GOC:cilia, PMID:22653444, PMID:4554367]


A protein complex located on the cilium membrane in the ciliary transition zone; it is connected to the cilium axoneme via Y-shaped links. [GOC:cilia, PMID:22653444, PMID:4554367]


cilium transition fibre
ciliary transition fibre
cilium transition fiber
cilial transition fiber
cilial transition fibre

A nine-bladed, propeller-like protein complex that links the distal end of the basal body and the cilium to the plasma membrane. Functions in protein sorting and gating (i.e. active and passive transport of proteins in and out of the cilium). [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, GOC:krc, PMID:22653444, PMID:24231678, PMID:5064817, PMID:5335827]


axoneme microtubule central pair
central pair
axoneme central pair
central-pair microtubules
axonemal microtubule central pair

Part of the axoneme consisting of the inner two microtubule doublets of the 9+2 axoneme occurring in most motile cilia. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, PMID:24283352]


Part of the axoneme consisting of a highly electron-dense region at the distal end of the ciliary transition zone within the axonemal lumen at which the axonemal central pair of microtubules is connected to the rest of the axonemal structure. [GOC:cilia, PMID:23352055, PMID:4554367]


cilium inversin compartment
Inv compartment of the cilium
flagellar inversin compartment
flagellum inversin compartment
cilial inversin compartment

Proximal part of the ciliary shaft to which the inversin protein (also called Inv) specifically localizes. The inversin compartment appears to have a different protein composition than the rest of the cilium, although there is no structure that separates it form the distal part of the cilium. [GOC:cilia, PMID:19050042]


outer-doublet microtubules
outer doublet
axoneme outer doublet

Part of an axoneme consisting in a doublet microtubule. Nine of these outer doublets form the 9+0 axoneme, while the 9+2 axoneme also contains a central pair. Dynein arms attached to the doublets provide the mechanism of movement of the cilium. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, GOC:pr, PMID:5044758, PMID:5664206, Wikipedia:Axoneme]


flagellum base
cilial base
cilium base
flagellar base

Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, PMID:22653444]


A cytoplasmic vesicle composed of both tubulovesicular and clear core vesicles that transport synaptic vesicle-associated proteins. Proteins carried by synaptic vesicle protein transport vesicles (STVs) include synaptophysin, synapsin Ia, synaptotagmin and synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2). STVs are packaged via the trans-Golgi network before being transported through the axon. [GOC:dr, PMID:21569270]


The controlled shedding of a seed. [GOC:lmo]


mitochondrial double-strand break repair

The repair of double-strand breaks in mitochondrial DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. [GOC:di, PMID:22214610]


mtDSB repair via homologous recombination

mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

The repair of a double-strand break in mitochondrial DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. [GOC:di, PMID:22214610]


calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]


calcium transmembrane import into cytosol


A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It originates at the left anterior basal body, extends laterally through the cytoplasm, crosses the right anterior axoneme, and exits as a membrane-bound flagellum on the anterior left side of the cell. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It originates at the right anterior basal body, extends laterally through the cytoplasm, crosses the left anterior axoneme, and exits as a membrane-bound flagellum on the anterior right side of the cell. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


left posteriolateral cilium
left posterolateral flagellum
left posterolateral cilium

A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the left posteriolateral basal body and extends cytoplasmically toward the cell posterior, marking the left anterior boundary of the lateral shield and the left lateral region of the funis before exiting at the left lateral region of the cell body. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


right posteriolateral cilium
right posterolateral cilium
right posterolateral flagellum

A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the right posteriolateral basal body and extends cytoplasmically toward the cell posterior, marking the right anterior boundary of the lateral shield and the right lateral region of the funis before exiting at the right lateral region of the cell body. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the left ventral basal body and exits the cell body proximally and dorsal to the ventral disc. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the right ventral basal body and exits the cell body proximally and dorsal to the ventral disc. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the left caudal basal body, extending cytoplasmically and exiting at the posterior end of the cell body. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the right caudal basal body, extending cytoplasmically and exiting at the posterior end of the cell body. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


Set of two basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the anterior and ventral basal bodies located to the right of the left nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


Set of two basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the caudal and posteriolateral basal bodies located to the right of the left nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


Set of two basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the anterior and ventral basal bodies located to the left of the right nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


Set of two basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the caudal and posteriolateral basal bodies located to the left of the right nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


Set of four basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the left lateral basal body pair and the left middle basal body pair (i.e. the anterior, ventral, caudal and posteriolateral basal bodies located to the right of the left nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally). [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


Set of four basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the right lateral basal body pair and the right middle basal body pair (i.e. the anterior, ventral, caudal and posteriolateral basal bodies located to the left of the right nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally). [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:16607022, PMID:5961344]


A non-membrane bound, semi-organized microtubule array of unknown function found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located on the dorsal side of the trophozoite, slightly posterior to the ventral disc. [GOC:giardia, PMID:5961344]


Region of the ventral side of the cell body found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located posterior on either side of the ventral groove; the upper boundary is the ventral disc, and the lower boundary is marked by the posteriolateral flagella. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207]


The specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a cyst. A cyst is a resting or dormant stage of a microorganism, usually a bacterium or a protist or rarely an invertebrate animal, that helps the organism to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions. In protists such as protozoan parasites alternating cystic- and non-cystic stages, the cyst wall is usually composed of carbohydrates and proteins. [GOC:giardia, PMID:15134259, PMID:2026212, Wikipedia:Microbial_cyst]


One of the two nuclei found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located on the left side of the cell when viewed from the dorsal side. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0-444-81258-X]


One of the two nuclei found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located on the right side of the cell when viewed from the dorsal side. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:0-444-81258-X]


Catalysis of the reaction: protein-S-S-glutathione + glutathione-SH = protein-SH + glutathione-S-S-glutathione. [GOC:jd, PMID:18992757]


The region of a polarized cell other than its tips or ends (in some cell types, one end may be called the apex and the other the base). For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the lateral part includes the cell sides which interface adjacent cells. [GOC:pr]


The region directly beneath the plasma membrane of the lateral portion of the cell. [GOC:mah, PMID:24146635]


storage of iron ion
sequestration of iron ion
iron ion sequestration
iron ion sequestering
retention of iron ion
iron ion retention
iron ion storage

The process of binding or confining iron ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system. [GOC:mr, PMID:3099306]


copper ion sequestering
copper ion retention
sequestration of copper ion
storage of copper ion
retention of copper ion
copper ion storage
copper ion sequestration

The process of binding or confining copper ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system. [GOC:mr, PMID:3099306]


extracellular sequestration of copper ion

extracellular sequestering of copper ion

The process of binding or confining copper ions in an extracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system. [GOC:mr, PMID:3099306]


intracellular sequestration of copper ion

intracellular sequestering of copper ion

The process of binding or confining copper ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system. [GOC:mr, PMID:3099306]


dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt1p-Pmt2p dimer complex location

A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt1p-Pmt2p. [GOC:jd, PMID:12551906]


dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt1p-Pmt3p dimer complex location

A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt1p-Pmt3p. [GOC:jd, PMID:12551906]


dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt5p-Pmt2p dimer complex location

A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt5p-Pmt2p. [GOC:jd, PMID:12551906]


dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt5p-Pmt3p dimer complex location

A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt5p-Pmt3p. [GOC:jd, PMID:12551906]


dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt4p dimer

dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt4p-Pmt4p dimer complex location

dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt4p homodimer complex location

A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt4p. [GOC:bhm, GOC:jd, PMID:12551906]


A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In S. cerevisiae the complex consists of two subunits, Mlh1 and Mlh3. [GOC:jd, PMID:10570173]


archaeal or bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility

Cell motility due to movement of bacterial- or archaeal-type flagella. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc]


A non-membrane-bounded organelle superficially similar to a bacterial-type flagellum; they both consist of filaments extending outside the cell, and rotate to propel the cell, but the archaeal flagella (also called archaella) have a unique structure which lacks a central channel. Similar to bacterial type IV pilins, the archaeal flagellins (archaellins) are made with class 3 signal peptides and they are processed by a type IV prepilin peptidase-like enzyme. The archaellins are typically modified by the addition of N-linked glycans which are necessary for proper assembly and/or function. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, PMID:21265748, PMID:23146836, PMID:23204365, PMID:24330313, Wikipedia:Flagellum#Archaeal]


archaeal-type flagellum-dependent cell motility

Cell motility due to the motion of one or more archaeal-type flagella. An archaeal-type flagellum (also called archaellum) is a non-membrane-bounded organelle superficially similar to a bacterial-type flagellum, but having a different molecular structure and lacking a central channel. [GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, Wikipedia:Flagellum#Archaeal]


Fibrillar repetitive structure surrounding the ventral disc edge in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). The composition of the lateral crest is not fully known yet. [GOC:giardia]


A region of the ventral disc of Giardia species (trophozoite stage) where two portions of the same array of microtubules overlap (the microtubule array makes a complete circle and overlaps on itself). [GOC:giardia]


ventral disk microtubule array
ventral disc spiral microtubule array

A part of the ventral disc of Giardia species (trophozoite stage) consisting of a spiral array of microtubules linked to the ventral membrane. These microtubules form the base of the ventral disc dorsal microribbons that extend nearly perpendicular from the membrane. [GOC:giardia]


ventral disk dorsal microribbon
dorsal ribbon
dorsal microribbon
microribbon

Trilaminar structure extending perpendicularly into the cytoplasm along the length of ventral disc microtubules in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). Constituents of dorsal microribbons (also called dorsal ribbons or microribbons) include alpha-coiled-helix proteins approximately 29 to 38 kDa in size. These proteins line the edges of the microribbons but are not found in microtubules. Tubulins are not found in microribbons. [GOC:giardia, PMID:11432808]


Structure horizontally linking adjacent microribbons of the ventral disc in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). The composition of crossbridges is not fully known yet. [GOC:giardia]


ventral disk supernumerary microtubule array

ventral disc supernumerary microtubule array

A partial left-handed spiral array of microtubules that lies generally dorsal to the main ventral disc microtubule array in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207]


Specialized organelle found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage) and characterized by a spiral array of microtubules and microtubule-associated structures including dorsal microribbons and crossbridges. The edge of the ventral disc narrows into a lateral crest. The ventral disk mediates mechanical attachment of the trophozoite to the host's intestinal wall, and contains the contractile proteins actinin, alpha-actinin, myosin, and tropomyosin working towards contraction of the disk involved in adherence. [GOC:giardia, ISBN:9780124260207, PMID:11432808, PMID:4777416, PMID:5961344]


A small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane that is generally retained in spermatozoa after spermiogenesis, when the majority of the cytoplasm is phagocytosed by Sertoli cells to produce what are called residual bodies. Initially, the droplet is located at the neck just behind the head of an elongated spermatid. During epididymal transit, the cytoplasmic droplet migrates caudally to the annulus at the end of the midpiece; the exact position and time varies by species. The cytoplasmic droplet consists of lipids, lipoproteins, RNAs, a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, receptors, ion channels, and Golgi-derived vesicles. The droplet may be involved in regulatory volume loss (RVD) at ejaculation, and in most species, though not in humans, the cytoplasmic droplet is lost at ejaculation. Note that the cytoplasmic droplet is distinct from 'excessive residual cytoplasm' that sometimes remains in epididymal spermatozoa, particularly when spermiogenesis has been disrupted. [GOC:krc, GOC:vesicles, PMID:12672117, PMID:21076437, PMID:23159014]


maintenance of retina blood vessel
maintenance of retinal blood vessel

A retina homeostatic process preventing the degeneration of a retina blood vessel. [GOC:jh2, PMID:23093773]


Binding to a member of the cullin family, hydrophobic proteins that act as scaffolds for ubiquitin ligases (E3). [GOC:ha, InterPro:IPR016158, PMID:18698375]


temperature-activated ion channel activity

temperature-dependent ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism). [GOC:ha, GOC:pr, PMID:23027824]


temperature gated cation channel activity

temperature-activated cation channel activity

temperature-dependent cation channel activity

temperature-gated cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism). [GOC:ha, GOC:pr, PMID:23027824]


Binding to G-rich, single-stranded, telomere-associated DNA. [PMID:11349150]


The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from the 3' end of a polynucleotide. [GOC:dos]


The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from the 5' end of a polynucleotide. [GOC:dos]


The generation of hematopoietic stem cells from hemogenic endothelial cells by a process that includes tight-junction dissolution and loss of cell polarity followed by delamination from the endothelium. [PMID:20154732, PMID:22521721]


The series of events required for an organism to detect some level of humidity in its environment, convert this detection into a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [PMID:18269908, PMID:8650222]


The series of events required for an organism to detect high environmental humidity, convert this detection into a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [PMID:18269908]


The series of events required for an organism to detect low environmental humidity, convert this detection into a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [PMID:18269908]


detection of humidity stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which a humidity stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of humidity. [GOC:dos, PMID:8650222]


The series of events in which a humidity stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:dos]


detection of high humidity stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which a high humidity stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal as a part of the sensory detection of high humidity. [GOC:dos, PMID:18269908]


detection of low humidity stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which a low humidity stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal as a part of the sensory detection of low humidity. [GOC:dos, PMID:18269908]


The series of events in which high humidity is detected and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:dos]


The series of events in which low humidity is detected and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:dos]


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphopolynucleotide + H2O = polynucleotide + phosphate. [GOC:mah]


The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a post-synaptic potential responsible for muscle contraction. [GOC:dos]


The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential that inhibits muscle contraction. [GOC:dos]


neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fiber

A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a skeletal muscle fiber. [GOC:dos]


A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a myotube. [GOC:dos]


neuromuscular junction of somatic muscle myotube

A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a somatic muscle myotube, such as an arthropod somatic muscle cell. [GOC:dos]


excitatory neuromuscular junction of somatic myotube

A neuromuscular junction that functions in the excitation of somatic muscle myotubes, such as an arthropod somatic muscle cells. [GOC:dos]


inhibitory neuromuscular junction of somatic myotube

A neuromuscular junction that functions in the inhibition of somatic muscle myotube contraction. Examples of somatic muscle myotubes include the somatic muscle cells of arthropods. [GOC:dos]


neuromuscular junction of somatic muscle

A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a somatic muscle cell, such as those found in nematodes and arthropods. [GOC:dos]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. [GOC:dos]


neuromuscular junction development, skeletal muscle fiber

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction that targets a skeletal muscle fiber. [GOC:mtg_OBO2OWL_2013]


positive regulation of Rad51-mediated strand invasion

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. [GOC:dos, GOC:dph, GOC:elh, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of D-loop biosynthesis


direct ligand regulated sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity

transcription factor activity, direct ligand regulated sequence-specific DNA binding

ligand-activated transcription factor activity

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand and that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets. Examples include the lac and trp repressors in E.coli and steroid hormone receptors. [GOC:dos, PMID:25568920, PMID:8735275]


The modification of histone H3 by addition of three methyl groups to lysine at position 27 of the histone. [PMID:19270745]


ATPase dependent transmembrane transport complex location

A transmembrane protein complex that functions in ATPase dependent active transport across a membrane. [GOC:dos]


A cellular process that results in the assembly of one or more centrioles. [GOC:dos, PMID:24075808]


A spherical, electron dense, cytoplasmic structure that is involved in de novo assembly of centrioles. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dos, PMID:24075808, PMID:25047614, PMID:5661997]


internal side of transport vesicle membrane

lumenal side of transport vesicle membrane

The side (leaflet) of the transport vesicle membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:ab]


external side of transport vesicle membrane

cytoplasmic side of transport vesicle membrane

The side (leaflet) of the transport vesicle membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:ab]


lumenal side of trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

The side (leaflet) of the trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:ab]


internal side of trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane


external side of trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

cytoplasmic side of trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

The side (leaflet) of the trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:ab]


Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism. [GOC:dos]


The series of events in which a stimulus from another organism is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:dos]


Any process in which a protein complex is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of protein complexes that move away. [GOC:dos]


maintenance of protein complex location in cytoplasm

Any process in which a protein complex is maintained in a specific location within the cytoplasm and is prevented from moving elsewhere. [GOC:dos]


The side of the Golgi membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


The side (leaflet) of the Golgi membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


A stable intercellular bridge between somatic cells. Examples include the intercellular bridges between ovarian follicle cells in insects and between imaginal disc cells in insects. [GOC:dos, PMID:22135360, PMID:670316]


internal side of early endosome membrane

internal leaflet of early endosome membrane

The side (leaflet) of the early endosome membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:lr]


internal leaflet of late endosome membrane

The side (leaflet) of the late endosome membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:lr]


A cellular component consisting of one leaflet of a membrane bilayer and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos]


lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the plasma membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


lumenal side of rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


cytoplasmic side of rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


cytoplasmic side of smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


lumenal side of smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


external side of early endosome membrane

external leaflet of early endosome membrane

cytoplasmic side of early endosome membrane

The side (leaflet) of the early endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:lr]


external leaflet of late endosome membrane

cytoplasmic side of late endosome membrane

The side (leaflet) of the late endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:lr]


methyl accepting chemotaxis protein complex location

A transmembrane protein complex that consists of multiple methyl-accepting chemoreceptor protein subunits, a histidine kinase and a connector protein and which functions in the regulation of flagellar rotary motor activity in response to an external chemical stimulus. [GOC:dos, PMID:1326408, PMID:15802240]


The side of a membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:dos]


intrinsic component of synaptic vesicle membrane

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:dos]


trans-Golgi network transport vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed within the membrane of a trans-Golgi network transport vesicle. [GOC:dos]


internal side of endosome membrane
internal leaflet of endosome membrane

The side (leaflet) of the endosome membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:dos]


The volume enclosed within the membrane of a transport vesicle. [GOC:dos]


The side (leaflet) of a plasma membrane that faces the periplasm, and all proteins embedded in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:dos]


external side of mycolate outer membrane

The side (leaflet) of the mycolate outer membrane that faces the environment and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface. [GOC:dos, PMID:18316738, PMID:18567661]


internal side of mycolate outer membrane

The side of the mycolate outer membrane that faces the cell wall peptidoglycan. It is rich in long-chain mycolic acids (hydroxylated branched-chain fatty acids) that are covalently linked to the cell wall peptidoglycan via an arabinogalactan network. [GOC:dos, PMID:18316738, PMID:18567661]


The side (leaflet) of the plastid inner membrane that faces the stroma, and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface. [GOC:dos]


lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

The side (leaflet) of the plastid thylakoid membrane that faces the lumen, and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface. [GOC:dos]


stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

The side (leaflet) of the plastid thylakoid membrane that faces the stroma, and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface. [GOC:dos]


intrinsic component of mitochondrial membrane

The component of the mitochondrial membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having either part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane or some other covalently attached group such as a GPI anchor that is similarly embedded in the membrane. [GOC:dos]


external leaflet of lysosomal membrane
external side of lysosomal membrane

The side (leaflet) of the lysosomal membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


internal leaflet of lysosomal membrane
internal side of lysosomal membrane

The side (leaflet) of the lysosomal membrane that faces the lumen. [GOC:dos]


Any side (leaflet) of a membrane that faces the lumen of an organelle. [GOC:dos]


A sex chromosome that has been inactivated. [GOC:dos]


condensed chromatin of inactivated sex chromosome

A condensed form of chromatin that is associated with an inactivated sex chromosome and which is responsible for its inactivation. [GOC:dos]


A sex chromosome that has not been inactivated. [GOC:dos]


The series of events in which an external biotic stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal. An external biotic stimulus is defined as one caused or produced by a living organism other than the one being stimulated. [GOC:dos]


A vocalisation behavior that is innate, i.e. that does not need to be learned in order to occur. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:rl]


A vocalization behavior that is the result of learning. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:rl, PMID:16418265, PMID:17035521]


A secretory organelle of a host cell, some 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane. [GOC:dos]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a host synaptic vesicle. [GOC:dos]


The process by which centromeres/kinetochores become localized to clusters. [GOC:di, GOC:dos, PMID:10761928, PMID:23283988, PMID:8486732]


The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle. [GOC:dos]


The leaflet the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


cytoplasmic side of apical plasma membrane

The side (leaflet) of the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm. [GOC:ab, GOC:dos]


A cup shaped specialization of the cytoskeleton that forms a thin layer located just below the apical mass of mature mucin secretory granules in the cytoplasm of goblet cells of the intestinal epithelium. It consists of an orderly network of intermediate filaments and microtubules. Microtubules are arranged vertically, like barrel staves, along the inner aspect of the theta. Intermediate filaments form two networks: an inner, basketlike network and an outer series of circumferential bundles resembling the hoops of a barrel. [PMID:6541604]


A secretory granule that contains mucin. [PMID:16377632]


Learning in which new behaviors are acquired through imitation. [GOC:dos, Wikipedia:Imitative_learning&oldid=593192364]


learned vocalization behavior or vocal learning

Vocalisation behavior that is the result of learning, or the process by which new vocalizations are learned. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:rl, PMID:16418265, PMID:17035521]


Catalysis of a hydrolase reaction that removes a palmitoyl moiety from some substrate. [GOC:dos, GOC:pg]


Catalysis of the reaction: L-Selenomethionine + H2O => Methaneselenol + Ammonia + 2-oxobutanoic acid. [PMID:11578145, PMID:16037612, PMID:16444005]


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-Selenomethionine + H2O => Orthophosphate + Diphosphate + Se-Adenosylselenomethionine. [PMID:2339986]


Catalysis of the reaction: R + Se-Adenosylselenomethionine => CH3-R + Se-Adenosyl-L-selenohomocysteine. [PMID:1711890]


Catalysis of the reaction: Se-Adenosyl-L-selenohomocysteine + H2O => Adenosine + Selenohomocysteine. [GOC:dos, PMID:1711890, PMID:7305945]


Catalysis of the reaction: L-Serine + Selenohomocysteine => L-Selenocystathionine + H2O. [PMID:6456763]


Catalysis of the reaction: L-Selenocystathionine + H2O => L-Selenocysteine + NH3 + 2-Oxobutanoic acid. [PMID:6456763]


Catalysis of the reaction: Se-Methyl-L-selenocysteine + H2O => pyruvic acid + NH3 + Methaneselenol. [PMID:17451884, PMID:20383543]


Catalysis of the reaction: methylselenol + H2O => H2Se + CH3OH. [PMID:17451884, PMID:17988700]


The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. [GOC:dos]


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + methaneselenol => S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + dimethyl selenide. [PMID:14705, PMID:17988700, PMID:4380351]