A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell. [GOC:cilia, GOC:dgh, GOC:kmv, PMID:17009929, PMID:20144998, PMID:22118931]


mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition size control checkpoint

mitotic G2 cell size control checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell size control checkpoint prior to the G2/M transition of mitosis. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


homologous chromosome orientation involved in meiotic metaphase I plate congression

The cell cycle process in which the sister centromeres of one chromosome attach to microtubules that emanate from the same spindle pole, which ensures that homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions at anaphase of meiosis I. [PMID:15062096]


bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding

sequence-specific DNA binding bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription factor activity


transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding

transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity


core RNA polymerase II recruiting transcription factor activity

transcription factor activity, core RNA polymerase II recruiting

RNA polymerase II complex recruiting activity

Binding to an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex, typically composed of twelve subunits, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way in order to facilitate the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:16858867]


transcriptional activator activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

transcriptional activator activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding

bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in positive regulation of transcription


transcriptional repressor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase proximal promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

transcriptional repressor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding

bacterial-type RNA polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity involved in negative regulation of transcription


transcription termination site sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that promotes termination by RNA polymerase. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:18280161, PMID:18391175]


transcription factor activity, bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription enhancer sequence-specific binding

bacterial-type RNA polymerase transcription enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity


TFIIIB-class transcription factor binding

TFIIIB-class transcription factor complex binding

Binding to a general RNA polymerase III transcription factor belonging to the TFIIB complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase III. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:12381659]


TFIIIA-class transcription factor binding

Binding to an RNA polymerase III transcription factor of the TFIIIA class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) at RNA polymerase III promoters. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:12381659]


TFIIIC-class transcription factor binding

TFIIIC-class transcription factor complex binding

Binding to a general RNA polymerase III transcription factor belonging to the TFIIC complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase III. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:12381659]


transcription termination site DNA binding


intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to an intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within. [GOC:txnOH]


RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to an RNA polymerase II intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within. [GOC:txnOH]


RNA polymerase I transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase I. [GOC:txnOH]


RNA polymerase I CORE element sequence-specific DNA binding

RNA polymerase I core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:12865296, PMID:14969726, PMID:8057832]


RNA polymerase I upstream control element sequence-specific DNA binding


RNA polymerase I upstream element sequence-specific DNA binding


The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of RNA. [GOC:txnOH]


signal transduction involved in filamentous growth

Relaying of environmental signals promoting filamentous growth. [GOC:mcc, PMID:9728395]


A protein complex required for the loading of a structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complex, such as cohesin, condensin or SMC5/SMC6, onto DNA. Appears to be eukaryotically conserved. [GOC:curators, GOC:vw, PMID:10882066]


cell wall macromolecule catabolic process involved in cytogamy

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules forming part of a cell wall that contribute to cytogamy. [GOC:mah]


plasma membrane organization involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

plasma membrane fusion involved in cytogamy

The joining of two or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround cells, that contributes to cytogamy. [GOC:mah, PMID:29134248]


response to jasmonic acid stimulus involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus received in the context of the jasmonic acid- and ethylene (ethene)-dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen. [GOC:mah]


regulation of natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


regulation of natural killer cell development


negative regulation of natural killer cell development


positive regulation of natural killer cell development


regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


regulation of natural killer cell development involved in immune response


negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of natural killer cell development involved in immune response


positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of natural killer cell development involved in immune response


regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development


negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development


positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development


regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development involved in immune response


negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development involved in immune response


Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylitol + NADP+ = D-xylose + NADPH + H+. [PMID:12724380, PMID:15184173, RHEA:27445]


Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabitol + NADP+ = L-arabinose + NADPH + H+. [PMID:12724380, PMID:15184173, RHEA:25229]


regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan metabolic process


regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan biosynthetic process


regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


regulation of T cell development in thymus


regulation of extrathymic T cell development


negative regulation of T cell development in thymus


negative regulation of extrathymic T cell development


positive regulation of T cell development in thymus


positive regulation of extrathymic T cell development


nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
DNA replication involved in S-phase
DNA replication involved in S phase

The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase

regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase

regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


tryptophan synthase alpha subunit activity


small dense low-density lipoprotein particle formation


regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle oxidation


tracheal pit formation in open tracheal system

Formation of the tracheal pits, the first tube-like structures to form in the open tracheal system. Once cells are determined to their tracheal cell fate, the tracheal pits arise by invagination of each ectodermal cluster of tracheal placode cells, between 5 and 7 hours after egg laying. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11063940, PMID:11992723, PMID:14570584]


The heat generation process that results in a rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl]


hippo signaling pathway
hippo signaling cascade
hippo signaling
hippo signalling cascade

The series of molecular signals mediated by the serine/threonine kinase Hippo or one of its orthologs. In Drosophila, Hippo in complex with the scaffold protein Salvador (Sav), phosphorylates and activates Warts (Wts), which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates the Yorkie (Yki) transcriptional activator. The core fly components hippo, sav, wts and mats are conserved in mammals as STK4/3 (MST1/2), SAV1/WW45, LATS1/2 and MOB1. [PMID:17318211, PMID:18328423]


purine nucleoside transmembrane transport

The process in which a purine nucleoside is transported across a membrane. A purine nucleoside is a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar. [GOC:ai, GOC:vw]


The process in which gluconate is transported across a membrane. Gluconate is the aldonic acid derived from glucose. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]


regulation of gluconate membrane transport

regulation of gluconate transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a gluconate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]


negative regulation of gluconate membrane transport

negative regulation of gluconate transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gluconate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]


positive regulation of gluconate membrane transport

positive regulation of gluconate transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gluconate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]


The process in which acetate is transported across a membrane. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid. [GOC:vw]


copper ion membrane transport
copper cation transmembrane transport

The directed movement of copper cation across a membrane. [GOC:vw]


The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane. [GOC:vw]


triose phosphate transmembrane transport

The process in which triose phosphate (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) is transported across a membrane. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is any organic three carbon compound phosphate ester. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]


retention of protein in endoplasmic reticulum

maintenance of protein location in endoplasmic reticulum

maintenance of protein localization in ER

maintenance of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum

maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum

Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:bf, GOC:vw]


c-di-GMP binding
3',5'-cyclic di-GMP binding
cyclic dinucleotide di-GMP binding

Binding to cyclic-di-GMP, cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate. [GOC:bf]


halimadienyl diphosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate = halima-5(6),13-dien-15-yl diphosphate. [EC:5.5.1.16]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tuberculosinol (halima-5,6,dien-15-ol), a secondary metabolite in Mycobacteria. [MetaCyc:PWY-5935]


cell migration involved in vasculogenesis

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes. [GOC:dgh]


The directed movement of a dipeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A dipeptide is a combination of two amino acids linked together by a peptide (-CO-NH-) bond. [GOC:vw]


The directed movement of a tripeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A tripeptide is a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. [GOC:vw]


The directed movement of nickel (Ni) cations across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]


The process in which borate is transported across a membrane. Borate is the anion (BO3)3-; boron is a group 13 element, with properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals. [GOC:curators]


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol + L-cysteine + ATP = 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+. 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol is also known as glucosaminyl-inositol or GlcN-Ins, and 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as desacetylmycothiol or Cys-GlcN-Ins. [EC:6.3.1.13, MetaCyc:RXN1G-4, PMID:12033919]


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + acetyl-CoA = mycothiol + coenzyme A + H+. Mycothiol is also known as AcCys-GlcN-Ins and 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as Cys-GlcN-Ins or desacetylmycothiol. [MetaCyc:MONOMER-9684, PMID:12033919]


peripheral to thylakoid membrane
extrinsic to thylakoid membrane

extrinsic component of thylakoid membrane

The component of a thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:bf, GOC:dos]


peripheral to plastid thylakoid membrane

extrinsic component of plastid thylakoid membrane

The component of a plastid thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:bf, GOC:dos]


extrinsic to lumenal leaflet of plastid thylakoid membrane

peripheral to lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

extrinsic to lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

extrinsic component of lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

The component of a plastid thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its lumenal surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:bf, GOC:dos]


extrinsic to stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

extrinsic to stromal leaflet of plastid thylakoid membrane

peripheral to stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

extrinsic component of stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

The component of a plastid thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its stromal surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:bf, GOC:dos]


peripheral to plastid membrane
extrinsic to plastid membrane

The component of a plastid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:bf, GOC:dos]


peripheral to plastid inner membrane
extrinsic to plastid inner membrane

extrinsic component of plastid inner membrane

The component of a plastid inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:bf, GOC:dos]


extrinsic to stromal leaflet of plastid inner membrane

extrinsic to stromal side of plastid inner membrane

peripheral to stromal side of plastid inner membrane

extrinsic component of stromal side of plastid inner membrane

The component of a plastid inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its stromal surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. [GOC:bf, GOC:dos]


response to leukocyte interferon
response to lymphoblast interferon
response to lymphoblastoid interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon. [GOC:sl, PMID:11356686]


response to fibroblast interferon
response to fiblaferon
response to interferon beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon. [GOC:sl, PMID:9561374]


cellular response to leukocyte interferon

cellular response to lymphoblastoid interferon

cellular response to lymphoblast interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon. [GOC:sl]


cellular response to fibroblast interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon. [GOC:sl]


cargo loading into vesicle
cargo selection

The formation of a macromolecular complex between the coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle. [GOC:bf, GOC:lb]


L-ascorbate 6-phosphate lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-ascorbate 6-phosphate + H2O = 3-keto-L-gulonate 6-phosphate. [PMID:18097099, PMID:20359483]


The process in which a vitamin is transported across a membrane. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. [GOC:bf]


determination of left/right asymmetry in diencephalon

The establishment of the diencephalon with respect to the left and right halves. [GOC:dgh, PMID:15084459]


TGFbeta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

TGF-beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to determination of organismal asymmetry with respect to the left and right halves. [GOC:dgh, GOC:signaling]


regulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

regulation of TGFbeta receptor signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

regulation of TGFbeta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

regulation of TGF-beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signalling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

regulation of transforming growth factor receptor beta signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway that is involved in the determination of organismal asymmetry with regard to its left and right halves. [GOC:dgh]


determination of pancreatic left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the pancreas with respect to the left and right halves of the organism. [GOC:dgh, PMID:12702646]


positive regulation of vascular wound healing

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature. [GOC:rph]


luteinizing hormone signalling pathway involved in ovarian follicle development

luteinizing hormone signaling pathway involved in ovarian follicle development

The series of molecular signals initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to a receptor, where the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that contribute to progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:bf]


chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptor
CG receptor activity
chorio-gonadotrophin receptor activity

choriogonadotropin hormone receptor activity

Combining with the choriogonadotropin hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:1922095]


The segregation of angioblasts into discrete arterial and venous vessels from one common precursor vessel. [GOC:dgh, PMID:19815777]


angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting

The directional migration of angioblast cells as part of selective angioblast sprouting, which results in angioblast segregation into arterial and venous populations. [GOC:dgh, PMID:19815777]


The orderly movement of angioblasts, cells involved in blood vessel morphogenesis. [GOC:dgh, PMID:19815777]


regulation of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angioblast cell migration involved in selective angioblast sprouting. [GOC:dgh, PMID:19815777]


Binding to a chylomicron, a large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. [GOC:BHF, PMID:17403372]


angioblast cell migration from lateral mesoderm to midline

The directed movement of angioblasts from the lateral mesoderm to the midline which occurs as part of the formation of the early midline vasculature. [GOC:dgh, PMID:11861480]


regulation of Notch signalling pathway involved in heart induction

regulation of Notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction. [GOC:BHF]


positive regulation of Notch signalling pathway involved in heart induction

positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction. [GOC:BHF]


Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an A/A mispair. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh]


G/A mispair binding
A/G mispair binding
guanine-adenine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an A/G mispair. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh]


Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a C/C mispair. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh]


Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a T/T mispair. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh]


T/C mispair binding
thymine/cytosine mispair binding
C/T mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a C/T mispair. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh]


Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/G mispair. [GOC:bf, GOC:jh]


regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response. [GOC:bf]


positive regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response. [GOC:bf]


negative regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response. [GOC:bf]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SNARE complex, a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. [GOC:rb, PMID:10872468]


The disaggregation of the SNARE protein complex into its constituent components. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. [GOC:rb, PMID:11697877]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of disassembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. [GOC:rb]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,5 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide. [PMID:11304545]


cAMP-responsive element binding
cyclic-AMP response element binding
CRE binding
cyclic AMP response element binding
cyclic-AMP-responsive element binding

Binding to a cyclic AMP response element (CRE), a short palindrome-containing sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to cyclic AMP. [PMID:2875459, PMID:2900470]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine). [PMID:20097752]


carnosine synthesis
carnosine formation
carnosine biosynthesis
carnosine anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine). [EC:6.3.2.11, PMID:20097752]


Binding to a MH2 (MAD homology 2) protein domain. The MH2 domain is found at the carboxy-terminus of MAD related proteins such as Smads. The MH2 domain mediates interaction with a wide variety of proteins and provides specificity and selectivity to Smad function and also is critical for mediating interactions in Smad oligomers. [GOC:curators]


Binding to a MH1 (MAD homology 1) protein domain. The MH1 domain is found at the amino terminus of MAD related proteins such as Smads and can mediate DNA binding in some proteins. Smads also use the MH1 domain to interact with some transcription factors. [Pfam:PF03165]


regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of myosin light chain kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin light chain kinase activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]


regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators]


The removal of an alkyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule. [GOC:bf]


Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms. [PMID:12594517, PMID:16482161, PMID:18775698]


The hydrolytic removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a DNA molecule. [GOC:bf]


The removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule involving oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms. [PMID:12594517, PMID:16482161, PMID:18775698]


Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms. [PMID:12594517, PMID:16482161, PMID:18775698]


Catalysis of the reaction: a methylated nucleobase within DNA + 2-oxoglutarate + O(2) = a nucleobase within DNA + formaldehyde + succinate + CO(2). [PMID:12594517, PMID:16482161, PMID:18775698, RHEA:30299]


Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase complex location

A multimeric protein complex that removes monoubiquitin from histone H2A. In Drosophila and mammals, the core of the complex is composed of Calypso/BAP1 and Asx/ASXL1, respectively. [PMID:20436459]


The modification of histone H2A by addition of a single ubiquitin group. [PMID:18206970]


A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K29-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. [PMID:17028573]


The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated protein. [GOC:bf]


The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone protein. [GOC:bf, PMID:20436459]


monoubiquitinated histone H2A deubiquitinylation

monoubiquitinated histone H2A deubiquitylation

monoubiquitinated histone H2A deubiquitination

The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated histone H2A protein. [GOC:bf, PMID:18226187, PMID:20436459]


protein K29-linked deubiquitylation
protein K29-linked deubiquitinylation

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K29-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein. [GOC:bf]


The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]


NF-kappa B1/p65 complex
NF-kappaB p50/p65 complex location
NF-kappa B1/RelA complex location
NF-kappa B1/p65 complex location
NF-kappa p50/RelA complex
NF-kappa p50/RelA complex location
NF-kappa B1/RelA complex

A heterodimer of NF-kappa B p50 and p65 subunits. [GO:add, PMID:20393192, PMID:9299584]


retrograde transport, plasma membrane to Golgi

The directed movement of substances from the plasma membrane back to the trans-Golgi network, mediated by vesicles. [GOC:lb, PMID:17488291]


3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypropanoate + NADP+ = 3-oxopropanoate + H+ + NADPH. [RHEA:26438]


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, PMID:19812544]


regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6). [GOC:add, GOC:bf]


negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6). [GOC:add, GOC:bf]


positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6). [GOC:add, GOC:bf]


Binding to a carbohydrate response element (ChoRE) found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to carbohydrates, such as the triglyceride synthesis genes. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20001964]


8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity

8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-deoxyguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity

8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine-triphosphate (8-oxo-dGTP) + H2O = 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine phosphate (8-oxo-dGMP) + diphosphate. 8-oxo-dGTP is the oxidised form of the free guanine nucleotide and can act as a potent mutagenic substrate for DNA synthesis causing transversion mutations. 8-oxo-dGTPase hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to its monophosphate form to prevent the misincorporation of 8-oxo-dGTP into cellular DNA. [PMID:17804481, PMID:7782328, PMID:7859359, RHEA:31575]


positive regulation of SNARE complex disassembly

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of disassembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. [GOC:rb]


negative regulation of SNARE complex disassembly

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of disassembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. [GOC:rb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. [GOC:rb]


positive regulation of SNARE complex assembly

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. [GOC:rb]


negative regulation of SNARE complex assembly

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. [GOC:rb]


determination of left/right asymmetry in nervous system

The establishment of the nervous system with respect to the left and right halves. [GOC:kmv, PMID:17717195, PMID:19641012]


A multiprotein nickel-containing complex that possesses urease activity (catalysis of the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide). [InterPro:IPR008221, PMID:2651866]


protein initiator methionine removal involved in protein maturation

Removal of the initiating methionine or formylmethionine residue from a protein that contributes to protein maturation, the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:hjd, GOC:vw]


oxidative single-stranded DNA demethylation

Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:18775698]


oxidative single-stranded RNA demethylation

Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded RNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:18775698]


termination of Roundabout signal transduction

The signaling process in which signaling from the receptor ROBO is brought to an end, rather than being reversibly modulated. [GOC:BHF, GOC:vk]


signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:bf, PMID:20404130]


negative regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:bf, PMID:20404130]


positive regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:bf, PMID:20404130]


Any process that modulates the size of a kidney. [GOC:bf]


Any process that modulates the size of a pronephric kidney. [GOC:bf]


Any process that modulates the size of a metanephric kidney. [GOC:bf]


The methylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins. [PMID:20668449, RESID:AA0419]


The methylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins. [PMID:20668449]


The monomethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N-methylserine. [PMID:20668449]


The dimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N-dimethylserine. [PMID:20668449]


The trimethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N,N,N-trimethylserine. [PMID:20668449]


The modification of histone H4 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 20 of the histone. [GOC:sp, PMID:20622853]


histone demethylase activity (H4-K20 specific)

histone H4-methyl-lysine-20 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate. [PMID:20622853, PMID:26214369, PMID:32209475]


retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway involved in pronephric field specification

retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in pronephric field specification

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that results in regions of the embryo being delineated into the area in which the pronephric kidney will develop. [GOC:bf, PMID:16979153, PMID:19909807]


The lipid bilayer surrounding an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid. [GOC:bf, PMID:17152095]


The volume enclosed by the membrane of an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid. [GOC:bf, PMID:17152095]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase. [GOC:bf, PMID:7334549]


The volume enclosed by the membrane of a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase. [GOC:bf, PMID:7334549]


extracellular sequestering of receptor ligand

sequestering of extracellular ligand from receptor

The process of binding or confining an extracellular signaling ligand, such that the ligand is unable to bind to its cell surface receptor. [GOC:BHF, GOC:signaling]


negative regulation of protein bioavailability


calcium-mediated signalling using intracellular calcium source

calcium signaling using intracellular calcium source

calcium signalling using intracellular calcium source

calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions released from an intracellular store to convert a signal into a response. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, PMID:20192754]


calcium signalling using extracellular calcium source

calcium-mediated signalling using extracellular calcium source

calcium signaling using extracellular calcium source

calcium-mediated signaling using extracellular calcium source

The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions imported from an extracellular source to convert a signal into a response. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, PMID:20192754]


G-protein coupled purinergic receptor signalling pathway

G-protein coupled purinergic receptor signaling pathway

G protein-coupled purinergic receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular purine or purine derivative binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. [GOC:BHF, PMID:9755289]


G-protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway

G-protein coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signalling pathway

G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. [GOC:BHF, PMID:9755289]


purinergic nucleotide receptor signalling pathway

purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, PMID:9755289]


The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules in a signaling pathway, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Adaptor molecules themselves do not have catalytic activity. [GOC:bf, PMID:19104498]


establishment of protein localization in extracellular region

establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region

establishment of protein localization to extracellular region

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF]


positive regulation of Wnt-activated signaling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localization to extracellular region

positive regulation of Wnt receptor signalling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localization in extracellular region

positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localisation in extracellular region

positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localization in extracellular region

positive regulation of Wnt receptor signaling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localization to extracellular region

positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway by establishment of Wnt protein localization to extracellular region

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway by the directed movement of a Wnt protein within the extracellular region. [GOC:BHF, PMID:19906850]


positive regulation of Wnt signaling range


Binding to a ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues. [GOC:yaf]


1D-myo-inositol 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + acetate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an acetyl group from N-acetylglucosaminylinositol. [EC:3.5.1.103, GOC:rs]


Catalysis of the addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleic acid or protein acceptor. [GOC:jh2, PMID:20472640]


Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenosine (ms2i6A). [PMID:20472640]


Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-threonylcarbomyladenosine (t6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms2t6A). [PMID:20472640, PMID:20584901]


aspartic acid methylthiotransferase activity

Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) of the beta-carbon of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-L-beta-methylthioaspartic acid. [PMID:18252828, PMID:8844851, RESID:AA0232]


The addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule. [PMID:20472640]


The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid. [GOC:se, PMID:12080046]


fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow

FGFR signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptosis in bone marrow

FGF receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptosis in bone marrow

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptosis in bone marrow

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:yaf]


FGF receptor signaling pathway involved in hematopoiesis

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in hematopoiesis

fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in hemopoiesis

FGFR signaling pathway involved in hematopoiesis

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in hemopoiesis

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which contributes to hemopoiesis. [GOC:yaf]


FGF receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

FGFR signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow. [GOC:yaf]


Catalysis of the transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group to a sulphur atom within a cysteine residue of a protein. [EC:2.6.99.-, GOC:sp, PMID:20972425, PMID:20972426]


cysteine-to-cysteine transnitrosylation
cysteine to cysteine nitrosylation
S-transnitrosylation

Transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group from one cysteine residue to another. [PMID:19854201, PMID:20972425, PMID:20972426]


FGF receptor signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development

FGFR signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development

fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in orbitofrontal cortex development

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands, which contributes to the progression of the orbitofrontal cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. [GOC:yaf]


The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation. [GOC:sp, PMID:21074048]


protein primary sequence deglutamylation

The removal of a C-terminal, gene-encoded glutamate residue from a protein. [GOC:sp, PMID:21074048]


removal of posttranslational polyglutamylation

The removal of a glutamate residue from the side chain of a protein. Glutamate side chains are added to glutamic acid residues within the primary protein sequence during polyglutamylation. [GOC:sp, PMID:21074048]


The removal of a branching point glutamate residue. A branching point glutamate connects a glutamate side chain to a gene-encoded glutamate residue. [GOC:sp, PMID:21074048]


Binding to an AP-2 adaptor complex. The AP-2 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC). [GOC:BHF, PMID:12221107, PMID:15728179, PMID:21097499]


RNA hairpin binding
RNA hairpin loop binding

Binding to a stem-loop in an RNA molecule. An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop. [GOC:sart, PMID:16568238, PMID:20455544]


small nuclear RNA stem-loop binding
snRNA hairpin binding
snRNA hairpin loop binding

Binding to a stem-loop in a small nuclear RNA (snRNA). An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop. [GOC:sart, PMID:16568238, PMID:20455544]


Bringing together a cargo protein with clathrin, responsible for the formation of endocytic vesicles. [GOC:BHF, PMID:15728179]


histone H2B conserved C-terminal lysine deubiquitination

A histone deubiquitination process in which a ubiquitin monomer is removed from a conserved lysine residue in the C-terminus of histone H2B. The conserved lysine residue is K119 in fission yeast, K123 in budding yeast, or K120 in mammals. [GOC:bf, GOC:vw, PMID:15657442]


The disaggregation of a stress granule into its constituent protein and RNA parts. [GOC:BHF, PMID:19825938]


A long, thin projection from a root epidermal cell that contains F-actin and tubulin, and a cell wall. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4354264, PO:0000256]


The tip portion of an outgrowth of a root epidermal cell. [PMID:16567499]


endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi ceramide transport

The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid. [GOC:sart, PMID:14685229]


IHBD development
intrahepatic biliary duct development

The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver). [GOC:bf, PMID:20614624]


nephron glucose absorption
glucose reabsorption

A renal system process in which glucose is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures. [GOC:yaf, PMID:11269503]


The process in which a receptor is activated by another receptor. Receptor transactivation can occur through different mechanisms and includes cross-talk between signaling pathways where one receptor activates a receptor for a different ligand, and also activation of subunits within a receptor oligomer. [GOC:al, GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, PMID:16870826, PMID:21063387]


juvenile hormone-mediated signaling pathway

juvenile hormone mediated signalling pathway

juvenile hormone mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a juvenile hormone binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:sart]


The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid. [GOC:bf, GOC:sart]


The progression of the cystic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cystic duct runs from the gall bladder to the common bile duct. [PMID:20614624]


N-terminal protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation

Addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit via a nitrogen (N) atom of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:pr]


bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF]


A protein complex that contains at least CD40 (a cell surface receptor of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily), and other signaling molecules. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20614026, PMID:9221764]


mitochondrial inner membrane prohibitin complex location

mitochondrial prohibitin complex location

A complex composed of two proteins, prohibitin 1 and prohibitin 2 (PHB1/PHB-1 and PHB2/PHB-2) that is highly conserved amongst eukaryotes and associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex is a macromolecular supercomplex composed of repeating heterodimeric subunits of PHB1 and PHB2. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex plays a role in a number of biological processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis and function, development, replicative senescence, and cell death. [GOC:kmv, PMID:12237468, PMID:21164222]


maintenance of BBB
maintenance of blood/brain barrier

Maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, thus ensuring specific regulated transport of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into the brain, and out of the brain into the blood circulation. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:bf, GOC:sl, PMID:20080302, PMID:30280653]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to a stilbenoid. Stilbenoids are secondary products of heartwood formation in trees that can act as phytoalexins. Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene. They belong to the family of phenylpropanoids and share most of their biosynthesis pathway with chalcones. [GOC:yaf, Wikipedia:Stilbenoid]


invasion of bacteria into host cell
bacterial entry into host cell

The process in which a bacterium enters a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:bf, PMID:21187937]


The transfer of information occurring at the level of a multicellular organism. [GOC:go_curators]


purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding

Binding to a purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar. [GOC:BHF, GOC:ebc, ISBN:0198506732]


The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment. [GOC:sart, PMID:17151232]


histone methylase activity (H3-R17 specific)

histone-arginine N-methyltransferase activity (H3-R17 specific)

histone methyltransferase activity (H3-R17 specific)

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 17) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 17). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 17 of histone H3. [GOC:sp, PMID:11341840]


Combining with L-DOPA to initiate a change in cell activity. L-DOPA is the modified amino acid (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid, and is the precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine. [PMID:18828673, Wikipedia:L-DOPA]


The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated anandamide. [GOC:BHF, PMID:16938887]


intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation

enteric smooth muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine. [CL:0002504, GOC:BHF]


The directed movement of substances from endosomes to the melanosome, a specialised lysosome-related organelle. [PMID:16162817]


Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-delta-4,5-steroid + NADPH + H(+) = a 5-beta-3-oxo-steroid + NADP(+). [GOC:kad, MetaCyc:RXN-9726, PMID:19166903]


circadian mating behaviour
circadian mating rhythm

The fluctuation in mating behavior that occurs over an approximately 24 hour cycle. [GOC:bf, GOC:dos, PMID:11470898, PMID:17276917]


A complex that functions in transcription termination of RNA polymerase II transcribed non-coding RNAs. This complex interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of PolII and the terminator sequences in the nascent RNA transcript. In yeast this complex consists of Nrd1p, Nab3p, and Sen1p. [GOC:jh, PMID:10655211, PMID:16427013, PMID:21084293]


Binding to an AP-1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C). [PMID:21097499]


Binding to an AP-3 adaptor complex. The AP-3 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B). [PMID:21097499]


cargo loading into clathrin-coated vesicle

Formation of a macromolecular complex between the cytoplasmic coat proteins on clathrin-coated vesicles and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle. [GOC:lb, PMID:16162817]


cargo loading into clathrin-coated vesicle, AP-1-mediated

clathrin-coated vesicle cargo loading, AP-1-mediated

Formation of a macromolecular complex between proteins of the AP-1 adaptor complex and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a clathrin-coated vesicle. The AP-1 adaptor protein complex is a component of the cytoplasmic coat found on clathrin-coated vesicles, and binds to sorting signals of cargo to facilitate their trafficking. [GOC:lb, PMID:12802059, PMID:16162817]


cargo loading into clathrin-coated vesicle, AP-3-mediated

clathrin-coated vesicle cargo loading, AP-3-mediated

Formation of a macromolecular complex between proteins of the AP-3 adaptor complex and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a clathrin-coated vesicle. In some cases, the AP-3 complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that, in some organisms, links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. [GOC:lb, PMID:12802059, PMID:16162817]


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-18 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:signaling]


eRF1 MTase complex
eRF1 MTase complex location
eRF1 methyltransferase complex location

A protein complex required for the methylation of a glutamine (Gln) residue in the protein release factor eRF1. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least Trm112p and Mtq2p. [GOC:rb, PMID:17008308, PMID:20400505]


A protein complex that functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and converts Rab-GDP to Rab-GTP. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least Mon1 and Ccz1, and serves as a GEF for the Rab Ypt7p. [GOC:rb, PMID:20797862]


Wnt-activated signaling pathway involved in wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

Wnt signaling pathway involved in wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a target cell in the epidermis that contributes to the migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap to reestablish a continuous epidermis. [GOC:BHF]


MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway

MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like 4 receptor, where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:18304834, PMID:20385024]


MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 2 signalling pathway

MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like 2 receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 2 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind microbial pattern motifs to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20385024]


Binding to a Toll-like 4 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:18304834]


Binding to a Toll-like 2 protein, a pattern recognition receptor that binds microbial pattern motifs to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF]


MyD88 adapter-like dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway

MAL-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:11526399, PMID:11544529, PMID:12447442]


MAL-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

MyD88 adapter-like dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway

TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:12447441]


Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor-dependent TLR signaling pathway

TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway

TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:12855817]


Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor-dependent TLR4 signaling pathway

TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway

TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like 4 receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:18641322, PMID:20511708]


TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway

TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:14556004]


TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway

TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response. [GOC:BHF, PMID:14556004, PMID:18297073]


Catalysis of the reaction: an enone + NADPH + H+ = a ketone + NADP+. [EC:1.3.1.-, GOC:kad, PMID:17945329, PMID:19166903]


The process in which an oligopeptide is transported across a membrane. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]


oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of oligopeptides from one side of a membrane to the other. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages. [GOC:vw, ISBN:0198506732]


tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transport

The process in which a tricarboxylic acid is transported across a membrane. [GOC:vw]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. [CL:0000856]


anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. [ISBN:0125296509, ISBN:0387968377]


posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. [ISBN:0125296509]


The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a neuromast hair cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. [CL:0000856]


anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when an anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. [ISBN:0125296509, ISBN:0387968377]


posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell morphogenesis

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. [ISBN:0125296509]


toll-like receptor 15 signalling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 15. [GOC:pde]


toll-like receptor 21 signalling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 21. [GOC:pde]


The migration of a memory T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A memory T cell is a distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive. [CL:0000813, GOC:BHF]


helper T-cell extravasation
T-helper cell extravasation

The migration of a helper T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A helper T-cell is an effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells. [CL:0000912, GOC:BHF]


helper T-cell diapedesis
T-helper cell diapedesis

The passage of a helper T cell between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation. [CL:0000912, GOC:BHF]


flagellum fibrous sheath
flagellar fibrous sheath

A cytoskeletal structure surrounding the axoneme and outer dense fibers of the sperm flagellum. Consists of two longitudinal columns connected by closely arrayed semicircular ribs that assemble from distal to proximal throughout spermiogenesis. The fibrous sheath probably influences the degree of flexibility, plane of flagellar motion, and the shape of the flagellar beat. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, GOC:krc, PMID:20731842, PMID:3282552]


The migration of a T-helper 1 cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A T-helper 1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma. [CL:0000545, GOC:BHF]


The passage of a T-helper 1 cell between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation. A T-helper 1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma. [CL:0000545, GOC:BHF, PMID:10477596]


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 signalling pathway

chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by chemokine CCL5 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, PMID:18337562]


macrophage migration inhibitory factor signalling pathway

macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by macrophage migration inhibitory factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:signaling, PMID:12782713, PMID:19413900]


macrophage migration inhibitory factor receptor complex location

A protein complex that binds macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Comprises CD74 and CD44 cell surface proteins. [GOC:BHF, PMID:12782713, PMID:17045821]


A protein complex comprising nitric oxide synthase 2 and CD74. This stable complex formation is thought to prevent CD74 degradation by caspases. [GOC:BHF, PMID:18003616]


degradation of damaged mitochondrial protein

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure. [GOC:sp, PMID:21264221, PMID:21264228]


The process in which cells degrade mitochondria by inducing a vacuole-like structure which directly engulfs and degrades the unhealthy mitochondria by accumulating lysosomes. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:bf, GOC:sp, PMID:21264228]


The migration of a monocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. [CL:0000576, GOC:BHF, PMID:10657654]


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation

The migration of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. [CL:0000625, GOC:BHF]


CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation

The migration of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. [CL:0000794, GOC:BHF]


The migration of a T-helper 17 cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. [CL:0000899, GOC:BHF]


The directed movement of an astrocyte guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [CL:0000127, GOC:BHF, PMID:12271471]


The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. [CL:0000037, GOC:BHF, PMID:20234092]


The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of monocytes such that the total number of monocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [CL:0000576, GOC:BHF, PMID:18832716]


The movement of a monocyte from the bone marrow to the blood stream. [CL:0000576, GOC:BHF]


The directed movement of a helper T cell in response to an external stimulus. [CL:0000912, GOC:BHF]


The directed movement of a T-helper 17 cell in response to an external stimulus. [CL:0000899, GOC:BHF]


The directed movement of a T-helper 1 cell in response to an external stimulus. [CL:0000545, GOC:BHF]


The directed movement of a T-helper 2 cell in response to an external stimulus. [CL:0000546, GOC:BHF]


IL-4-dependent isotype switching to IgE isotypes

interleukin-4-dependent isotype switching to IgE isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, that is dependent on the activity of interleukin 4 (IL-4). [GOC:BHF, PMID:12496423]


The change in morphology and behavior of a memory T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. [CL:0000813, GOC:BHF]


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. [CL:0000624, GOC:BHF]


The change in morphology and behavior of a T-helper 1 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. [CL:0000545, GOC:BHF]


The change in morphology and behavior of a T helper 2 cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. [CL:0000546, GOC:BHF]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) stimulus. [GOC:BHF]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) stimulus. [GOC:BHF]


Binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. [GOC:BHF]


Binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 12. [GOC:BHF]


Binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7. [GOC:BHF]


macrophage migration inhibitory factor binding

Binding to the cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor. [GOC:BHF, PMID:19601712]


tRNA nuclear import
retrograde tRNA transport into nucleus

The directed movement of tRNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:vw, PMID:20032305]


The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia, PMID:17895364]


The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum) toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:BHF, GOC:cilia]


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-12 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:signaling]


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-15 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:signaling]


CD24 anabolism
CD24 synthesis
CD24 biosynthesis
CD24 formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD24, a CD marker and cell adhesion molecule that occurs on many B-lineage cells and mature granulocytes, and is involved in B cell activation and differentiation as well as T cell co-stimulation. [GOC:BHF]


A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:vw]


common myeloid progenitor cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of common myeloid progenitor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A common myeloid progenitor cell is a progenitor cell committed to the myeloid lineage. [CL:0000049, GOC:BHF]


Binding to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid derivative that acts as a potent mitogen due to its activation of high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors. [GOC:curators]


response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus. [GOC:bf]


cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus. [GOC:bf]


Binding to S-nitrosoglutathione, a nitrosothiol considered to be a natural nitric oxide (NO) donor involved in S-nitrosylation, and in the storage and transport of nitric oxide in biological systems. [GOC:BHF]


Binding to a dinitrosyl-iron complex. Nitric oxide (NO) is stored as dinitrosyl-iron complexes, which form spontaneously from Glutathione (GSH), S-nitrosoglutathione, and trace amounts of ferrous ions, or by reaction of iron-sulfur centers with NO. [GOC:BHF, PMID:10534443]


The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is stored in the form of dinitrosyl-iron complexes, which are stabilized, and possibly sequestered, by binding to glutathione S-transferase proteins. [GOC:BHF, PMID:12871945]


A change in the morphology or behavior of a hepatic stellate cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, hormone, cellular ligand or soluble factor. [CL:0000632, GOC:bf]


intraflagellar transport involved in cilium morphogenesis

intraciliary transport involved in cilium morphogenesis


cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis. [GOC:bf, GOC:sart]


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

The expansion of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division. [CL:0000624, GOC:BHF]


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

The expansion of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division. [CL:0000625, GOC:BHF]


activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

The expansion of an activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division. [CL:0000896, GOC:BHF]


activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

The expansion of an activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division. [CL:0000906, GOC:BHF]


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell. [CL:0000624, GOC:BHF]


Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 1 cell. [CL:0000545, GOC:BHF]


Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 2 cell. [CL:0000546, GOC:BHF]


The appearance of granzyme A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:BHF]


The directed movement of a natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [CL:0000623, GOC:BHF]


The region of the myelin sheath furthest from the axon. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20237282]


The region of the myelin sheath nearest to the axon. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20237282]


protein localisation to myelin sheath abaxonal region

protein localization to myelin sheath abaxonal region

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, the abaxonal region of the myelin sheath. The abaxonal region is the region of the myelin sheath furthest from the axon. [GOC:BHF, PMID:20237282]


Any process that modulates the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:rph]


Any process that increases the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:bf, GOC:rph]


maintenance of DNA trinucleotide repeats

Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA trinucleotide repeats. DNA trinucleotide repeats are naturally occurring runs of three base-pairs. [GOC:rb, PMID:21347277, SO:0000291]


The directed movement of a B cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [CL:0000236, GOC:BHF]


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), releasing phosphatidic acid (PA). [GOC:sp, PMID:17028579, PMID:21397848]


migration of symbiont within host by transepithelial trafficking

migration in host through an epithelial cell layer

transepithelial migration of symbiont in host

The directional movement of an organism from one side of an epithelium to the other within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:bf, PMID:10639460]


Binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19. [GOC:BHF]


Binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21. [GOC:BHF]


The binding of a mesangial cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. A mesangial cell is a cell that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney. [CL:0000650, GOC:BHF, PMID:15569314]


cytoplasmic polyadenylation-dependent rRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the cytoplasm and resulting in the breakdown of a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target rRNA truncated degradation intermediate. [PMID:20368444]


dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:dgh]


dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. [GOC:dgh]


dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve structural organisation

dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. [GOC:dgh]


dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GOC:dgh]


motor neuron precursor migration involved in dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve formation

The orderly movement of a motor neuron precursor cell that contributes to formation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. [GOC:dgh, PMID:21262462]


cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

The directed movement of a motile cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF). [GOC:BHF]


The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). [CL:0000115, GOC:BHF]


endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF). [CL:0000115, GOC:BHF]


B-cell chemotaxis across high endothelial venule

B cell chemotaxis across high endothelial venule

The movement of a B cell to cross a high endothelial venule in response to an external stimulus. [CL:0000236, GOC:BHF]


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-4 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:signaling]


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-13 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:signaling]


insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus. [GOC:bf, GOC:yaf, PMID:8492079]


positive regulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose

positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose. [GOC:bf, GOC:yaf]


The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf, PMID:18787069]


The progression of the pronephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf, PMID:18787069]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf, PMID:18787069]


pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf, PMID:18787069]


angioblastic mesenchymal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells). [CL:0000566, GOC:yaf]


CD80 biosynthesis
CD80 anabolism
CD80 synthesis
CD80 formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD80, a CD marker that occurs on antigen presenting cells such as activated B cells and monocytes that provides a co-stimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation and survival. [GOC:BHF, GOC:ebc]


CD86 synthesis
CD86 formation
CD86 anabolism
CD86 biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD86, a CD marker that occurs on antigen presenting cells that provides co-stimulatory signals necessary for T cell activation and survival. [GOC:BHF, GOC:ebc]


activated natural killer cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a mature natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). A mature natural killer cell is a natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class and other stress related molecules. [CL:0000824, GOC:BHF]


CD4-positive, alpha beta T cell costimulation

CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell costimulation

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation. [CL:0000624, GOC:BHF, GOC:pr]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of nickel ions at the level of a cell. [GOC:kmv]


cell migration involved in kidney development

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf]


cell migration involved in metanephric kidney development

cell migration involved in metanephros development

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf]


The orderly movement of undifferentiated metanephric mesenchymal cells (precursors to metanephric mesangial cells) from the mesenchyme into the cleft of the developing glomerulus, during development of the metanephros. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf, PMID:10734101, PMID:19019919]


platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signalling pathway

platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated a ligand binding to an alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFalpha) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:yaf, PMID:10372961]


other organism postsynaptic membrane
other organism post-synaptic membrane

A postsynaptic membrane that is part of a host cell. A postsynaptic membrane is a specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters transmit the signal across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane. [GOC:ecd]


positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signalling pathway

positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by betaPDGF receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by PDGF receptor-beta signaling pathway

positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by PDGFR-beta signaling pathway

positive regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration by platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration resulting from the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:yaf, PMID:10734101]


positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. [GOC:bf, PMID:12546810]

positive regulation of transport across mitochondrial membrane


mitochondrial membrane permeability transition


negative regulation of transport across mitochondrial membrane

negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. [PMID:10781072]


ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex location, ECF-type

energy coupling factor (ECF)-type ABC transporter

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex, ECF-type

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex location, transmembrane substrate-binding subunit-containing

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex, transmembrane substrate-binding subunit-containing

A complex for the transport of metabolites into the cell, consisting of 4 subunits: a transmembrane substrate-binding protein (known as the S component), and an energy-coupling module that comprises two ATP-binding proteins (known as the A and A' components) and a transmembrane protein (known as the T component). Transport of the substrate across the membrane is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP. [PMID:18931129, PMID:20972419, PMID:21135102]