downregulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

down regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

negative regulation of myometrial smooth muscle contraction

negative regulation of myometrium contraction

down-regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

negative regulation of myometrial contraction

negative regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


inhibition of uterine smooth muscle contraction


uterine smooth muscle relaxation
smooth muscle relaxation of the uterus

A process in which the extent of smooth muscle contraction is reduced in the uterus. [GOC:jl]


upregulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

up-regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

up regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

positive regulation of myometrial contraction

positive regulation of myometrial smooth muscle contraction

positive regulation of myometrium contraction

positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

activation of uterine smooth muscle contraction


The addition of a methyl group to an atom in the nucleoside base portion of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule. [GOC:mah]


An intracellular part that represents the innermost portion of an endospore; the endospore core is dehydrated, enriched in dipicolinic acid and divalent cations, and metabolically inactive. [GOC:mah, PMID:15035041, PMID:18035610]


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolism, 3'-5' exonucleolytic nonsense-mediated decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA breakdown, 3'-5' exonucleolytic nonsense-mediated decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA degradation, 3'-5' exonucleolytic nonsense-mediated decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, 3'-5' exonucleolytic nonsense-mediated decay

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nuclear-transcribed mRNA transcript body of an mRNA in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; occurs when the 3' end is not protected by a 3'-poly(A) tail; degradation proceeds in the 3' to 5' direction. [PMID:12769863]


nuclear-transcribed mRNA breakdown, 5'-3' exonucleolytic nonsense-mediated decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA degradation, 5'-3' exonucleolytic nonsense-mediated decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolism, 5'-3' exonucleolytic nonsense-mediated decay

nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, 5'-3' exonucleolytic nonsense-mediated decay

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nuclear-transcribed mRNA transcript body of an mRNA in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; occurs when the 5' end is not protected by a 5'-cap; degradation proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction. [PMID:18554525]


exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mRNA degradation involved in deadenylation-independent decay

exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolism involved in deadenylation-independent decay

exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mRNA breakdown involved in deadenylation-independent decay

exonucleolytic nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process involved in deadenylation-independent decay

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs independent of deadenylation, but requires decapping followed by transcript decay. [GOC:jp]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


The series of events in which a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone, the gamma-lactone (5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2(5H)-one. [GOC:cjk, GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone, the gamma-lactone (5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2(5H)-one. [GOC:cjk, GOC:mah]


leucocyte aggregation
white blood cell aggregation
white corpuscle aggregation
immune cell aggregation

The adhesion of one leukocyte to one or more other leukocytes via adhesion molecules. [GOC:sl, PMID:12972508]


The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules. [GOC:sl, PMID:12972508]


neutrophil leukocyte aggregation
neutrophilic leukocyte aggregation
neutrocyte aggregation
neutrophil leucocyte aggregation
neutrophilic leucocyte aggregation

The adhesion of one neutrophil to one or more other neutrophils via adhesion molecules. [GOC:sl, PMID:12972508]


T-lymphocyte aggregation
T lymphocyte aggregation
T-cell aggregation

The adhesion of one T cell to one or more other T cells via adhesion molecules. [GOC:sl, PMID:12972508]


The process in which a Pup protein is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of Pup and the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein. [PMID:18980670]


Binding to an oligosaccharide, a molecule with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. [GOC:mah]


thrombin receptor signaling pathway
thrombin receptor signalling pathway

thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thrombin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. [GOC:mah, PMID:1672265]


regulation of thrombin receptor signaling pathway

regulation of thrombin receptor signalling pathway

regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of thrombin receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of thrombin receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thrombin-activated receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of thrombin receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of thrombin receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thrombin-activated receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate + H2O = 6-carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + triphosphate + acetaldehyde + 2 H+. [GOC:imk, MetaCyc:RXN0-5507, PMID:19231875]


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-1 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]


interleukin-1 alpha-mediated signaling pathway


interleukin-1 beta-mediated signaling pathway


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation of an exosporium, the outermost layer of a bacterial endospore. [GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-gamma-glutamate, a polymer of D- and/or L-glutamic acid residues linked by gamma-peptidyl bonds. [GOC:mah, PMID:16689787]


poly-gamma-glutamate anabolism
poly-gamma-glutamate biosynthesis
poly-gamma-glutamate synthesis
poly-gamma-glutamate formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-gamma-glutamate, a polymer of D- and/or L-glutamic acid residues linked by gamma-peptidyl bonds. [GOC:mah, PMID:16689787]


capsular poly-gamma-glutamate biosynthetic process

capsule poly-gamma-glutamate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-gamma-glutamate, a polymer of D- and/or L-glutamic acid residues linked by gamma-peptidyl bonds, that forms all or part of a bacterial capsule. [GOC:mah, PMID:16689787]


selenium-containing prosthetic group metabolism

selenium-containing prosthetic group metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a prosthetic group that contains selenium, as in the selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases. The selenium atom in the prosthetic group is required for enzymatic function but is labile to a variety of treatments. [GOC:dh, GOC:mah]


selenium-containing prosthetic group synthesis

selenium-containing prosthetic group biosynthesis

selenium-containing prosthetic group formation

selenium-containing prosthetic group anabolism

selenium-containing prosthetic group biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a prosthetic group that contains selenium, as in the selenium-dependent molybdenum hydroxylases. The selenium atom in the prosthetic group is required for enzymatic function but is labile to a variety of treatments. [GOC:dh, GOC:mah]


high-density lipoprotein receptor activity

Combining with a high-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the high-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis. [GOC:bf, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:9211901]

high-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity


regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organisation

regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


regulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 20 of histone H4. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

downregulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

down-regulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

negative regulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 20 of histone H4. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of histone H4-K20 methylation


upregulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

up regulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

up-regulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

positive regulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 20 of histone H4. [GOC:mah]


stimulation of histone H4-K20 methylation

activation of histone H4-K20 methylation


Binding to a death domain of a protein. The death domain (DD) is a homotypic protein interaction module composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices. DD bind each other forming oligomers. Some DD-containing proteins are involved in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation through their activation of caspases and NF-kappaB. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, InterPro:IPR000488, Pfam:PF00531]


A transcription factor complex that contains the serum response factor (SRF) and the basic helix-loop-helix proteins myogenin and E12, and is involved in activating transcription of muscle-specific genes. [PMID:8617811]


alphaIIb-beta3 integrin-talin complex location

A protein complex that consists of an alphaIIb-beta3 integrin complex bound to talin. [PMID:8663236]


cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase holoenzyme-ERCC2 complex location

A protein complex formed by the association of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase activating kinase (CAK) holoenzyme complex with ERCC2. [PMID:8692841, PMID:8692842]


DNA replication factor C core complex location

A protein complex containing three of the five subunits of eukaryotic replication factor C, those corresponding to human p40, p38, and p37. [PMID:8692848, PMID:9228079, PMID:9582326]


alpha4-beta1 integrin-CD53 complex location

A protein complex that consists of an alpha4-beta1 integrin complex bound to membrane protein CD53, a member of the tetraspan family. [PMID:8757325]


alpha4-beta1 integrin-CD63 complex location

A protein complex that consists of an alpha4-beta1 integrin complex bound to membrane protein CD63, a member of the tetraspan family. [PMID:8757325]


alpha4-beta1 integrin-CD81 complex location

A protein complex that consists of an alpha4-beta1 integrin complex bound to membrane protein CD81, a member of the tetraspan family. [PMID:10229664, PMID:8757325]


alpha4-beta1 integrin-CD82 complex location

A protein complex that consists of an alpha4-beta1 integrin complex bound to membrane protein CD82, a member of the tetraspan family. [PMID:8757325]


ERCC4-ERCC1 complex location
XPF-ERCC1 complex location
XPF-ERCC1 complex
Rad1-Rad10 complex
Rad1-Rad10 complex location

A heterodimeric nucleotide-excision repair complex that has endonuclease activity specific for bubble structures characteristic of certain DNA lesions. The subunits are known as XPF/ERCC4 and ERCC1 in mammals, and Rad1p and Rad10p in S. cerevisiae. [PMID:14734547]


threonylcarbamoyladenosine metabolism
t6A metabolism
t6A metabolic process

tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules. [GOC:imk, GOC:mah, PMID:19287007]


protein kinase C signal transduction
PKC signaling cascade
protein kinase C signalling cascade
PKC signal transduction
protein kinase C signaling cascade

A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 in the target protein. [GOC:mah, PMID:15556404, PMID:17525341]


A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, RAP80/UIMC1, BRCC3/BRCC36, BRE/BRCC45, FAM175A/CCDC98/Abraxas and MERIT40/NBA1, and specifically recognizes and binds K63-linked polyubiquitin chains present on histone H2A and H2AX at DNA damage sites. [GOC:mah, PMID:19261749]


A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, BACH1 and TopBP1, and binds to DNA during S phase at DNA damage sites. [GOC:mah, PMID:16391231]


A protein complex that contains the BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimer, CtIP and Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 (M/R/N) complex, and binds to DNA at DNA damage sites. BRCA1-C binding ta damaged DNA is required for DNA damage-induced Chk1 phosphorylation and the G2/M transition checkpoint. [GOC:mah, PMID:15485915, PMID:16391231]


A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair. [GOC:mah, PMID:15556404]


A histone ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a lysine residue in histone H2A or the variant H2AX. [GOC:mah, PMID:18430235]


A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein. [GOC:mah, PMID:19202061, PMID:19214193]


A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a lysine residue in histone H2A or the variant H2AX. [GOC:mah, PMID:19202061, PMID:19214193]


Binding to oleic acid, the 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid. [GOC:lp, GOC:mah]


Binding to linoleic acid, the 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid. [GOC:lp, GOC:mah]


Binding to stearic acid, the 18-carbon saturated fatty acid octadecanoic acid. [GOC:lp, GOC:mah]


response of symbiont to host osmotic environment

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the osmotic conditions in or around its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


attachment of symbiont infection structure to host

adhesion of symbiont infection structure to host during symbiotic interaction

The attachment of an infection structure of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


adhesion of symbiont germination tube to host during symbiotic interaction

The attachment of a germination tube of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


adhesion of symbiont appressorium to host during symbiotic interaction

The attachment of an appressorium of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


adhesion of symbiont spore to host during symbiotic interaction

The attachment of a spore of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Development of slender tubular outgrowth first produced by most symbiont spores immediately following germination on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ tube formation on or near host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of germ tube formation on or near host

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of germ tube formation on or near host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of germ tube formation on or near host

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ tube formation on or near host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


formation of infection structure on or near host

formation by symbiont of infection structure on or near host


formation of an appressorium by symbiont on or near host

appressorium formation for entry into host, on or near host

The process in which a swollen, flattened portion of a symbiont filament is formed on or near its host organism, to adhere to and for the purpose of penetrating the host surface. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


regulation of appressorium formation on or near host


positive regulation of appressorium formation on or near host


negative regulation of appressorium formation on or near host


initiation of appressorium on or near host

initiation of symbiont appressorium on or near host

initiation of appressorium by symbiont on or near host

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell starts to acquire specialized features of the symbiont appressorium to aid in infection of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure on or near host

symbiont germ tube hook structure formation on or near host

formation of germ tube tip of symbiont on or near the exterior of host

formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure for appressorium development

formation of appressorium germ tube hook structure

The development of a swollen tip at the growing end of a symbiont spore which usually flattens against the host cell surface prior to appressorium formation. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


regulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure on or near host

modulation of germ tube tip of symbiont on or near the exterior of host

modulation of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation on or near host

modulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure for appressorium development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation on or near host

positive regulation of germ tube tip of symbiont on or near the exterior of host

positive regulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure on or near host

positive regulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure for appressorium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure on or near host

negative regulation of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation on or near host

negative regulation of germ tube tip of symbiont on or near the exterior of host

negative regulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure for appressorium development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


maturation of appressorium on or near host

maturation of symbiont appressorium on or near host

The process in which specialized features of the symbiont appressorium are acquired post initiation, to aid in infection of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


establishment of turgor in symbiont appressorium on or near host

The process in which hydrostatic pressure is increased within the symbiont appressorium to breach the cuticle of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


melanization of appressorium to maintain turgor pressure

maintenance of turgor in appressorium by melanization

The process in which melanin is produced in the appressorium of the symbiont. Melanization of the appressorium increases turgor pressure in the appressorium. [GOC:pamgo_curators, PMID:28165657, Wikipedia:Appressorium]


autophagy of host cells during interaction with symbiont


regulation of formation by symbiont of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of formation by symbiont of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of formation by symbiont of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


symbiont penetration peg formation for entry into host

formation of symbiont penetration peg for entry into host


modulation of symbiont penetration peg formation for entry into host


positive regulation of symbiont penetration peg formation for entry into host


modulation of symbiont penetration peg initiation


positive regulation of symbiont penetration peg initiation


adhesion of symbiont infection cushion to host during symbiotic interaction

The attachment of an infection cushion of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


adhesion of symbiont hyphopodium to host during symbiotic interaction

The attachment of a hyphopodium of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The receptor is defined as a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand) such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction

induction by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction

suppression by symbiont of host receptor-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction

induction by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction

suppression by symbiont of host transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane receptor-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction

modulation by symbiont of host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation by symbiont of host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction

positive regulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction

induction by symbiont of host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation by symbiont of host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction

negative regulation by symbiont of host G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction

suppression by symbiont of host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit


positive regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit


negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein alpha subunit


modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit


negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein beta subunit


modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit


positive regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit


negative regulation by symbiont of host signal transduction mediated by G-protein gamma subunit


modulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction

induction by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction

suppression by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation by symbiont of host Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

modulation by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation by symbiont of host Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

positive regulation by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

induction by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

negative regulation by symbiont of host Ca++ or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

suppression by symbiont of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


response of symbiont to host redox environment

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont organism or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the redox environment in host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


response of symbiont to host oxygen tension environment

response to host oxygen tension environment

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting oxygen tension in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


response of symbiont to host iron concentration

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting iron concentration in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


maintenance of symbiont tolerance to host defense molecules


infection cushion formation on or near host

The process in which an organized mass of hyphae is formed and numerous infective hyphae develop from the hyphae mass. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


regulation of infection cushion formation on or near host

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont infection cushion formation. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of infection cushion formation on or near host

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont infection cushion formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of infection cushion formation on or near host

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont infection cushion formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process in which a specialized structure, consisted of stalked, thick-walled, lobed cells of vegetative epiphytic hyphae, is formed, to attach and penetrate the host surface. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


regulation of hyphopodium formation on or near host

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont hyphopodium formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of hyphopodium formation on or near host

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont hyphopodium formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of hyphopodium formation on or near host

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont hyphopodium formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


haustorium mother cell formation on or near host

The process in which a symbiont cell is formed, separated from the tip of an infection hypha by a septum. The haustorium mother cell usually contains 2-4 fungal nuclei, and its function is to attach and penetrate the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


regulation of haustorium mother cell formation on or near host

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium mother cell formation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of haustorium mother cell formation on or near host

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium mother cell formation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of haustorium mother cell formation on or near host

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium mother cell formation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


adhesion of symbiont haustorium mother cell to host during symbiotic interaction

The attachment of a haustorium mother cell of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host

formation of symbiont haustorium neck for entry into host


modulation of symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


symbiont penetration hypha formation for entry into host

formation of symbiont penetration hypha for entry into host


modulation of symbiont penetration hypha formation for entry into host

regulation of penetration hypha formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont penetration hypha formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of symbiont penetration hypha formation for entry into host

positive regulation of penetration hypha formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont penetration hypha formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signaling

modulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signaling

positive regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction

induction by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction

negative regulation by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signaling

suppression by symbiont of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction

Any process in which the symbiont organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of spore encystment on host

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of spore encystment on host

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in a symbiont zoospore during the process of its encystment. Encystment means to enter a state of essentially suspended animation in which the spore is protected by an outer coating and remains immobile and inactive until favorable conditions for growth occur again. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation of zoospore encystment on host

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of zoospore encystment on host

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of zoospore encystment on host

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


germination of symbiont sporangium on or near host

symbiont sporangium germination on or near host

The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in a symbiont sporangium following release from dormancy up to the earliest signs of growth. A sporangium is a structure producing and containing spores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation of sporangium germination on or near host


positive regulation of sporangium germination on or near host


negative regulation of sporangium germination on or near host


encysted zoospore germination on or near host

The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in an encysted zoospore, that germinates by developing a germ tube that may penetrate the host directly or indirectly through an appressorium. An encysted zoospore is a zoospore which has shed its flagellum and whose membrane has fused to form a walled cyst. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation of encysted zoospore germination on or near host

regulation of encysted zoospore germination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an encysted zoospore germination. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of encysted zoospore germination on or near host

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of encysted zoospore germination. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of encysted zoospore germination on or near host

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of encysted zoospore germination. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore formation, a process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of zoospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore formation, a process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of zoospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore formation, a process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form an oospore, a thick-walled resting spore of Oomycetes and certain algae and fungi. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oospore formation, a process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form a thick-walled resting spore of oomycetes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of oospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oospore formation, a process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form a thick-walled resting spore of oomycetes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of oospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oospore formation, a process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form a thick-walled resting spore of oomycetes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium; in heteroecious rusts, the aeciospore is a spore stage that infects the alternate host. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aeciospore formation, a process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of aeciospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aeciospore formation, a process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of aeciospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aeciospore formation, a process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


ureidospore formation
urediniospore formation

The process which specific outcome is the formation of an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, produced in a structure called a uredinium; mostly found in the rust fungus. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uredospore formation, a process in which an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, is formed in a structure called a uredinium. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of ureidospore formation

positive regulation of uredospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of uredospore formation, a process in which an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, is formed in a structure called a uredinium. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of ureidospore formation

negative regulation of uredospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of uredospore formation, a process in which an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, is formed in a structure called a uredinium. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The set of processes leading to the formation of a thick-walled resting or over-wintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of teliospore formation, which is the formation of a thick-walled resting or over-wintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of teliospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of teliospore formation, which is the formation of a thick-walled resting or overwintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of teliospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of teliospore formation, which is the formation of a thick-walled resting or overwintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


spore-bearing organ development
sporophore development
fruiting structure development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore-bearing structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A spore-bearing structure is an anatomical structure that produces new spores. [GOC:di, GOC:mah, GOC:mcc, GOC:pamgo_curators]


regulation of spore-bearing organ development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore-bearing organ development, a process in which hyphae grow into special aggregates called fruiting bodies that produce new spores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of spore-bearing organ development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spore-bearing organ development, a process in which hyphae grow into special aggregates called fruiting bodies that produce new spores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of spore-bearing organ development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spore-bearing organ development, a process in which hyphae grow into special aggregates called fruiting bodies that produce new spores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process that leads to the development of an oogonium, a female gametangium of Oomycetes, containing one or more gametes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogonium development, a process that leads to the formation of a female gametangium of oomycetes, containing one or more gametes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of oogonium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogonium development, a process that leads to the formation of a female gametangium of oomycetes, containing one or more gametes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of oogonium development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogonium development, a process that leads to the formation of a female gametangium of oomycetes, containing one or more gametes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process in which a cup-like structure containing chains of aeciospores is formed. This is characteristic of the rust fungus and typically, the first dikaryotic spores (aeciospores) are produced in the aecium. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aecium development, a process in which a cuplike structure containing chains of aeciospores is formed. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of aecium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aecium development, a process in which a cuplike structure containing chains of aeciospores is formed. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of aecium development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aecium development, a process in which a cuplike structure containing chains of aeciospores is formed. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process in which a fruiting body called zygosporangium is formed. A zygosporangium is a thick-walled structure in which spores are produced, and is characteristic of the Zygomycetes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


regulation of zygosporangium development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of zygosporangium development, a process in which a fruiting body called zygosporangium is formed. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of zygosporangium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of zygosporangium development, a process in which a fruiting body called zygosporangium is formed. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of zygosporangium development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of zygosporangium development, a process in which a fruiting body called zygosporangium is formed. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process that leads to the development of a telium, which is a teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telium development, a process that leads to the formation of a teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of telium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telium development, a process that leads to the formation of a teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of telium development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telium development, a process that leads to the formation of a teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process that leads to the formation of a uredinium, a reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus and consisting of uredospores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uredinium development, a process that leads to the formation of a reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus and consisting of uredospores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of uredinium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of uredinium development, a process that leads to the formation of a reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus and consisting of uredospores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of uredinium development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of uredinium development, a process that leads to the formation of a reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus and consisting of uredospores. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


multicellular or syncytial spore formation by sporulation

sporulation resulting in formation of a multicellular or syncytial spore

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular or syncytial spore via septations over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a multicellular or syncytial spore

The formation of a multicellular or syncytial spore via septations derived from mitosis. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a multicellular or syncytial spore

The formation of multicellular or syncytial spore via septations derived from meiosis. A multicellular or syncytial spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporangiospore formation, a process in which sporangiospores, a type of asexual spore found in fungi, are formed. Sporangiospores are formed within sac-like structure, the sporangium, following the division of the cytoplasm. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of sporangiospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporangiospore formation, a process in which sporangiospores, a type of asexual spore found in fungi, are formed. Sporangiospores are formed within sac-like structure, the sporangium, following the division of the cytoplasm. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of sporangiospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporangiospore formation, a process in which sporangiospores, a type of asexual spore found in fungi, are formed. Sporangiospores are formed within sac-like structure, the sporangium, following the division of the cytoplasm. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aplanospore formation, a process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of aplanospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aplanospore formation, a process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of aplanospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aplanospore formation, a process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


response of symbiont to host pH environment

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the pH conditions in or around its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


up regulation by symbiont of entry into host

upregulation by symbiont of entry into host

up-regulation by symbiont of entry into host

positive regulation by symbiont of entry into host

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


activation by symbiont of entry into host


activation by organism of entry into other organism during symbiotic interaction


positive regulation of ascospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation, a process in which a sexual spore, named ascospore, from Ascomycete fungi was produced inside an ascus. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of ascospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation, a process in which a sexual spore, named ascospore, from Ascomycete fungi was produced inside an ascus. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of zygospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of zygospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basidiospore formation, a process in which a sexually produced fungal spore is formed on a basidium in the fungi Basidiomycetes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of basidiospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of frequency, rate or extent of basidiospore formation, a process in which a sexually produced fungal spore is formed on a basidium in the fungi basidiomycetes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of basidiospore formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of basidiospore formation, a process in which a sexually produced fungal spore is formed on a basidium in the fungi basidiomycetes. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of conidium formation, a process of producing non-motile spores, called conidia, via mitotic asexual reproduction in higher fungi. Conidia are haploid cells genetically identical to their haploid parent. They are produced by conversion of hyphal elements, or are borne on sporogenous cells on or within specialized structures termed conidiophores, and participate in dispersal of the fungus. [GOC:di, GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of conidium formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of conidium formation, a process of producing non-motile spores, called conidia, via mitotic asexual reproduction in higher fungi. Conidia are haploid cells genetically identical to their haploid parent. They are produced by conversion of hyphal elements, or are borne on sporogenous cells on or within specialized structures termed conidiophores, and participate in dispersal of the fungus. [GOC:di, GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of conidium formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of conidium formation, a process of producing non-motile spores, called conidia, via mitotic asexual reproduction in higher fungi. Conidia are haploid cells genetically identical to their haploid parent. They are produced by conversion of hyphal elements, or are borne on sporogenous cells on or within specialized structures termed conidiophores, and participate in dispersal of the fungus. [GOC:di, GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced, as in fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of sporangium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced, as in fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of sporangium development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced, as in fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process that leads to the development of basidium, a small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. The basidium is unique to Basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from other kinds of fungi. [GOC:di, GOC:mah, GOC:mcc, GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basidium development, a process that leads to the formation of a basidium, a small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. The basidium is unique to Basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from other kinds of fungi. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of basidium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basidium development, a process that leads to the formation of basidium, a small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. The basidium is unique to basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from other kinds of fungi. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of basidium development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of basidium development, a process that leads to the formation of basidium, a small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. The basidium is unique to basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from other kinds of fungi. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ascus development, a process that leads to the formation of basidium, a sac-like structure produced by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of ascus development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ascus development, a saclike structure produced by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of ascus development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ascus development, a saclike structure produced by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process that leads to the development of an oomycete sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure that germinates directly to form an infection hypha or differentiates, through specialized cleavage vesicles, into between 10 and 30 zoospores, which are laterally flagellated. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


regulation of oomycete sporangium development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oomycete sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of oomycete sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure that germinates directly to form an infection hypha or differentiate, through specialized cleavage vesicles, into between 10 and 30 zoospores, which is laterally flagellated. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of oomycete sporangium development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oomycete sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of oomycete sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure that germinates directly to form an infection hypha or differentiate, through specialized cleavage vesicles, into between 10 and 30 zoospores, which is laterally flagellated. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of oomycete sporangium development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oomycete sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of oomycete sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure that germinates directly to form an infection hypha or differentiate, through specialized cleavage vesicles, into between 10 and 30 zoospores, which is laterally flagellated. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


spore dispersal on or near host during symbiotic interaction

Any process in which an organism disseminates its spores. [Wikipedia:Spore]


formation by symbiont of arbuscule for nutrient acquisition from host


regulation of arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


host cell PML nuclear body
host cell PML NB

A nuclear body that reacts against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia) located within a cell of a host organism. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl]


disassembly by symbiont of host cell PML nuclear body

disassembly by symbiont of host cell PML NB

catabolism by symbiont of host cell PML body

disassembly by symbiont of host cell PML body during symbiotic interaction

degradation by symbiont of host cell PML body

disruption by symbiont of host cell PML body

The breakdown, by the symbiont, of a PML body within a host cell. A PML body is a nuclear body that reacts against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl]


modulation by symbiont of abscisic acid levels in host

The alteration by an organism of the levels of abscisic acid in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process in which seed mucilage expands through hydration and breaks the outer cell wall that encapsulates the whole seed upon imbibition. Mucilage, mainly composed of pectins, is formed during seed development and deposited into the apoplast underneath the outer wall of the seed coat. [PMID:18266922]


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + UDP-glucose = p-aminobenzoate-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester + UDP. [EC:2.4.1.-, PMID:18385129]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving the triterpene thalianol. [PMID:18356490]


Catalysis of the reaction: a thalian-diol = a desaturated thalian-diol. This reaction is the introduction of a double bond to a thalian-diol molecule at carbon 15. [PMID:18356490]


Adjustment of Photosystem I/Photosystem II ratio in response to light conditions. The function of photosystem stoichiometry adjustment is to compensate for any deficiency in energy conversion at either photosystem I or photosystem II by increasing the quantity the photosystem that will otherwise become the rate-limiting to overall photosynthesis. [PMID:11607105]


Determines the spacing between two shoot nodes. A shoot node is the region of the shoot where the spikelet, flower, floret, branch, bud and/or leaves are attached. [GOC:tb]


Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione N-hydroxysulfenamide + NADH + H+ = S-nitrosoglutathione + NAD+. [MetaCyc:RXN-10742, PMID:11260719]


Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex location

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4 family and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein. [PMID:16792691, PMID:18223036, PMID:18552200]


The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an mRNA molecule. [PMID:18505803]


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = baruol. Baruol is also known as D:B-Friedo-Baccharan-5,21-dien-3-ol. [PMID:17705488, RHEA:31987]


trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = dihydroxyferuloyl-sinapoyl spermidine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+. [PMID:18557837]


Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranyl-geranyl diphosphate + H2O = (E,E)-geranyllinalool + diphosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-10441, PMID:18398052]


Catalysis of the reaction: a thalianol = a thalian-diol. This reaction is the addition of a hydroxyl group to thalianol ((13R,14R,17E)-podioda-8,17,21-trien-3beta-ol) to create a thalian-diol ((13R,14R,17E)-podioda-8,17,21-trien-3beta,X-diol), where the hydroxyl group may be attached at one of several different available carbons in ring B or C of thalianol, indicated by the X. [MetaCyc:RXN-9631, PMID:17474751, PMID:18356490]


Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = sabinene + diphosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-5103, PMID:12566586, PMID:9747540]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-E-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-8414, PMID:12566586, PMID:9442047]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = alpha-humulene + diphosphate. [PMID:12566586, PMID:9442047, RHEA:31895]


Catalysis of the reaction: an anthocyanin + UDP-D-glucose = an anthocyanin-5-O-glucoside + UDP. [PMID:15807784]


fatty acyl-CoA reductase (alcohol-forming) activity

fatty acyl CoA reductase (alcohol-forming) activity

fatty-acyl-CoA reductase (alcohol-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a very long chain fatty acyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = a very long chain primary alcohol + NADP+ + CoA. [PMID:16980563]


regulation of coenzyme A biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A. [PMID:18621975]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a benzoic acid stimulus. [PMID:18753285]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary root over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The primary root develops directly from the embryonic radicle. [GOC:dhl]


Catalysis of the reaction: 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA = 2E-enoyl-CoA + H2O. [PMID:16982622]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolebutyric acid, a compound that serves as an active or storage form of the hormone indole-3-acetic acid (an auxin) in many plants. [PMID:18725356]


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 5' positions. [GOC:bf, PMID:18397324]


response to IBA stimulus
response to indolebutyric acid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indolebutyric acid stimulus. [PMID:18725356]


response to indole-3-butyric acid stimulus


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a herbivore. [PMID:18987211]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitrile, an organic compound containing trivalent nitrogen attached to one carbon atom. [PMID:18987211]


cellular response to boron-containing substance levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of boron-containing substances. [PMID:18952773]


indole-3-Acetic acid methyl ester esterase activity

methyl indole-3-acetate esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methyl indole-3-acetate + H2O = indole-3-acetate + methanol + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-10711, PMID:18467465]


salicylic acid methyl ester esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methyl salicylate + H2O = salicylic acid + methanol + H+. [MetaCyc:RXNQT-4366, PMID:18467465, PMID:18643994]


jasmonic acid methyl ester esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a methyl jasmonate + H2O = a jasmonic acid + methanol. [PMID:15233793, PMID:18467465]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrite stimulus. [GOC:dhl, PMID:17951451]


host response to induction by symbiont of tumor, nodule or growth in host

Any process that results in a change in the state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the formation of an abnormal mass of cells in the host organism, induced by a symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [PMID:18836040]


2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl glucosinolate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progoitrin, a 2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl glucosinolate. Glucosinolates are substituted thioglucosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae, and progoitrin has been implicated in causing goiters in mammals and bitter taste in cruciferous vegetables. [PMID:11560911, PMID:18945935]


regulation of cytokinin mediated signalling

regulation of cytokinin mediated signaling pathway

regulation of cytokinin-activated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokinin signaling. [GOC:dhl]


negative regulation of cytokinin mediated signaling pathway

negative regulation of cytokinin mediated signalling

negative regulation of cytokinin-activated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokinin signaling. [GOC:dhl, PMID:14973166]


positive regulation of cellular response to phosphate starvation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to phosphate starvation. [PMID:18315545]


Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-ribose + H2O = AMP + ribose-1-phosphate. [GOC:tb]


Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + H2O = AMP + glucose-1-phosphate. [GOC:tb]


Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to the 3-hydroxy group of a quercetin molecule. [PMID:15352060]


Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to the 7-hydroxy group of a quercetin molecule. [PMID:15352060]


Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to the 3'-hydroxy group of a quercetin molecule. [PMID:15352060]


Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to the 4'-hydroxy group of a quercetin molecule. [PMID:15352060]


detection of reduced oxygen by chemoreceptor signalling

detection of reduced oxygen by chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies. [GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0323031951]


detection of increased carbon dioxide by chemoreceptor signalling

detection of increased carbon dioxide by chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies. [GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0323031951]


detection of pH by chemoreceptor signalling

detection of pH by chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors. [GOC:mtg_cardio, ISBN:0323031951]


detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling

detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling

detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


detection of increased carbon dioxide by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling

detection of increased carbon dioxide by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


detection of increased carbon dioxide by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling

detection of increased carbon dioxide by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


detection of pH by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling

detection of pH by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


detection of pH by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling

detection of pH by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


detection of reduced oxygen by aortic body chemoreceptor signalling

detection of reduced oxygen by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


detection of reduced oxygen by carotid body chemoreceptor signalling

detection of reduced oxygen by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


L-iditol (sorbitol) dehydrogenase activity


NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase activity


NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase activity


protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine/threonine protein phosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Combining with a cytokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


transforming growth factor beta receptor type II binding

type II transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a type II transforming growth factor beta receptor. [GOC:ceb, GOC:mah, PMID:11252892]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit. [GOC:jl]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit. [GOC:jl]


autophagic vacuole assembly
autophagosome formation
autophagosome biosynthesis
autophagic vacuole formation

The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm. [GOC:autophagy, PMID:9412464]


RNAP II complex location
RNA polymerase II complex location
RNAP II complex


endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport container

endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment

A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi and Golgi-to-ER transport. [GOC:pr, PMID:16723730]


PI3-kinase p85-subunit alpha- PI3-kinase p110 complex location


DNA-dependent protein kinase-DNA ligase 4 complex location

A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, PMID:10854421, PMID:12235392, PMID:17072889]


tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation

Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897, PMID:9582290]


maintenance of protein location in ER lumen


activation-induced cell death of B lymphocytes

activation-induced B cell apoptotic process

activation-induced cell death of B cells

activation-induced cell death of B-lymphocytes

B cell apoptotic process that occurs upon engagement of either the B cell receptor or CD40. Engagement of either receptor, but not both, leads to expression of fas or related receptors that make the B cell susceptible to fas-ligand mediated death. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tfm, PMID:11032170, PMID:19300454]

activation-induced cell death of B-cells


nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope. [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer. [GOC:mah]


cell-substrate adherens junction assembly


positive transcription elongation factor complex b

positive transcription elongation factor complex location b


A ferritin complex located in the cell. Intracellular ferritin complexes contain 24 subunits, in a mixture of L (light) chains and H (heavy) chains. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, PMID:19154717]


sulphate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulphate reduction by an oxidoreductase, acting on sulphur group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

sulfate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction by an oxidoreductase, acting on sulfur group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor


exosome multienzyme ribonuclease complex location

exosome (ribonucleasease complex location)

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime exoribonuclease activity and possibly endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured. [PMID:17174896, PMID:20531386, PMID:26726035]


peptidase activity, acting on peptides containing modified amino acids


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine in small subunit ribosomal RNA. [GOC:imk, PMID:10026269, PMID:18786544]


nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening

Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length. [GOC:krc]


Binding to a thioglucosidase enzyme. [GOC:tb]


response to continuous far red light stimulus by the high-irradiance response system

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a continuous far red light stimulus by the high-irradiance response system. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. The activity of the high-irradiance response system is characterized by stronger effects of continuous than pulsed light at equal total fluence. [GOC:mtg_far_red, GOC:sm]


response to very low fluence red light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very low fluence red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Very low fluence red light is defined in this case as short pulses of red light followed by darkness, providing light levels of less than 0.001 mmol/m2/sec. [GOC:mtg_far_red, GOC:sm]


response to low fluence blue light by blf system

response to low fluence blue light stimulus by blue low-fluence system

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a low fluence blue light stimulus by the blue low-fluence system. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm. The blue low-fluence system responds to blue light at or below 0.1 micromols/m2. In certain species excitation of the blue low fluence system induces the transcription of a number of nuclear and plastid coded genes. [GOC:mtg_far_red, PMID:10398709]


regulation of the circadian clock by temperature


Binding to abscisic acid, a plant hormone that regulates aspects of plant growth. [PMID:17347412]


long-distance propagation of posttranscriptional gene silencing

long-distance posttranscriptional gene silencing


regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. [GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a multicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape. [GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of DNA replication during S phase


positive regulation of platelet activation

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. [GOC:dph, GOC:sl, GOC:tb]


The appearance of vascular endothelial growth factor production due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:rl]


regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor. [GOC:rl]


positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production

Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein signaling pathway

regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein signalling

regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:dph, GOC:signaling, GOC:tb]


regulation of starch biosynthetic process

An process which modulate the frequency, rate or extent of starch biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch. [GOC:tb]


The process in which a floral meristem becomes determinate (i.e. ceases to produce lateral organs and may or may not terminally differentiate). [PMID:18441215]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cyclopentenone stimulus. Cyclopentenones are oxylipins derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are structurally similar to jasmonic acid, but contain a reactive unsaturated carbonyl structure in the cyclo-ring. Cyclopentenones include phytoprostanes and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. [PMID:18334669]


The formation of the pollen exine. The reticulate pollen wall pattern consists of two layers, exine and intine. [GOC:dhl]


The controlled release of glutamine by a cell. [PMID:15208395]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression. [PMID:17993620]


cotyledon vascular tissue pattern formation

Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the cotyledon of vascular plants. [PMID:10559439]


The regionalization process within a leaf by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. [PMID:18398054]


Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of lamellipodium biogenesis

positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of lamellipodium biogenesis

negative regulation of lamellipodium assembly

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


green leaf volatile biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of volatile molecules emitted from green plants, such as hexenal, hexenol and hexenyl acetate, from linoleic acid or linolenic acid. [PMID:17163881]


NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex location (plastoquinone)

NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone)

Complex that possesses NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (plastoquinone) activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It is involved in electron transport from an unidentified electron donor, possibly NADH, NADPH or ferredoxin(Fd) to the plastoquinone pool. [PMID:15608332]


production of lsiRNA involved in RNA interference

A process leading to the generation of a functional long small interfering RNA (lsiRNA). lsiRNAs are class of siRNAs 30 to 40 nt in length. lsiRNAs are induced by pathogen infection or under specific growth conditions. [PMID:18003861, PMID:20687832]


regulation of auxin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth. [PMID:18287041]


positive regulation of auxin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth. [PMID:18287041]


regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate metabolic process

Regulation of the chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the anion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants. [PMID:18055613]


regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body. [GOC:dph, GOC:krc, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]