The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded. [PMID:11099404, PMID:12914914, PMID:15798367, PMID:16973210, PMID:20159618, PMID:9412464]


autophagic vacuole membrane disassembly
autophagic membrane breakdown

The controlled breakdown of the membranes of autophagosomes. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:mah]


The initial attachment of an autophagosome membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the size of the autophagosome. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:krc]


down-regulation of autophagic vacuole size

negative regulation of autophagic vacuole size

down regulation of autophagic vacuole size

downregulation of autophagic vacuole size

negative regulation of autophagosome size

Any process that reduces autophagosome size. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of autophagic vacuole size

positive regulation of autophagic vacuole size

up regulation of autophagic vacuole size

positive regulation of autophagosome size

Any process that increases autophagosome size. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:go_curators]


regulation of starvation-induced autophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy. [GOC:krc]


negative regulation of starvation-induced autophagy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of starvation-induced autophagy

Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:9412464]


The transfer of cytosolic components into the lysosomal compartment by direct invagination of the lysosomal membrane without prior sequestration into an autophagosome. The engulfing membranes fuse, resulting in the lysosomal delivery of the cargo wrapped in a single membrane derived from the invaginated lysosomal membrane. In S. cerevisiae, the vacuole is the lysosomal compartment. [PMID:14679207, PMID:15798367, PMID:16973210, PMID:9566964]


A form of asexual reproduction, occurring in certain bacteria and fungi (e.g. yeasts) and some primitive animals in which an individual arises from a daughter cell formed by pinching off a part of the parent cell. The budlike outgrowths so formed may sometimes remain attached to the parent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]


The process of defining the next site of bud emergence adjacent to the last site of bud emergence on a budding cell. [GOC:clt]


The process in which the bud portion of a cell that reproduces by budding irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. [GOC:go_curators]


Unlocalized bud growth such that the entire surface of the bud expands evenly, in a cell that reproduces by budding. [GOC:go_curators]


The process of defining subsequent sites of bud emergence such that budding takes place at alternating poles of a budding cell. [GOC:clt]


down-regulation of cell budding
downregulation of cell budding
down regulation of cell budding

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell budding. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of cell budding
up regulation of cell budding
upregulation of cell budding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell budding. [GOC:go_curators]


actin filament reorganization during cell cycle


nuclear chromosome condensation
eukaryotic chromosome condensation

The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become tethered to each other. [GOC:jh, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


female meiosis sister chromatid cohesion

The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a female. [GOC:ai]


The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a male. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion. [GOC:go_curators]


down regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

down-regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

downregulation of sister chromatid cohesion

negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

up regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

upregulation of sister chromatid cohesion

positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female. [GOC:ai]


The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male. [GOC:ai]


The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0815316194]


The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0815316194]


The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. [GOC:ai, GOC:jl]


A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


Regulated re-replication of DNA within a single cell cycle, resulting in an increased cell ploidy. An example of this process occurs in the synthesis of Drosophila salivary gland cell polytene chromosomes. [GOC:jl, GOC:vw]


The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase. [ISBN:0815316194]


The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this begins with the ATP dependent loading of an initiator complex onto the DNA, this is followed by DNA melting and helicase activity. In bacteria, the gene products that enable the helicase activity are loaded after the initial melting and in archaea and eukaryotes, the gene products that enable the helicase activity are inactive when they are loaded and subsequently activate. [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:28209641]

DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation


The process in which DNA replication at a replication fork ceases; occurs when the replication fork reaches a specific termination site or when two replication forks meet. [GOC:mah, PMID:10209736, PMID:12009298]


DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication

The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. [GOC:mah, ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]


The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended in a net 3' to 5' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork. [GOC:mah, ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]


The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended continuously in a 5' to 3' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Leading strand elongation proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork. [GOC:mah, ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]


The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number. [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0935702490]


maintenance of fidelity during DNA-dependent DNA replication


Correction of replication errors by DNA polymerase using a 3'-5' exonuclease activity. [GOC:ai]


A DNA repair pathway involved in correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. Excinucleases recognize the BASE PAIR MISMATCH and cause a segment of polynucleotide chain to be excised from the daughter strand, thereby removing the mismatched base. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation

regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase. [GOC:mah]


down regulation of DNA replication
down-regulation of DNA replication
downregulation of DNA replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of DNA replication
upregulation of DNA replication
up regulation of DNA replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. [GOC:go_curators]


meiotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication

DNA replication involved in S phase involved in meiotic cell cycle

DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in meiotic cell cycle

nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in meiotic cell cycle

The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division. [GO_REF:0000060, GOC:ai, GOC:TermGenie]


A DNA biosynthetic process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strand. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division. [GOC:ai]


Any process in which plasmids are segregated or distributed into daughter cells upon cell division. [GOC:mah]


The process in which copies of the 2-micrometer plasmid, found in fungi such as Saccharomyces, are distributed to daughter cells upon cell division. [GOC:mah]


Mitotic bipolar spindle assembly begins with spindle microtubule nucleation from the separated spindle pole body, includes spindle elongation during prometaphase, and is complete when all kinetochores are stably attached the spindle, and the spindle assembly checkpoint is satisfied. [GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


spindle positioning involved in mitotic cell cycle

establishment of mitotic spindle localisation

mitotic spindle positioning or orientation

mitotic spindle positioning and orientation

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs. [GOC:ai]

establishment of mitotic spindle localization


microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning

transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated

microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning

The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:mah, GOC:sgd_curators]


initial mitotic spindle pole body separation

The release of duplicated mitotic spindle pole bodies (SPBs) that begins with the nucleation of microtubules from each SPB within the nucleus, leading to V-shaped spindle microtubules. Interpolar microtubules that elongate from each pole are interconnected, forming overlapping microtubules. Capturing and antiparallel sliding apart of microtubules promotes the initial separation of the SPB. [GOC:sgd_curators, GOC:vw]


spindle pole body duplication associated with nuclear envelope

spindle pole body duplication in cytoplasm

Construction of a new spindle pole body. [GOC:clt]


A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell. [GOC:curators, GOC:dos, GOC:expert_vm]


The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity. [PMID:11672519]


Any of the rounds of incomplete mitosis undergone by a cystoblast to form a cyst of interconnected cells. [PMID:21452446]


The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. [PMID:11163136, PMID:11250167]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. [GOC:lr]


downregulation of asymmetric cell division

down-regulation of asymmetric cell division

down regulation of asymmetric cell division

negative regulation of asymmetric cell division

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of asymmetric cell division

up-regulation of asymmetric cell division

up regulation of asymmetric cell division

positive regulation of asymmetric cell division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. [GOC:go_curators]


The series of four asymmetric divisions undergone by the sensory organ precursor cells to generate cells that have distinct cell fates. For example, in the external sensory organ, the precursor cells give rise to one multidendritic neuron and four additional cells (the socket, shaft, sheath cells and the external sense neuron). [GOC:mah, PMID:11171389, PMID:18295597]


The process of dividing the cytoplasm of a parent cell where a structure forms in the cytoplasm and grows until reaching the plasma membrane, thereby completely separating the cytoplasms of adjacent progeny cells. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:clt]


A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis I, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis II, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


membrane addition at site of cytokinesis

Any process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion. [GOC:clt]


cytokinesis involved in male meiotic cell cycle

A cell cycle process that occurs as part of the male meiotic cell cycle and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to produce two daughter cells. [GOC:ai]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:go_curators]


The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]


The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes. [GOC:jid, PMID:2279698]


The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes). [GOC:bf, GOC:pr, ISBN:0879694238]


activation of transcription on exit from mitosis


activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from Pol I promoter

activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase I promoter


activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from Pol II promoter

activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase II promoter


activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from Pol III promoter

activation of transcription on exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase III promoter


The cell cycle phase during which the kinetochore microtubules shorten as chromosomes move toward the spindle poles as part of mitosis. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase during which the polar microtubules elongate and the two poles of the spindle move farther apart as part of mitosis. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


mitotic chromosome movement to spindle pole

sister chromosome movement towards spindle pole during mitosis

chromosome migration to spindle pole during mitosis

mitotic sister chromosome movement towards spindle pole

mitotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis. [GOC:ai]


The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


metaphase/anaphase transition by anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:10465783]


regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. [GOC:mah]


downregulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

down regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

down-regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

negative regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

upregulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

up regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. [GOC:go_curators]


The cell cycle phase in higher eukaryotes which follows mitotic prophase and during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of M phase of mitosis and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
nuclear envelope breakdown
NEB

The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis. [GOC:bf, PMID:32848252]


The cell cycle process in which lamin is depolymerized. [GOC:jid]


The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:vw, PMID:19686686]


establishment of spindle orientation involved in mitotic cell cycle

establishment of spindle orientation during mitosis

establishment of mitotic spindle orientation

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures. [GOC:ems]


The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase during M phase of mitosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


nuclear membrane vesicle binding to chromatin

OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


The cell cycle process in which nuclear pore complexes reform during mitotic cell division. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity. [GOC:rn]


signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle spindle checkpoint

A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the spindle and delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, the completion of anaphase until chromosomes are attached to the spindle, or mitotic exit and cytokinesis when the spindle does not form. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]

signal transduction involved in mitotic spindle checkpoint


centrosome organisation
centrosome organization

The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle. [ISBN:0815316194]


The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:9889124]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a daughter centriole of an existing centriole. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of centriole replication

down regulation of centriole replication

negative regulation of centriole replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of centriole replication
up-regulation of centriole replication
up regulation of centriole replication

positive regulation of centriole replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication. [GOC:ai]


Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle. [ISBN:0815316194]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle, the processes of centrosome duplication and separation. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of centrosome cycle
down-regulation of centrosome cycle
downregulation of centrosome cycle

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of centrosome cycle
upregulation of centrosome cycle
up regulation of centrosome cycle

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle. [GOC:ai]


OBSOLETE. Physical interaction between microtubules and chromatin via DNA binding proteins. [PMID:10322137]


bipolar attachment
kinetochore microtubule interaction
microtubule capture
microtubule and kinetochore interaction


spindle biosynthesis
bipolar spindle biosynthesis
bipolar spindle formation
spindle formation

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart. [GOC:ai, GOC:expert_rg, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb]


The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei. [GOC:mah]


The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline. [GOC:mah]


The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a single or double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity. [PMID:2087779]

gene conversion with reciprocal crossover


meiotic DNA double-strand break formation

The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I. This results in the initiation of meiotic recombination. [GOC:elh, GOC:jl, PMID:11529427]


meiotic DNA double-strand break processing

The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs. This takes place during meiosis. [GOC:elh, PMID:9334324]


During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, PMID:11459983]


During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes. [GOC:jl, PMID:9334324]


early meiotic recombination nodule assembly

During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes during leptotene and zygotene. [GOC:jl, PMID:9334324]


late meiotic recombination nodule assembly

During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes during pachytene. Involved in the catalysis crossing over. [GOC:jl, PMID:9334324]


During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template. [GOC:elh, PMID:9334324]


The conversion of the paired broken DNA and homologous duplex DNA into a four-stranded branched intermediate, known as a joint molecule, formed during meiotic recombination. These joint molecules contain Holliday junctions on either side of heteroduplex DNA. [GOC:elh, PMID:8521495]


A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules. Correction of the mismatch can result in non-Mendelian segregation of alleles following meiosis. [GOC:elh, PMID:10357855]


resolution of meiotic joint molecules as recombinants

resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates

The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged. [GOC:elh, PMID:11733053]


The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline. [GOC:mah]


chromosome movement towards spindle pole during female meiosis

female meiotic chromosome movement to spindle pole

female meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during female meiosis. [GOC:ai]


polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions

The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes. [GOC:ems, ISBN:0198506732]


A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]


A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]


male meiotic chromosome movement to spindle pole

chromosome movement towards spindle pole during male meiosis

male meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during male meiosis. [GOC:ai]


The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:9334324]


The first division of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, occurring in the constitutive absence of chiasmata. [GOC:elh, GOC:sart, PMID:10690419]


The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis I. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


chromosome movement towards spindle pole during meiosis

chromosome migration to spindle pole during meiosis

meiotic chromosome movement to spindle pole

meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles takes place, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes. This occurs during meiosis. [GOC:ai]


meiotic cell cycle G2/MI phase transition

The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiotic G2 phase to M phase of meiosis I. [PMID:15084480]


The cell cycle phase, following prophase I, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis I. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis I and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase which follows diplotene during prophase I of meiosis, the separation of homologous chromosomes is complete and crossing over has occurred. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase which follows pachytene during prophase I of meiosis, during which the homologous chromosomes begin to separate and the synaptonemal complex dissolves. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of prophase I in meiosis, and during which the chromosomes first become visible. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


gene conversion without reciprocal crossover

The cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another. It often occurs in association with general genetic recombination events, and is believed to be a straightforward consequence of the mechanisms of general recombination and DNA repair. For example, meiosis might yield three copies of the maternal version of an allele and only one copy of the paternal allele, indicating that one of the two copies of the paternal allele has been changed to a copy of the maternal allele. [ISBN:0815316194]


During meiosis, the formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules. [GOC:elh, PMID:9334324]


The cell cycle process in which the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA is rejected. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules. This occurs during meiosis. [GOC:elh, PMID:10357855]


The cell cycle phase which follows zygotene during prophase I of meiosis, and during which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase which follows leptotene during prophase I of meiosis, and during which each chromosome pairs with its homolog; the two become aligned and crossing over may occur. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination. [ISBN:0198506732]


The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]


The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis II. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase, following prophase II, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis II. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis II and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase II of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


entry into meiotic cell cycle
conversion to meiotic cell cycle
initiation of meiotic cell cycle

cell cycle switching, mitotic to meiotic cell cycle

The process in which a cell switches cell cycle mode from mitotic to meiotic division. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194, Reactome:69278]


The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation by mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle

A cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering S phase via a positive feedback mechanism between the regulation of transcription and G1 CDK activity. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity

regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]


Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]

positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity


The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


G2/M-specific transcription in mitotic cell cycle


The eukaryotic cell cycle in which a cell is duplicated without changing ploidy, occurring in the embryo. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle

regulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle progression

modulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle progression

regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


upregulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

up regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

up-regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

positive regulation of embryonic mitotic cell cycle progression

positive regulation of progression through embryonic mitotic cell cycle

positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


regulation of progression through preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle

preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle modulation

regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle progression

preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle regulation

modulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle progression

A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression

regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle

modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


down regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle

downregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle

negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression

negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle

down-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


upregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle

positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression

positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle

up-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle

up regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


S phase of mitotic cell cycle
S-phase of mitotic cell cycle

The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


positioning of nucleus
nuclear movement
nucleus positioning
nuclear positioning
nucleus migration
establishment of position of nucleus

The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell. [GOC:ai]


regulation of cell cycle
regulation of cell cycle progression
regulation of cell cycle process
modulation of cell cycle progression
control of cell cycle progression
cell cycle regulation
cell cycle modulation

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]

regulation of progression through cell cycle


The halting of progression of a cell through the CELL CYCLE when events in the CELL DIVISION process are not completed accurately or damage to cell components in the process are detected.


signal transduction involved in G2/M transition checkpoint

signal transduction involved in cell cycle checkpoint

Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the CELL CYCLE. They ensure that the cell has completed, in the correct order and without mistakes, all the processes required to replicate the GENOME and CYTOPLASM, and divide them equally between two daughter cells. If cells sense they have not completed these processes or that the environment does not have the nutrients and growth hormones in place to proceed, then the cells are restrained (or "arrested") until the processes are completed and growth conditions are suitable.


signal transduction involved in DNA replication checkpoint

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA replication checkpoint, that prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome. [GOC:curators, GOC:rn, PMID:11728327, PMID:12537518]


The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by cells that were in a quiescent or other non-dividing state. [GOC:krc]


The mitotic cell cycle phase transition whose occurrence commits the cell from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, ISBN:0716731363]


Cell division by multiple fission in which nuclei and other organelles in the parent cell divide repeatedly and move to the cell periphery before internal membranes develop around them, producing a large number of daughter cells simultaneously. [GOC:mb]


Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


The process in which a subpopulation of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte acquires the specialized features of an ovarian cumulus cell. [PMID:30010832]


regulation of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation

regulation of cumulus cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


down-regulation of cumulus cell differentiation

negative regulation of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation

downregulation of cumulus cell differentiation

down regulation of cumulus cell differentiation

negative regulation of cumulus cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of cumulus cell differentiation

positive regulation of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation

up regulation of cumulus cell differentiation

upregulation of cumulus cell differentiation

positive regulation of cumulus cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]


Increase in size of the cumulus surrounding the oocyte including change in morphology due to proliferation and dispersion of cumulus cells. [PMID:30010832]


ovarian follicle antrum/follicular fluid biosynthesis

ovarian follicle antrum/follicular fluid formation

follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum

The menstrual cycle process that results in the formation of one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells during the various stages of oogenesis. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


cell morphogenesis by unidimensional growth

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell. [ISBN:0943088399]


dorsal closure, elongation of leading edge cells

The change in shape of cells at the dorsal-most (leading) edge of the epidermis from being polygonal to being elongated in the dorsal/ventral axis. [PMID:12147138]


cell wall modification during cell expansion

cell wall modification involved in multidimensional cell growth

The series of events resulting in chemical or structural changes to existing cell walls and contribute to multidimensional cell growth. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb]


cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall modification during multidimensional cell growth


initiation of primordial ovarian follicle growth

Increase in size of primordial follicles including proliferation and shape changes of granulosa and/or theca cells until oocyte is surrounded by one layer of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells (primary follicle). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


interpretation of nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

The process in which the size of the nucleus with respect to its cytoplasm is sensed by a cell. [GOC:jl]


The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


Increase in size of follicles surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells up to the onset of antrum formation. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle). [GOC:mtg_mpo, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]


downregulation of cell growth
down regulation of cell growth
down-regulation of cell growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of cell growth
up regulation of cell growth
upregulation of cell growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. [GOC:go_curators]


amoeboidal cell migration
ameboid cell migration
amoeboid cell migration

Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. [GOC:dph]


The directed movement of an ovarian follicle cell that takes place during oogenesis. During egg chamber formation, follicle cells migrate to envelop the germ-line cysts and move in between cysts. At stage 10B, follicle cells migrate centripetally between the nurse cells and the oocyte, enclosing the anterior of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10822261]


The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Migration of a cell in a multicellular organism that, having changed its location, is required to induce normal properties in one or more cells at its new location. An example of this would be the distal tip cells of Caenorhabditis elegans. [ISBN:087969307X, ISBN:0879694882]


The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:sat, GOC:tb, PMID:25119047]


The directed movement of a pole cell (germline progenitors in insects) from its site of production at the posterior pole of the embryo through to the site where the gonads will form. [GOC:bf, PMID:9988212]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]


downregulation of cell migration
down-regulation of cell migration
down regulation of cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of cell migration
up regulation of cell migration
up-regulation of cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]


The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate. [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


substrate-bound cell migration, adhesion receptor recycling

The directed movement of accumulated adhesion components such as integrins from the rear of a migrating cell toward the cell front, where they are available to form new protrusions and adhesions. [PMID:11944043]


substrate-bound cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

The formation of adhesions that stabilize protrusions at the leading edge of a migrating cell; involves integrin activation, clustering, and the recruitment of structural and signaling components to nascent adhesions. [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


substrate-bound cell migration, cell contraction

substrate-dependent cell migration, cell contraction

The translocation of the cell body forward during cell migration, mediated by tractional force on its substrate and tension in the cortical cytoskeleton. Adhesions transmit propulsive forces and serve as traction points over which the cell moves. [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


substrate-bound cell migration, cell extension

substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension

The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell. [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


substrate-bound cell migration, cell release from substrate

negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in substrate-bound cell migration

The disassembly of adhesions at the front and rear of a migrating cell. At the leading edge, adhesion disassembly accompanies the formation of new protrusions; at the cell rear, it promotes tail retraction. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11944043, PMID:14657486]


cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility

Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella. [GOC:cilia, GOC:hjd, GOC:krc]


The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0815316194]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


downregulation of muscle contraction
down-regulation of muscle contraction
down regulation of muscle contraction

negative regulation of muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction

downregulation of smooth muscle contraction

down regulation of smooth muscle contraction

negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


down regulation of striated muscle contraction

down-regulation of striated muscle contraction

downregulation of striated muscle contraction

negative regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of muscle contraction
up regulation of muscle contraction
up-regulation of muscle contraction

positive regulation of muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction

up regulation of smooth muscle contraction

upregulation of smooth muscle contraction

positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of striated muscle contraction

up regulation of striated muscle contraction

upregulation of striated muscle contraction

positive regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. [GOC:go_curators]


A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length. [GOC:ef, GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732]


A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_muscle, ISBN:0198506732]


cellular component organization at cellular level

cellular component organisation in other organism

cellular component organization in other organism

cellular component organisation at cellular level

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. [GOC:ai, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


cell projection organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]


The assembly from its constituent parts of a pilus, a short filamentous structure of bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles. [GOC:dgh, GOC:mcc2, GOC:tb]


intraflagellar transport involved in microtubule-based flagellum organisation

intraflagellar transport involved in cilium organization

The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:cilia, GOC:kmv, PMID:17981739, PMID:18180368, PMID:22869374, Reactome:R-HSA-5620924.2]


positive regulation of flagellum biogenesis


cell projection biogenesis
formation of a cell surface projection

Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah, http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/]


lamellipodium biogenesis
lamellipodium formation
lamellipodium biosynthesis

Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


microspike biosynthesis
microspike formation
microspike biogenesis

Formation of a microspike, a dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell. [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:11429692, PMID:12153987, PMID:19095735]


Assembly of the parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus. [GOC:mah]


cytoplasm organisation
cytoplasm organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate. [GOC:mah]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells. [GOC:ai]


Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0716731363]


The assembly of a septate junction, an intercellular junction found in invertebrate epithelia that is characterized by a ladder like appearance in electron micrographs and thought to provide structural strength and to provide a barrier to diffusion of solutes through the intercellular space. [GOC:ai, PMID:5272312]


Assembly of the zonula adherens, a cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells. [GOC:bf]


The maintenance of junctions between cells. [GOC:ai]


Maintaining the zonula adherens junction, the cell-cell adherens junction formed near the apex of epithelial cells. [GOC:bf]


organelle organization and biogenesis
organelle organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]


cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis

cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


Assembly of an actin cortical patch, a discrete actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane of fungal cells. [GOC:mah]


A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. [GOC:mah]


contractile actin filament bundle assembly

Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle. [GOC:mah]


Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


Covalent modification of an actin molecule. [GOC:mah]


indirect flight muscle actin ubiquitination


The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament. [ISBN:0815316194]


Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:mah]


actin polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament. [GOC:mah]


actin depolymerizing activity
actin filament depolymerization

Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament. [GOC:mah]


The severing of actin filaments into numerous short fragments, usually mediated by actin severing proteins. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


actin polymerization
actin polymerizing activity

Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament. [GOC:mah]


regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization

OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization

OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization and/or depolymerization. [GOC:go_curators]


establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity

establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarization

establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. [GOC:mah]


establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity

establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:19375318, PMID:20066083]


establishment of neuroblast cell polarity

The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu]


The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. [GOC:mah]


The formation and development of the equator that forms the boundary between the photoreceptors in the dorsal sector of the eye and those in the ventral sector, dividing the eye into dorsal and ventral halves. [GOC:bf]


The process in which photoreceptors are arranged in ommatidia in the dorsal and ventral fields to be mirror images. The polarity is established in the imaginal discs concurrently with cell fate specification. [PMID:10725247]


The maintenance of established anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. [GOC:mah]


Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates. [GOC:jid]


Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:ai]


intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis

intermediate filament cytoskeleton organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:ai]


Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. [GOC:ai]


The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs. [ISBN:0716731363]


intermediate filament polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of intermediate filaments by the addition or removal of component parts from a filament. [GOC:ai]


Disassembly of intermediate filaments by the removal of component monomers from a filament. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]


Assembly of intermediate filaments by the addition of component monomers to a filament. Polymerization of intermediate filament proteins results from interactions among several distinct binding sites on the constituent proteins. Nuclear lamin head-to-tail polymers arise from one such interaction. Deletion analysis localized the binding sites to the ends of the rod domain that are highly conserved among all intermediate filament proteins. Data indicate that one type of interaction in intermediate filament protein polymerization is the longitudinal binding of dimers via the conserved end segments of the coiled-coil rod domain. [GOC:mah, PMID:8776884]


regulation of intermediate filament polymerization or depolymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of intermediate filaments by the addition or removal of monomers from a filament; this usually occurs through the opposing action of kinases and phosphatases. [ISBN:0716731363]


negative regulation of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization

OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization

OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intermediate filament polymerization and/or depolymerization. [GOC:go_curators]


Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]


microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]


An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1872343973]


The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation). [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:12517712]


Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors. [PMID:10542094]


oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organisation

oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organization

Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11231123]


oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton polarization

Establishment and maintenance of a specific axis of polarity of the oocyte microtubule network. The axis is set so that the minus and plus ends of the microtubules of the mid stage oocyte are positioned along the anterior cortex and at the posterior pole, respectively. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:11807042]


microtubule shortening
microtubule depolymerization

The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule. [ISBN:0815316194]


The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule. [GOC:ai, GOC:go_curators]


A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. [GOC:cjm, ISBN:0815316194]


The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. [ISBN:0815316194]


The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons. [ISBN:0815316194]


endosome organization and biogenesis
endosome organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


early endosome to late endosome transport

The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs. [ISBN:0815316194]


The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0716731363]


Golgi to endosome vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0716731363, PMID:10873832]


The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport. [PMID:11872141]


retrograde (endosome to Golgi) transport

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport. [GOC:jl, PMID:10873832, PMID:16936697]


endoplasmic reticulum organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum

The process of directing proteins towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using signals contained within the protein. One common mechanism uses a 16- to 30-residue signal sequence, typically located at the N-terminus of the protein and containing positively charged amino acids followed by a continuous stretch of hydrophobic residues, which directs the ribosome to the ER membrane and initiates transport of the growing polypeptide across the ER membrane. [ISBN:0716731363]


integral ER membrane protein positioning

integral ER membrane protein localization

protein insertion into endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane. [ISBN:0716731363]


The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER. [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:12972550]


fusome organisation
fusome organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fusome, a large intracellular spectrin-rich structure found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


The recruitment of vesicles to the fusome. The vesicles become the fusome tubule network and are necessary for the assembly of the fusome. [PMID:9046244]


Golgi organization and biogenesis
Golgi organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


retention of protein in Golgi
protein-Golgi retention

The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known. [ISBN:0716731363]


lysosome organization and biogenesis
lysosome organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases. [GOC:mah]


Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:jid]


The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome. [GOC:ai]


The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein. [GOC:curators]


The modification of high-mannose N-glycans by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase and the subsequent removal of the N-acetylglucosamine residues yielding mannose-6-P that occurs in the ER-Golgi apparatus to N-glycans destined for the lysosome. [ISBN:0879695595]


mitochondrion organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, GOC:sgd_curators, PMID:9786946]


Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment. [PMID:11038192, PMID:12052774]


The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome. [GOC:ai, GOC:vw]


mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


mitochondrial inner membrane organization

inner mitochondrial membrane organisation

inner mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


protein transport into mitochondrial inner membrane

protein import into mitochondrial inner membrane

mitochondrial inner membrane protein import

protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane

The processes mediating the insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins can get inserted from the cytosol, by crossing the outer membrane and being guided by an inner membrane translocase complex into their final destination in the inner membrane. Some proteins present in the intermembrane space can get inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Finally, some proteins are inserted into the inner membrane from the matrix side of the membrane. [GOC:mcc, GOC:vw, PMID:18672008]


outer mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis

outer mitochondrial membrane organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


mitochondrial outer membrane protein import

protein import into mitochondrial outer membrane

protein transport into mitochondrial outer membrane

protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane

The process comprising the insertion of proteins from outside the organelle into the mitochondrial outer membrane, mediated by large outer membrane translocase complexes. [GOC:mcc, GOC:vw, PMID:18672008]


protein-mitochondrial targeting
protein targeting to mitochondria
mitochondrial protein import
protein import into mitochondrion

The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein. [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0716731363]


protein transport into mitochondrial intermembrane space

protein transport into mitochondrial IMS

mitochondrial intermembrane space protein import

protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space

The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. [ISBN:0716731363]


protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space, direct


protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space, nonconservative


protein transport into mitochondrial matrix

protein import into mitochondrial matrix

The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together. [ISBN:0716731363]


OBSOLETE. The translocation of proteins across the mitochondrial membrane. In the presence of a translocating chain, the outer membrane import machinery (MOM complex) and the inner membrane import machinery (MIM complex) form translocation contact sites as a part of the membrane preprotein import machinery. [PMID:7600576]


sperm mitochondria organization and biogenesis

sperm mitochondrion organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of sperm mitochondria; the process in which they take on their characteristic morphology; they are flattened, elongated, and arranged circumferentially into a tight helical coil around the tail-dense fibers of the mature sperm. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah, PMID:8833144]


peroxisome organization and biogenesis
peroxisome organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules. [GOC:mah]


The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy. [GOC:autophagy, PMID:12914914, PMID:16973210]


peroxisomal membrane catabolism
peroxisomal membrane degradation
peroxisomal membrane breakdown

The controlled breakdown of the membranes of cargo-carrying vesicles formed during peroxisome degradation. [GOC:mah, PMID:11382760]


The acquisition of peroxisomes by daughter cells from the mother cell after replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the number of peroxisomes cells is fairly constant; a subset of the organelles are targeted and segregated to the bud in a highly ordered, vectorial process. Efficient segregation of peroxisomes from mother to bud is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton, and active movement of peroxisomes along actin filaments is driven by the class V myosin motor protein, Myo2p. [PMID:11733545]


The process in which a peroxisome membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together. [GOC:mah]


protein docking during peroxisome matrix protein import

protein docking during protein import into peroxisome matrix

peroxisome matrix protein import, docking

protein docking during protein transport into peroxisome matrix

protein transport into peroxisome matrix, docking

protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking

The process in which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the peroxisomal membrane. [PMID:11687502, PMID:11988772, PMID:14754507]


receptor recycling during protein import into peroxisome matrix

protein transport into peroxisome matrix, receptor recycling

peroxisome matrix protein import, receptor recycling

receptor recycling during peroxisome matrix protein import

receptor recycling during protein transport into peroxisome matrix

protein import into peroxisome matrix, receptor recycling

The process in which peroxisome targeting sequence receptors dissociates from cargo proteins and are returned to the cytosol. [PMID:11687502]


peroxisome matrix protein import, translocation

protein transport into peroxisome matrix, translocation

protein translocation during protein import into peroxisome matrix

protein translocation during protein transport into peroxisome matrix

protein translocation during peroxisome matrix protein import

protein import into peroxisome matrix, translocation

The process in which proteins are moved across the peroxisomal membrane into the matrix. It is likely that the peroxisome targeting sequence receptor remains associated with cargo proteins during translocation. [PMID:11687502]


The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the peroxisome. [GOC:jid]


The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein. [GOC:ai]


peroxisome matrix protein import
protein transport to peroxisome matrix

The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix. [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:11687502, PMID:11988772]


protein transport into peroxisome membrane

The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import. [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:11687502]


plasma membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


integrin biosynthesis
integrin formation
integrin anabolism
integrin synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins, a large family of transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for cell-adhesion molecules. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


beta 2 integrin biosynthesis
beta 2 integrin synthesis
beta 2 integrin formation
beta 2 integrin anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins, a subfamily of integrins which contain the beta 2 subunit. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthesis

regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of beta 2 integrin anabolism

negative regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthesis

down-regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

negative regulation of beta 2 integrin synthesis

negative regulation of beta 2 integrin formation

downregulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

down regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

negative regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

positive regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthesis

positive regulation of beta 2 integrin synthesis

upregulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

positive regulation of beta 2 integrin formation

positive regulation of beta 2 integrin anabolism

up regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

positive regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of integrin formation
regulation of integrin synthesis
regulation of integrin anabolism
regulation of integrin biosynthesis

regulation of integrin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of integrin formation

negative regulation of integrin anabolism

negative regulation of integrin synthesis

down regulation of integrin biosynthetic process

down-regulation of integrin biosynthetic process

negative regulation of integrin biosynthesis

downregulation of integrin biosynthetic process

negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of integrin anabolism

up regulation of integrin biosynthetic process

up-regulation of integrin biosynthetic process

positive regulation of integrin synthesis

positive regulation of integrin biosynthesis

positive regulation of integrin formation

upregulation of integrin biosynthetic process

positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. [GOC:go_curators]


OBSOLETE. The trans-bilayer migration of phospholipids accelerated by a phospholipid scramblase upon binding calcium ions. [OMIM:604170]


The movement of a phospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet. [ISBN:0815316194, PMID:16452632, PMID:20043909, PMID:20302864]


plasmodesmata organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasmodesma, a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell. [GOC:mah, PMID:29880547]


plastid organisation
plastid organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plastid. [GOC:mah]


amyloplast organization and biogenesis
amyloplast organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an amyloplast. An amyloplast is a plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch. [GOC:jid]


chloroplast organisation
chloroplast organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chloroplast. [GOC:jid]


The process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells migrate toward illuminated sites to optimize photosynthesis and move away from excessively illuminated areas to protect the photosynthetic machinery. [PMID:11309623]


The relocation process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells move toward a brighter area in a cell to optimize photosynthesis. [GOC:tb, PMID:11978863]


The relocation process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells avoid strong light and move away from it in order to preserve the photosynthetic machinery. [GOC:tb, PMID:11978863]


The process of directing proteins towards the chloroplast, usually using signals contained within the protein. Imported proteins are synthesized as cytosolic precursors containing N-terminal uptake-targeting sequences that direct each protein to its correct subcompartment and are subsequently cleaved. [ISBN:0716731363]


protein transport into chloroplast stroma

The targeting and import of proteins into the chloroplast stroma. Import depends on ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by stromal chaperones. Chloroplast stromal proteins, such as the S subunit of rubisco, have a N-terminal stromal-import sequence of about 44 amino acids which is cleaved from the protein precursor after import. [ISBN:0716731363]


chloroplast thylakoid membrane protein import

protein transport into chloroplast thylakoid membrane

protein import into chloroplast thylakoid membrane

The import of proteins into the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Proteins that are destined for the thylakoid lumen require two uptake-targeting sequences: the first targets the protein to the stroma, and the second targets the protein from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen. Four separate thylakoid-import systems deal with the proteins once they are in the stroma. [ISBN:0716731363]


chromoplast organisation
chromoplast organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chromoplast. A chromoplast is a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments. [GOC:jid]


etioplast organization and biogenesis
etioplast organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an etioplast. An etioplast is a plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions. [GOC:jid]


leucoplast organisation
leucoplast organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a leucoplast. A leucoplast is a colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes. [GOC:jid]


The partitioning of plastids between daughter cells at cell division. [GOC:mah]


plastid membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of either of the lipid bilayers surrounding a plastid. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


plastid inner membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the inner membrane of a plastid. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


plastid outer membrane organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer membrane of a plastid. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


vacuole organization and biogenesis
vacuolar assembly
vacuole organisation
vacuole biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole. [GOC:ai]


delivery of endocytosed proteins to the vacuole

endocytosed protein transport to vacuole

The directed movement of proteins imported into a cell by endocytosis to the vacuole. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of substances from the vacuole to the trans-Golgi network; this occurs in yeast via the prevacuolar/endosomal compartment. [PMID:9700156]


Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. [GOC:jid]


vacuolar protein degradation
vacuolar protein breakdown
vacuolar protein catabolism


homotypic vacuole fusion (non-autophagic)

homotypic vacuole fusion, non-autophagic

The fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole. [GOC:jl]


heterotypic vacuole fusion (non-autophagic)

heterotypic vacuole fusion, non-autophagic


The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10873824, PMID:14616069]


vesicle organisation
vesicle organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. [GOC:mah]


A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. [GOC:ma, PMID:26404467, Wikipedia:Ribosome_biogenesis]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits. [GOC:ma]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional ribosome. [GOC:ma]


ribosomal large subunit export from cell nucleus

ribosomal large subunit export out of nucleus

ribosomal large subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm

ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus

The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. [GOC:mah]


ribosomal small subunit export from cell nucleus

ribosomal small subunit export out of nucleus

ribosomal small subunit transport from nucleus to cytoplasm

ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus

The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. [GOC:mah]


Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules. [GOC:curators]


external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis

external encapsulating structure organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


capsule organisation
capsule organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi. [GOC:ai]


capsular polysaccharide biosynthetic process

capsule polysaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides that make up the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi. [GOC:go_curators]