Rik1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex location

Rik1-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex location

An cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase/histone H3-K9 methyltransferase complex essential for heterochromatin assembly by RNAi. [GOC:vw, PMID:16127433, PMID:20211136]


polyadenylation-dependent RNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an RNA molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3'-end of the target RNA. [GOC:dgf, GOC:jl, GOC:krc]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + O2 + H+ = 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + H2O. [GOC:jl, MetaCyc:OCTAPRENYL-METHYL-METHOXY-BENZOQ-OH-RXN]


cellular cell wall macromolecule metabolic process

cellular cell wall macromolecule metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules forming, or destined to form, part of the cell wall. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. [GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


cellular cell wall macromolecule biosynthetic process

cell wall macromolecule biosynthetic process at cellular level

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule destined to form part of a cell wall. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation by symbiont of host vacuole organization

modulation of host vacuole organization by symbiont

modulation by symbiont of host vacuole organisation

modulation by symbiont of host vacuole organization

Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuole organization in its host organism. [MITRE:tk]


activation of terminal complement complex


Uptake of D-glucose into the blood by absorption from the small intestine. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:5601832]


regulation of activation of terminal complement complex


regulation of activation of the terminal complement cascade


positive regulation of host vacuole organization by symbiont

positive regulation by symbiont of host vacuole organisation

positive regulation by symbiont of host vacuole organization

The process in which a symbiont organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuole organization in its host organism. [MITRE:tk]


negative regulation of molecular function

Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. [GO:jl]


positive regulation of molecular function

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. [GO:jl]


Any constituent part of a host cell's nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. The host is the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:ecd]


That part of a host cell's nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. The host is the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:ecd]


A short filamentous structure on the surface of a bacterial cell distinguished from other pili by post-translational N-methylation of the pilin monomers. [GOC:pamgo_curators, PMID:28496159]


secretion via the type IV secretion system

secretion by the type IV secretion system

The controlled release of proteins or DNA by a cell, via the type IV secretion system. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


DNA secretion via the type IV secretion system

DNA secretion by the type IV secretion system

The controlled release of DNA by a cell, via the type IV secretion system. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


A highly specialized structure unique to microsporidia that is required for host cell invasion. In the spore, the polar tube is connected at the anterior end, and then coils around the sporoplasm. Upon appropriate environmental stimulation, the polar tube rapidly discharges out of the spore, pierces a cell membrane and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the new host cell. [GOC:mf, PMID:12076771, PMID:9723921]


The complex infective apparatus corresponding to the central mass of cytoplasm within a spore that is injected into a host cell by various parasitic microorganisms. [GOC:mf, PMID:12076771, PMID:16004371, PMID:9723921]


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA. [GOC:jl]


L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose + NADP+ = L-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NADPH + H+. [GOC:jl, PMID:16326697]


2,5-dioxopentanoate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-dioxopentanoate + NAD+ + H2O = 2-oxoglutarate + NADH + H+. [PMID:16835232, PMID:17202142]


Catalysis of the reaction: xylitol + NAD+ = L-xylulose + NADH + H+. [PMID:14736891]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, carried out at the level of an individual cell. [GOC:jl]


development during symbiotic interaction


The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down host tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:jl, GOC:pamgo_curators]


development of symbiont in host vascular tissue


development of symbiont in host intercellular space


regulation of development of symbiont in host

Any process in which the symbiont regulates its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This may (but not necessarily) include a filamentous growth form, and also can include secretion of proteases and lipases to break down. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction. [GOC:jl, GOC:pamgo_curators]


positive regulation of development of symbiont in host

Any process in which the symbiont activates or maintains its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction. [GOC:jl, GOC:pamgo_curators]


negative regulation of development of symbiont in host

Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction. [GOC:jl, GOC:pamgo_curators]


modulation of development of symbiont during interaction with host


negative regulation of development of symbiont during interaction with host


positive regulation of development of symbiont during interaction with host


histone H3K14 acetylation
histone H3 acetylation at K14

The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 14 of the histone. [GOC:jl, GOC:lb, PMID:17194708]


A small pit, depression, or invagination, such as any of the minute pits or incuppings of the host cell membrane formed during pinocytosis, that communicates with the outside of a host cell and extends inward, indenting the host cytoplasm and the host cell membrane. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the host cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:rph]


A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two host cells or between a host cell and the host extracellular matrix. At a host cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the host plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix. [GOC:rph]


A prolongation or process extending from a host cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. [GOC:rph]


The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the host cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan. [GOC:rph]


A membranous cellular structure within the host cell that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the host plasma membrane. In eukaryotic host cells they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation. [GOC:rph]


The pigmented membrane of any host thylakoid. [GOC:rph]


A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a host cell. [GOC:rph]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell cytoplasmic vesicle. [GOC:rph]


A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic host cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. [GOC:rph]


The part of the host cell cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:jl]


The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the host cell cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The host ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [GOC:jl]


The volume enclosed by the membranes of the host cell endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:jl]


host cell endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:jl]


The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the host cell cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The host rough ER has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface. [GOC:jl]


host rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

host cell rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell rough endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:jl]


The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the host cell cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The host smooth ER has no ribosomes adhering to the outer surface. [GOC:jl]


host smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

host cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:jl]


host cell ER-Golgi intermediate compartment

host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment

A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between host cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the host Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi transport. [GOC:jl, GOC:pr]


host cell ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane

host ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane

host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane

host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the host cell ER-Golgi intermediate compartment system. [GOC:jl]


A membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to host cell lysosomes for degradation. [GOC:jl]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell endosome. [GOC:jl]


Thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile host cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone; usually approximately 0.1 um wide, 5-10 um long, can be up to 50 um long in axon growth cones; contains a loose bundle of about 20 actin filaments oriented with their plus ends pointing outward. [GOC:jl]


A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic host cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. [GOC:jl]


The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the host cell Golgi apparatus. [GOC:jl]


hemolysis of erythrocytes in other organism

hemolysis of red blood cells in other organism

The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another. [GOC:jl]


filamentous growth of a unicellular organism

The process in which a unicellular organism grows in a threadlike, filamentous shape. [GOC:mtg_cambridge_2009]


filamentous growth of a multicellular organism

The process in which a multicellular organism grows in a threadlike, filamentous shape. [GOC:mtg_cambridge_2009]


filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms

The process in which a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape. [GOC:mtg_cambridge_2009]


protein binding involved in protein folding

Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process. [GOC:mtg_cambridge_2009]


A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from host early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Host late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. [GOC:jl]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell late endosome. [GOC:jl]


host cell lipid particle
host cell lipid adiposome
host cell lipid body

Any particle of coalesced lipids in the cytoplasm of a host cell. May include associated proteins. [GOC:jl]


A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most host animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and host cell lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. [GOC:jl]


The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell lysosome and separating its contents from the host cell cytoplasm. [GOC:jl]


The double lipid bilayer enclosing the host cell mitochondrion and separating its contents from the host cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. [GOC:jl]


Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the host cell mitochondrion and form the host cell mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:jl]


The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the host cell mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:jl]


The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the host cell mitochondrial envelope. [GOC:jl]


A specialized secretory lysosome that is present in cells with cytolytic capability such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cytolytic granules mediate the storage and regulated excretion of lytic molecules for killing of target cells. [GOC:jl, PMID:11052265, PMID:12766758]


Long, dynamic tubular channels, formed by invagination of the nuclear envelope, that extend deep into the nucleoplasm. The channels have an underlying lamina and are implicated in functioning in signaling and transport. [GOC:jl, PMID:17959832, PMID:9024685]


A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic host cells. [GOC:jl]


Binding to a Rel Homology Domain (RHD) of a protein. The RHD is found in a family of eukaryotic transcription factors, which includes NF-kappaB, Dorsal, Relish and NFAT. [InterPro:IPR011539, Wikipedia:Rel_homology_domain]


TRAF-type zinc finger domain binding
zinc-finger-TRAF domain binding
zinc finger TRAF-type domain binding

Binding to a TRAF-type zinc finger domain of a protein. [InterPro:IPR001293]


The double lipid bilayer enclosing the host nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the host cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). [GOC:jl]


Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the host nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. [GOC:jl]


The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the host nuclear envelope. [GOC:jl]


The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the host nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. [GOC:jl]


The fibrous, electron-dense layer lying on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner membrane of a host cell nucleus, composed of lamin filaments. [GOC:jl]


The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the host nuclear membrane. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate, starting with the synthesis of (S)-dihydroorotate from bicarbonate; UMP biosynthesis may either occur via reduction by quinone, NAD(+) or oxygen. [GOC:ecd, GOC:jl]


UMP biosynthetic process via nucleoside salvage pathway

UMP biosynthesis via nucleoside salvage pathway

Any process which produces UMP, uridine monophosphate, from derivatives of it (e.g. cytidine, uridine, cytosine) without de novo synthesis. [GOC:ecd, PMID:15096496]


translation initiation (ternary) complex location

translation initiation ternary complex location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). [GOC:jl]


Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex location


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP). [GOC:ecd, PMID:10888601]


AMP biosynthetic process via salvage pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from derivatives of it (either adenine, ADP or adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate) without de novo synthesis. [GOC:ecd, GOC:jl, PMID:8917457, PMID:9864350]


'de novo' cytidine 5'-triphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from simpler components. [GOC:ecd, GOC:jl, PMID:11912132, PMID:18439916]


CTP biosynthetic process via salvage pathway

Any process which produces cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. [GOC:ecd, GOC:jl, PMID:10501935]


transcription regulatory region DNA binding


intronic transcription regulatory region DNA binding


Any constituent part of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting. [GOC:jl]


The cell membrane of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting. [GOC:jl]


A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one host cell to that of an adjacent host cell. [GOC:rph, PMID:16903353]


host cell perinuclear region of cytoplasm

The host cell cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the host nucleus. [GOC:rph]


The junction between a nerve fiber of one host neuron and another host neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell; the site of interneuronal communication. [GOC:rph]


An intracytoplasmic membrane-bounded compartment in anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria, is the site of anammox catabolism. [GOC:dh, PMID:17993524, PMID:19682260]


A cytoplasmic structure found in bacterial phyla Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia containing a condensed nucleoid and ribosomes and surrounded by an intracytoplasmic membrane. It is surrounded by ribosome-free cytoplasm, in a compartment called the paryphoplasm. [GOC:dh, PMID:19133117]


A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions. [GOC:BHF, GOC:jl, PMID:10624965, PMID:14682359]


Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the apical dendrite emerges. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1186862860]


Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the basilar dendrite emerges. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1186862860]


methanotroph intracytoplasmic membrane-bound compartment

A cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded compartment found within Methanotrophic bacteria that contains enzymes and electron transfer proteins for methane catabolism. This structure is analogous to the thylakoid of Cyanobacteria and the anammoxosome of anaerobic ammonium oxidation organisms. [GOC:dh]


The external part of the host cell wall and/or host plasma membrane. [GOC:rph]


The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer host membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or inner host membrane and host cell wall (Fungi). [GOC:rph]


An envelope that surrounds a bacterial host cell and includes the host cytoplasmic membrane and everything external, encompassing the host periplasmic space, host cell wall, and host outer membrane if present. [GOC:rph]


A specialized area of membrane of the host axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the host neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many host synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane. [GOC:rph]


mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane

endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrion membrane contact site

mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact

A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondrial membranes, structured by bridging complexes. These contact sites are thought to facilitate inter-organelle calcium and phospholipid exchange. [GOC:jl, PMID:19556461, PMID:22078959, PMID:29626751, PMID:29684109]


A process that results in the breakdown of the cell wall. [GOC:jl]


Electron dense material observed coating the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane in certain regions of a neuron, e.g., the axon initial segment; the nodal membrane at the Node of Ranvier. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1938587839]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. [GOC:curators, GOC:pde, GOC:vw]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. [GOC:curators, GOC:vw]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. [GOC:curators, GOC:pde, GOC:vw]


A tubular structure of relatively uniform size that connects a mitochondrial crista to the mitochondrial inner boundary membrane. [GOC:mcc, PMID:21944719, PMID:21987634, PMID:22009199]


A cell-cell contact zone that consists of membrane invaginations extending from either cell, which contain tight-, gap-, and adherens junctions. Peg and socket contacts form between endothelial cells and pericytes, and between lens fiber cells. [GOC:tfm, NIF_Subcellular:sao1943947957, PMID:12883993, PMID:16166562, PMID:17591898]


A small version of the zonula adherens type junction, characterized by a symmetrical adherent point between two cells. [NIF_Subcellular:sao257629430]


cell cell contact zone
cell-cell contact zone
cell-cell contact region

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1299635018]


dendrite terminal
terminal specialization of a dendrite
dendrite terminal specialization

A structure at the distal end of a dendrite adapted to carry out a specific function, e.g. dendriole. [GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao28175134]


Small dendrites that makes up a brush structure found as the terminal specialization of a dendrite of a unipolar brush cell (UBC). [GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao28175134, NIF_Subcellular:sao295057932, PMID:8300904]


The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell dendrite. [GOC:jl]


The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon. [GOC:jl, NIF_Subcellular:sao203987954]


The terminal specialization found in some types of dendrites which consists of numerous small terminal branches, giving the dendrite a tufted appearance. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1340260079]


The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. [GOC:go_curators]


The plasma membrane of a cell that bears surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella, excluding the plasma membrane on cell projections. [GOC:ecd]


The axon of inferior olive neuron that projects to the cerebellar cortex, largely via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. They range in diameter from 1-3 um and are myelinated until they enter the granule cell layer. They give off collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei. They synapse extensively with the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the molecular layer, where each fiber branches repeatedly to climb along the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Each Purkinje cell is innervated by only a single climbing fiber. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090203]


granule cell axon
dentate gyrus mossy fibre

Distinctive, unmyelinated axons produced by granule cells. [NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090601, PMID:17765709]


The main axonal trunk, as opposed to the collaterals; i.e., excluding collaterals, terminal, spines, or dendrites. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1596975044]


The terminal specialization of a calyciferous axon which forms large synapses in the mammalian auditory central nervous system. [NIF_Subcellular:sao1684283879, PMID:11823805]


neuron projection terminal
neuron terminal specialization

The specialized, terminal region of a neuron projection such as an axon or a dendrite. [GOC:jl]


A dendrite arising from another dendrite. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, NIF_Subcellular:sao884265541]


A spine that originates from the axon, usually from the initial segment. [NIF_Subcellular:sao18239917]


A small membranous protrusion, often ending in a bulbous head and attached to the neuron by a narrow stalk or neck. [ISBN:0198504888, NIF_Subcellular:sao1145756102]


A membrane-bounded vesicle found predominantly in Plasmodium female gametocytes, that becomes progressively more abundant as the gametocyte reaches full maturity. These vesicles lie beneath the subpellicular membrane of the gametocyte, and the release of their contents into the parasitophorous vacuole has been postulated to aid in the escape of gametocytes from the erythrocyte after ingestion by the mosquito. [GOC:jl, PMID:18086189]


A dense granule-like organelle of the apical complex of merozoites, released into the parasitophorous vacuole, mediating protease-dependent rupture and parasite exit from the infected erythrocyte. [GOC:jl, PMID:18083092, PMID:18083098]


A transient, cytoplasmic organelle found in Plasmodium species that resembles a cytoplasmic inclusion body and whose function is poorly understood. Crystalloids form in ookinetes and disappear after ookinete-to-oocyst transformation. [GOC:jl, PMID:19932717]


invasive growth in response to pheromone

The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells as a result of a pheromone stimulus. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:mcc]


regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation


negative regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation


positive regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation


negative regulation of hypodermis development


positive regulation of hypodermis development


regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex biosynthesis

regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex formation

regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly

regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex assembly

regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex formation

positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex assembly

stimulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly

positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly

up regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly

positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional pre-initiation complex biosynthesis

up-regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly

upregulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly

activation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly

positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of activation of terminal complement complex

positive regulation of activation of TCC


positive regulation of activation of the terminal complement cascade


negative regulation of activation of terminal complement complex

negative regulation of activation of TCC


negative regulation of activation of the terminal complement cascade


vasodilation of artery involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure

artery vasodilation involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure

An increase in the internal diameter of an artery, triggered by vasomotor suppression, during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure. [ISBN:0721643949]


cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels involved in sprouting angiogenesis. [PMID:16391003]


blood vessel endothelial cell migration involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis

The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during intussusceptive angiogenesis. [PMID:16391003]


fatty-acyl-CoA synthesis
fatty acyl CoA biosynthetic process
fatty-acyl-CoA anabolism
fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthesis
fatty-acyl-CoA formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group. [ISBN:0198506732]


inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation

Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. [GOC:dph, PMID:16678814]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. [GOC:hjd]


A structure involved in coupling stereocilia to one another in sensory hair cells There are four morphologically distinct types: tip links, horizontal top connectors, shaft connectors and ankle links. Tip links and horizontal top connectors are the only inter-stereocilia links associated with mature cochlea, whereas ankle links appear during development of the auditory hair bundle. [PMID:16775142]


A stereocilia link that is formed by a fine filament running more or less vertically upward from the tip of each shorter stereocilium to attach at a higher point on its adjacent taller neighbor. Tilting the bundle puts tension on the filaments, which pull on mechanically gated ion channels in the membrane of the stereocilia. [PMID:1108787]


A stereocilia coupling link that is composed of a fine filament present in developing stereocilia that couples the bases of individual stereocilia to one another. They are not present in mature stereocilia. [PMID:17567809]


A complex of proteins that connect growing stereocilia in developing cochlear hair cells, composed of Vlgr1, usherin, vezatin, and whirlin. [PMID:16775142]


wobble position s2U biosynthesis
tRNA wobble uridine thiolation

The process in which a uridine residue at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally thiolated at the C2 position. This process involves transfer of a sulfur from cysteine to position C2 by several steps. [PMID:16871210]


cytosolic tRNA wobble base thiouridylase complex location

A complex of two proteins involved in the thiolation of uridine 34 (U34) of tRNAs decoding two-family box triplets. [PMID:17062623, PMID:18391219]


HMP-PP pyrophosphatase
HMP-PP diphosphatase

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine pyrophosphate + H2O = hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate + phosphate + H(+). [MetaCyc:RXN0-3543]


HOCl metabolic process
hypochlorous acid metabolism
HClO metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypochlorous acid. [GOC:add, PMID:10085024, PMID:176150]


HClO biosynthetic process
HOCl biosynthetic process
hypochlorous acid biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid. [GOC:add, PMID:10085024, PMID:176150]


HOCl catabolic process
HClO catabolic process
hypochlorous acid catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypochlorous acid. [GOC:add]


G-quadruplex RNA binding
G quadruplex binding
G quartet RNA binding
G quartet binding

Binding to a G-quadruplex RNA structure, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. [PMID:18294969, PMID:18568163, PMID:19330720]


The process in which bile acids are covalently linked to taurine or glycine. [PMID:1094911, PMID:708413]


steroid receptor RNA activator RNA binding

Binding to a steroid receptor RNA activator RNA (SRA). SRA enhances steroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity as an RNA transcript by an indirect mechanism that does not involve SRA-steroid receptor binding. [GOC:vw, PMID:10199399, PMID:15180993]


thyroid hormone mediated signalling pathway

thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a thyroid hormone. [GOC:hjd]


regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signalling pathway

regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway. [GOC:hjd]


negative regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signalling pathway

negative regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway. [GOC:hjd]


positive regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signalling pathway

positive regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway. [GOC:hjd]


The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes. [CL:0000092, GOC:hjd]


A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm. [GOC:hjd, ISBN:0198506732]


The maintenance of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junctions found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an interspace of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm. [GOC:hjd, ISBN:0198506732]


The hydrolysis of an incorrectly aminoacylated tRNA. [GOC:hjd, PMID:14663147, PMID:16087889]


Binding to dystroglycan, a glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal). [GOC:hjd]


A ternary complex consisting of VRK3, VHR (Dusp3), and ERK1 (Mapk3) existing in neuronal cells, and is involved in regulation of the ERK signaling pathway. [GOC:hjd, PMID:16845380]


mitochondrial 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase holoenzyme

3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex location, mitochondrial

mitochondrial methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase complex location

3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex, mitochondrial

A mitochondrial protein complex which is capable of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In mammals, at least, consists as a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. MCCC-alpha has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. MCCC-beta possesses carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA. [GOC:bf, GOC:hjd, PMID:15868465, PMID:17360195, PMID:22869039]


establishment of body hair or bristle planar orientation

Orientation of hairs or sensory bristles that cover the body surface of an adult, such that they all point in a uniform direction along the plane of the epithelium from which they project. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


establishment of body hair planar orientation

Orientation of body hairs, projections from the surface of an organism, such that the hairs all point in a uniform direction along the surface. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


establishment of body bristle planar orientation

establishment of thoracic bristle planar orientation

Orientation along the body surface of bristles, sensory organs originating from a sensory organ precursor cell, such that they all point in a uniform direction. [FBbt:00004298, FBbt:00004408, GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


COPII vesicle coating
COPII vesicle coat assembly
COPII vesicle coat formation

The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, ISBN:0716731363, PMID:10219233]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the flower calyx over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bursa of Fabricius over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bursa of Fabricius is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


histamine production involved in acute inflammatory response


serotonin production involved in acute inflammatory response


platelet activating factor production involved in acute inflammatory response


lysosomal enzyme production involved in acute inflammatory response

production of lysosomal enzymes involved in acute inflammatory response


histamine secretion involved in acute inflammatory response


serotonin secretion involved in acute inflammatory response


The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size. [GOC:lm, PMID:15726494, PMID:15907921]


regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth. [GOC:lm, PMID:15726494, PMID:15907921]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized. [GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:lm]


The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids. [PMID:23396135]


RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex formation

RNA polymerase II transcription PIC biosynthesis

RNA polymerase II transcription PIC formation

RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly

RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:10882737, PMID:15020047]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion formation, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions. [GOC:ai]


production of molecular mediator involved in acute inflammatory response


lysosomal enzyme secretion involved in acute inflammatory response

secretion of lysosomal enzymes involved in acute inflammatory response


cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response


nitric oxide production involved in acute inflammatory response

production of nitric oxide involved in acute inflammatory response


arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in acute inflammatory response

production of arachidonic acid metabolites involved in acute inflammatory response


prostaglandin production involved in acute inflammatory response


leukotriene production involved in acute inflammatory response


activation of plasma proteins involved in acute inflammatory response

Any process activating plasma proteins by proteolysis as part of an acute inflammatory response. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]


OBSOLETE. A protein complex that forms part of the nuclear pore complex, and is required for its correct assembly. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nic96 contains Nsp1p, Nup57p, Nup49p, and Nic96p. [GOC:jh, PMID:12791264, PMID:15741174]


OBSOLETE. A protein complex that forms part of the nuclear pore complex. It forms a subcomplex with Nup159p and Nsp1p, interacts with Nup116p, and is required for proper localization of Nup116p. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae this complex contains Nup82p, Nsp1p, Nup159p, Nup116p, and Gle2p. [GOC:jh, PMID:12791264, PMID:15741174]


vibrational conductance of sound to the inner ear

The transmission of vibrations via ossicles to the inner ear. [GOC:mh]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-proline, an L-enantiomer of a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins. [GOC:ecd]


(2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine. [GOC:ecd]


Binding to a C3HC4-type zinc finger domain of a protein. The C3HC4-type zinc finger is a variant of RING finger, is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway. [GOC:amm, InterPro:IPR001841, InterPro:IPR018957]


regulation of signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pheromone-dependent signal transduction during conjugation with cellular fusion. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of respiratory burst involved in acute inflammatory response


positive regulation of respiratory burst involved in acute inflammatory response


negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in acute inflammatory response


cilium movement involved in cell motility

Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of phosphoinositide dephosphorylation

regulation of phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reaction involving the removal of one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The process in which the sagittal suture is generated and organized. [GOC:dph, GOC:sl]


resumption of meiosis involved in egg activation

activation of meiosis involved in egg activation

Any process that starts the inactive process of meiosis in an egg after the egg has been fertilized or physiologically activated. Eggs generally arrest in meiosis and complete the process after activation. [GOC:dph]


reactivation of meiosis after fertilization


Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). [GOC:dph]


negative regulation of fertilization involved in egg activation

The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg. [GOC:dph]


elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in egg activation

positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in egg activation

The process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol after fertilization or the physiological activation of an egg. [GOC:dph]


The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a cortical granule by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. A cortical granule is a specialized secretory vesicle that is released during egg activation that changes the surface of the egg to prevent polyspermy. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of cortical granule exocytosis by elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

positive regulation of cortical granule exocytosis by positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cortical granule exocytosis by directing movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol. [GOC:dph]


A secretory vesicle that is stored under the cell membrane of an egg. These vesicles fuse with the egg plasma membrane as part of egg activation and are part of the block to polyspermy. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of sperm motility involved in capacitation


positive regulation of actin polymerization involved in acrosome reaction

positive regulation of actin filament polymerization involved in acrosome reaction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization as part of the acrosome reaction. [GOC:dph]


protein localisation involved in acrosome reaction

protein localization involved in acrosome reaction

The actin-based process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction. [GOC:dph]


acrosome exocytosis
acrosomal granule exocytosis

The calcium ion regulated exocytosis which results in fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the plasma membrane of the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction. [GOC:dph]


The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung goblet cell. A goblet cell is a cell of the epithelial lining that produces and secretes mucins. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus epithelium is the tissue made up of epithelial cells that lines the inside of the lobar bronchus. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus mesenchyme is the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


lung mesenchyme development
pulmonary mesenchyme development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. [GOC:dph]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a club cell. A club cell is an unciliated epithelial cell found in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung, PMID:28144783]


pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung. [GOC:dph]


perpendicular dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in lung branching morphogenesis

orthogonal dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in lung branching morphogenesis

The process in which a lung bud bifurcates perpendicular to the plane of the previous bud. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


planar dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in lung branching morphogenesis

The process in which a lung bud bifurcates parallel to the plane of the previous bud. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


lateral sprouting involved in lung morphogenesis

The process in which a branch forms along the side of the lung epithelial tube. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes the cells of the foregut to change their fates and specify the development of the lung. [GOC:dph]


mesenchymal-endodermal cell signalling involved in lung induction

mesenchymal-endodermal cell signaling involved in lung induction

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an endodermal cell in the foregut and contributes to the formation of the lung bud. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


inductive mesenchymal-endodermal cell signalling

inductive mesenchymal-endodermal cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an endodermal cell changing the fate of the endodermal cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


cell-cell signalling involved in lung development

cell-cell signaling involved in lung development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


mesenchymal-epithelial cell signalling involved in lung development

mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in lung development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell and contributes to the development of the lung. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


Any process that mediates the transfer of information between a mesenchymal cell and an endodermal cell. [GOC:dph]


retinoic acid receptor signalling pathway involved in lung bud formation

retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in lung bud formation

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the formation of the primary lung bud. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in lung induction

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in lung induction

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in the formation of the lung bud along the lateral-esophageal sulcus. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape. [GOC:dph]


epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung. [GOC:dph]


The process in which a bud in the lung increases radially. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung bud dilation

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung bud increasing in size radially. [GOC:dph]


epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung bud dilation

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells that contribute to the radial growth of a lung bud. [GOC:dph]


hh signaling pathway involved in lung development

hedgehog signaling pathway involved in lung development

smoothened signalling pathway involved in lung development

smoothened signaling pathway involved in lung development

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein. This process contributes to lung development. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


epidermal growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in lung development

epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in lung development

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. This process contributes to lung development. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature basal cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. A basal cell is an epithelial stem cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung, ISBN:0721662544]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type II pneumocyte. A type II pneumocyte is a surfactant secreting cell that contains abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung, ISBN:0721662544]


creation of an inductive signal by a mesenchymal cell involved in lung induction

The process in which splanchnic mesenchymal cells send a signal over a short range to endodermal cells inducing them to form the primary lung bud. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]


The process in which the anatomical structures of a prostate gland are generated and organized. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


primary prostate bud formation
prostate ductal budding
prostate gland formation

The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


The close range interaction of the urogenital sinus mesenchyme and the urogenital sinus epithelium that causes the cells of the urogenital sinus epithelium to change their fates and specify the development of the prostate gland. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the urogenital sinus epithelium into the area in which the prostate gland will develop. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


prostate bud elongation involved in prostate morphogenesis

The increase in size of the prostatic bud as it forms. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostatic bud elongation

The multiplication of epithelial cells, contributing to the expansion of the primary prostatic bud. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


cell migration involved in prostatic bud elongation

The orderly movement of epithelial cells from one site to another contributing to the elongation of the primary prostatic bud. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


cell adhesion involved in prostatic bud elongation

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the elongation of the primary prostatic bud. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


activation of prostate induction by androgen receptor signalling pathway

activation of prostate induction by androgen receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by androgen binding to its receptor in the urogenital sinus mesenchyme that initiates prostate induction. Prostate induction is the close range interaction of the urogenital sinus mesenchyme and the urogenital sinus epithelium that causes the cells of the urogenital sinus epithelium to change their fates and specify the development of the prostate gland. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:18977204]


mesenchymal-epithelial cell signalling involved in prostate induction

mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in prostate induction

Signaling at short range from urogenital sinus mesenchymal cells to cells of the urogenital epithelium resulting in the epithelial cells adopting a prostatic fate. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


inductive mesenchymal to epithelial cell signalling

inductive mesenchymal to epithelial cell signaling

Signaling at short range from mesenchymal cells to cells of an epithelium that results in a developmental change in the epithelial cells. [GOC:dph]


The developmental growth process in which solid chords of prostate epithelium increase in length. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


dichotomous subdivision of prostate epithelial cord terminal unit

The process in which a prostate epithelial cord bifurcates at its end. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


The process in which the prostate glandular acini are generated and organized. The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland. [GOC:dph]


prostate epithelial cord arborization involved in prostate glandular acinus morphogenesis

The branching morphogenesis process in which the prostate epithelial cords branch freely to create the structure of the prostate acini. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


secretory columnal luminar epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate glandular acinus development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell acquires specialized features of a secretory columnal luminar epithelial cell of the prostate. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


squamous basal epithelial stem cell differentiation involved in prostate gland acinus development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell acquires specialized features of a squamous basal epithelial stem cell of the prostate. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in prostate glandular acinus development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the prostate glandular acinus. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


neuroendocrine cell differentiation involved in prostate gland acinus development

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquires specialized structural and functions of a neuroendocrine cell of the prostate gland acinus. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]


bronchus cartilage morphogenesis
pulmonary cartilage development

The process in which the bronchus cartilage is generated and organized. The bronchus cartilage is the connective tissue of the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs. [GOC:dph]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [GOC:dph]


The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized. [GOC:dph]


The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers. [GOC:dph]


The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue. [GOC:dph]


The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs. [GOC:dph]


The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange. [GOC:dph]


Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of Rad51-mediated strand invasion

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. [GOC:dph, GOC:elh, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of D-loop biosynthesis


Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of necroptotic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:tb]


regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


establishment of necroptosis
induction of necroptosis


induction of necroptosis of activated-T cells


induction of necroptosis by extracellular signals


regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3). [CHEBI:27300, GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, ISBN:0471331309]


positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3). [CHEBI:27300, GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, ISBN:0471331309]


regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


developmental growth involved in morphogenesis

The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape. [GOC:dph]


The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. [GOC:dph]


The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of APC activity during mitotic cell cycle


positive regulation of transcription termination, DNA-dependent

positive regulation of DNA-dependent transcription, termination

positive regulation of termination of DNA-dependent transcription

positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, termination

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:txnOH]


negative regulation of termination of DNA-dependent transcription

negative regulation of transcription termination, DNA-dependent

negative regulation of DNA-dependent transcription, termination

negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription, termination

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:txnOH]


regulation of peptide hormone processing

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of peptide hormone processing. Peptide hormone processing is the generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of peptide hormone processing

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of peptide hormone processing. Peptide hormone processing is the generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of peptide hormone processing

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of peptide hormone processing. Peptide hormone processing is the generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


folding of an epithelial sheet
epithelial folding

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis. [GOC:dph]


The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding. [GOC:dph]


cell fate specification involved in pattern specification

The process involved in the specification of the identity of a cell in a field of cells that is being instructed as to how to differentiate. Once specification has taken place, that cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus. [GOC:dph, PMID:18824147]


intestinal epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine. [GOC:dph]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph]


pulmonary venous blood vessel morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart. [GOC:dph]


The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart. [GOC:dph]


ventral spinal cord interneuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a ventral spinal cord interneuron. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. [GOC:dph]


ventral spinal cord interneuron fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. [GOC:dph]


cell fate commitment involved in pattern specification

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type. [GOC:dph]


cell fate determination involved in pattern specification

A process involved in commitment of a cell to a fate in a developmental field. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment. [GOC:dph]


regulation of actin cortical patch localisation

regulation of actin cortical patch localization

Any process that modulates the localization of an actin cortical patch. An actin cortical patch is a discrete actin-containing structure found just beneath the plasma membrane in fungal cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of fatty acid cyclooxygenase activity

regulation of prostaglandin synthetase activity

regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of prostaglandin synthetase activity

positive regulation of fatty acid cyclooxygenase activity

positive regulation of PG synthetase activity

positive regulation of (PG)H synthase activity

positive regulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


multicellular organismal iron ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of the distribution of iron stores within tissues and organs of a multicellular organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:hjd, GOC:tb]


regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Binds to and modulates the activity of an NTPase. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Binds to and modulates the activity of an ATP hydrolysis activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


chondrocyte progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes. [GOC:dph]


The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme. [GOC:dph, PMID:16168142, PMID:17120154]


The developmental process in which the mammary placode forms. The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper. [GOC:dph, PMID:16168142]


Wnt receptor signalling pathway involved in mammary gland specification

Wnt receptor signaling pathway involved in mammary gland specification

Wnt-activated signaling pathway involved in mammary gland specification

Wnt signaling pathway involved in mammary gland specification

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes. [GOC:dph, PMID:16168142]


The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes. [GOC:dph]


fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling pathway involved in mammary gland specification

fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in mammary gland specification

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a fibroblast growth factor to its receptor on the surface of al cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes. [GOC:dph, PMID:16168142]


dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis

The process in which the terminal end of a mammary duct bifurcates. [GOC:dph, PMID:17120154]


lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis

The process in which a branch forms along the side of a mammary duct. [GOC:dph, PMID:17120154]


dichotomous subdivision of an epithelial terminal unit

The process in which an epithelial cord, rod or tube bifurcates at its end. [GOC:dph]


The process in which a branch forms along the side of an epithelium. [GOC:dph]


The growth process in which a branch increases in length from its base to its tip. [GOC:dph]


The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary ducts are generated and organized. Mammary ducts are epithelial tubes that transport milk. [GOC:dph, PMID:17120154]


Creation of the central hole of the mammary gland duct by the hollowing out of a solid rod. [GOC:dph, PMID:17120154]


The formation of a lumen by hollowing out a solid rod or cord. [GOC:dph]


Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure by sealing the edges of an epithelial fold. [GOC:dph]


cell-cell adhesion involved in sealing an epithelial fold

The attachment of one cell to another cell along the edges of two epithelial folds, giving rise to the lumen of an epithelial tube. [GOC:dph]


cell-cell adhesion involved in neural tube closure

The attachment of one cell to another cell along the edges of two epithelial folds, giving rise to the lumen of the neural tube. [GOC:dph]


apoptosis involved in tube lumen cavitation

apoptotic process involved in tube lumen cavitation

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the hollowing out of an epithelial rod or cord to form the central hole in a tube. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


mammary gland mesenchymal cell differentiation

mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in mammary gland development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mammary gland mesenchymal cell. Mammary gland mesenchymal cells form a loosely connected network of cells that surround the mammary ducts. [GOC:dph]


The progression of the mammary gland fat over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts. [GOC:dph]


The progression of a fat pad from its initial formation to its mature structure. A fat pad is an accumulation of adipose tissue. [GOC:dph]


negative regulation of mammary gland development in males by androgen receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of mammary gland development in males by androgen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of mammary gland development in the male by an androgen binding to its receptor, causing a change in state or activity of a cell. [GOC:dph]


The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from the mammary placode. A mammary bud is bulb of epithelial cells that is distinct from the surrounding epidermis. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


The process in which the mammary gland cord forms by elongation of the mammary bud. The cord is formed once the elongating bud breaks through the mesenchyme and reaches the fat pad. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


positive regulation of mammary placode formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signalling

positive regulation of mammary placode formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling

Any process that initiates the formation of a mammary placode through a mechanism that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell resulting in the epithelial cell adopting the identity of a cell of the mammary placode. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


The progression of the nipple over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nipple is a part of the mammary gland that protrudes from the surface ectoderm. [GOC:dph]


cell migration involved in mammary placode formation

The orderly movement of epithelial cells within the mammary line that contributes to the formation of the mammary placode. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of cholesterol import

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of ascospore wall beta-glucan biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ascospore wall beta-glucan biosynthetic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of ascospore wall 1,3-beta-glucan biosynthetic process


Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deneddylation, the removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of vesicle-mediated transport

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of homologous chromosome segregation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of homologous chromosome segregation, the cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of microtubule-based movement

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:txnOH]


regulation of 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pyruvylated galactose residue 4-6-O-[(R)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-Gal-beta-(1->3)-. The galactose residue is part of a larger polysaccharide chain. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of lactation by mesenchymal-epithelial cell signalling

positive regulation of lactation by mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling

The process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lactation as a result of the secretion of a signal from the mammary fat and its reception by a mammary epithelial cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of salivary gland formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signalling

positive regulation of salivary gland formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling

Any process that induces the formation of the salivary gland field by means of the secretion of a signal by a mesenchymal cell and its reception and interpretation by an epithelial cell resulting in it adopting the identity of a salivary gland bud cell. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of dentine-containing tooth bud formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signalling

positive regulation of dentine-containing tooth bud formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling

positive regulation of dentin-containing tooth bud formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling

Any process that initiates the formation of a tooth bud by the secretion of a signal from a mesenchymal cell and its reception and subsequent change in the identity of an epithelial cell of the tooth bud. [GOC:dph]


The process in which the epithelium of the mammary duct is destroyed in males. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


white fat cell differentiation involved in mammary gland fat development

The process in which a preadipocyte acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte of the mammary gland. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland bud morphogenesis

The process in which a cell of the mammary placode becomes a cell of the mammary gland bud. [GOC:dph]


mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland. [GOC:dph]


peripheral mammary gland bud epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell of the mammary placode becomes an epithelial cell at the periphery of the mammary gland bud. Cells at the periphery of the bud are larger that those of the surrounding epithelium and are arranged concentrically. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


internal mammary gland bud epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell of the mammary placode becomes an internal epithelial cell of the mammary gland bud. Internal cells are small and of irregular shape. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


mesenchymal cell condensation involved in mammary fat development

The cell adhesion process in which mammary mesenchyme cells adhere to one another in the initial stages of the formation of mammary fat development. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland buds are generated and organized. Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


The process in which the mammary gland bud grows along its axis. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland bud elongation

The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland bud epithelial cells, resulting in the elongation of the bud. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland bud elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland bud epithelial cell proliferation that results in the elongation of the bud. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland cord are generated and organized. Mammary gland cords form when the mammary gland bud invades the mammary fat. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland cord morphogenesis

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland cord. Epithelial cells of the mammary cord give it its funnel-like shape and some are cornified. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


epithelial cell differentiation involved in mammary gland sprout morphogenesis


The process in which the mammary gland sprout grows along its axis. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


branching involved in mammary gland cord morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland cord is generated and organized. The mammary gland cord is a solid epithelial structure that will hollow out, forming the mammary duct. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


regulation of branching involved in mammary cord morphogenesis by fat precursor cell-epithelial cell signalling

regulation of branching involved in mammary cord morphogenesis by fat precursor cell-epithelial cell signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching of the mammary gland cord as a result of a signal being created by a mammary fat precursor cell and its subsequent reception and interpretation by a mammary cord epithelial cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


regulation of mammary gland cord elongation by mammary fat precursor cell-epithelial cell signalling

regulation of mammary gland cord elongation by mammary fat precursor cell-epithelial cell signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of mammary gland cord elongation as a result of a signal being created by a mesenchymal cell that is a precursor to the mammary fat and its subsequent reception and interpretation by an mammary cord epithelial cell. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


The process in which the nipple is generated and organized. [GOC:dph]


The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the nipple sheath from the unspecified epidermis. This process begins with a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout. It ends before the region begins to elevate. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


epidermis morphogenesis involved in nipple formation

The process in which the epidermis of the nipple sheath is uplifted to form an umbrella-like projection. [GOC:dph, PMID:12558599]


The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a submandibular salivary gland. This process begins with a thickening of the epithelium next to the tongue and ends when a bud linked to the oral surface is formed. [GOC:dph, PMID:17336109]


The process in which the solid core of salivary epithelium gives rise to the hollow tube of the gland. [GOC:dph]


apoptosis involved in salivary gland cavitation

apoptotic process involved in salivary gland cavitation

Any apoptotic process in which the solid core of the gland is hollowed out to form the duct. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:17336109]


epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells of the submandibular salivary gland, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and the shaping of the gland. [GOC:dph, PMID:17336109]


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by mesenchymal-epithelial signalling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis as a result of signals being generated by the mesenchyme and received and interpreted by the salivary gland epithelium. [GOC:dph, PMID:17336109]

regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling


dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in salivary gland branching

The process in which a salivary epithelial cord bifurcates at its end. [GOC:dph]


branch elongation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis

The differential growth of the salivary branches along their axis, resulting in the growth of a branch. [GOC:dph]


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by extracellular matrix-epithelial cell signalling

regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by extracellular matrix-epithelial cell signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the extracellular matrix to the epithelium of the salivary gland. [GOC:dph]


The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized. [GOC:dph]


epithelial cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development

The process in which a trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the placental labyrinthine layer. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916377]


epithelial cell morphogenesis involved in placental branching

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a trophoblast cell elongates to contribute to the branching of the placenta. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:16916377]


cell-cell signalling involved in placenta development

cell-cell signaling involved in placenta development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916377]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916377]


The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]


The developmental growth in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis beginning with the growth of the primary ureteric bud and ending when the branches of the bud have elongated. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]


bifid subdivision of terminal units involved in ureteric bud branching

dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in ureteric bud branching

The process in which a ureteric bud bifurcates at its end. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]


trifid subdivision of terminal units involved in ureteric bud branching

The process in which a ureteric bud splits into three units at its end. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]


lateral sprouting involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

The process in which a branch forms along the side of a ureteric bud. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]


branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching

The growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]


The process in which the primary ureteric bud grows along its axis dorsally toward the metanephric blastema. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by epithelial-mesenchymal signalling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the epithelial cells to the mesenchymal cells of the salivary gland. [GOC:dph, PMID:18559345]

regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by epithelial-mesenchymal signaling