regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


renal regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasodilation of the peripheral vascular system

renal vasodilation of the peripheral vascular system involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by vasodilation of the peripheral vascular system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


blood pressure regulation by renin-angiotensin

regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin

The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


angiotensin-mediated negative regulation of renal output

angiotensin mediated negative regulation of renal output

negative regulation of renal output by angiotensin

The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The process that reduces the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by local renal renin-angiotensin

The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the kidney modulate the force with which blood passes through the renal circulatory system. The process begins when renin cleaves angiotensinogen. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


increased force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine

increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine released from the nerve endings

positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine

The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


increased force of heart contraction by neuronal adrenaline


positive regulation of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine


increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine in the bloodstream

positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine

The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


increased force of heart contraction by circulating adrenaline


positive regulation of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine

positive regulation of heart contraction by circulating adrenaline


increased force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine

increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine in the blood stream

increased force of heart contraction by circulating adrenaline-noradrenaline

positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine

Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


positive regulation of heart contraction by circulating epinephrine-norepinephrine

positive regulation of heart contraction by circulating adrenaline-noradrenaline


increased force of heart contraction by neuronal adrenaline-noradrenaline

increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine released from the nerve endings

increased force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine-norepinephrine

positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine-norepinephrine

Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine released from the nerve endings. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


negative regulation of renal water excretion

The process in which renal water excretion is decreased. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


The process in which the volume of blood increases renal pressure and thereby results in both an increase in urine volume (diuresis) and an increase in the amount of sodium excreted in the urine (natriuresis). [GOC:mtg_cardio]


The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the renal system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


The directed movement of water (H2O) by the renal system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


The process in which blood volume is regulated due to a change in the rate of glomerular filtration. This is accomplished by a feedback mechanism that senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


positive regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction by chemical signal

positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal

Any process which increases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin

The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of blood pressure by circulating adrenaline-noradrenaline

regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory epinephrine-norepinephrine

The process in which epinephrine-norepinephrine modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


positive regulation of glomerular filtration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


negative regulation of glomerular filtration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of glomerular filtration by angiotensin

angiotensin-mediated regulation of glomerular filtration


negative regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal

Any process which decreases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


negative regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction by chemical signal


increased force of heart contraction by circulating norepinephrine

positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating norepinephrine

The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


increased force of heart contraction by circulating noradrenaline


increased force of heart contraction by neuronal norepinephrine

positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal norepinephrine

The process in which the release of norepinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


increased force of heart contraction by neuronal noradrenaline


positive regulation of heart rate by circulating adrenaline

positive regulation of heart rate by circulating epinephrine

The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream increases the rate of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal adrenaline

positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal epinephrine

The process in which the secretion of epinephrine from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal noradrenaline

positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal norepinephrine

The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


positive regulation of heart rate by circulating noradrenaline

positive regulation of heart rate by circulating norepinephrine

The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream increases the rate of heart muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of vasoconstriction by epinephrine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of vasoconstriction by norepinephrine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating noradrenaline

regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating norepinephrine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of vasoconstriction by neuronal noradrenaline

regulation of vasoconstriction by neuronal norepinephrine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of norepinephrine released by nerve endings. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of vasoconstriction by neuronal adrenaline

regulation of vasoconstriction by neuronal epinephrine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of epinephrine released by nerve endings. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating adrenaline

regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating epinephrine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


regulation of vasodilation by adrenaline

regulation of vasodilation by epinephrine


regulation of vasodilation by noradrenaline

regulation of vasodilation by norepinephrine


R-glutaminyl-peptide:amine gamma-glutamyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein glutamine + alkylamine = protein N5-alkylglutamine + NH3. This reaction is the formation of the N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine isopeptide, resulting in cross-linking polypeptide chains; the gamma-carboxamide groups of peptidyl-glutamine residues act as acyl donors, and the 6-amino-groups of peptidyl-lysine residues act as acceptors, to give intra- and intermolecular N6-(5-glutamyl)lysine cross-links. [EC:2.3.2.13, RESID:AA0124]


uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine-glycopeptide beta4-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III


beta-galactoside (CMP) alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-R. [EC:2.4.99.4]


amylo-(1,4 to 1,6)transglucosidase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a segment of a (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan chain to a primary hydroxyl group in a similar glucan chain. [EC:2.4.1.18]

1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme activity


LDL-PLA(2) activity
LDL-associated phospholipase A2

LDL-associated phospholipase A(2) activity


platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity


branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity


beta-hydroxybutyrylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase activity


branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase activity

branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity

branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity


branched-chain (-2-oxoacid) dehydrogenase (BCD) activity


branched-chain 2-keto acid dehydrogenase activity


branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase activity


dehydrogenase, branched chain alpha-keto acid activity

branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activity


branched-chain alpha-oxo acid dehydrogenase activity


4-aminobutyric acid 2-ketoglutaric acid aminotransferase activity

gamma-aminobutyric acid-alpha-ketoglutaric acid aminotransferase activity

gamma-aminobutyric acid-2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity

gamma-aminobutyric acid-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity

GABA-alpha-ketoglutaric acid transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamate. [EC:2.6.1.19, GOC:mah]


acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [(pro-S)-carboxymethyl-forming, ADP-phosphorylating]


ATP:citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-S)-CH2COO-rightacetyl-CoA] (ATP-dephosphorylating)


DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity involved in transcription from RNA polymerase I promoter

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase I specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyzes DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'. [GOC:txnOH]


DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity involved in transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'. [GOC:txnOH]


DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity involved in transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase III specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'. [GOC:txnOH]


alkylated-DNA glycohydrolase (releasing methyladenine and methylguanine)


deoxyribonucleate 3-methyladenine glycosidase II


deoxyribonucleic acid joinase
deoxyribonucleic acid repair enzyme


deoxyribonucleic joinase
deoxyribonucleic repair enzyme


DNA topoisomerase II
deoxyribonucleic topoisomerase activity
topoisomerase II
DNA topoisomerase IV activity

OBSOLETE. Catalysis of the ATP-independent breakage of DNA, followed by passage and rejoining. It also catalyzes the relaxation of supercoiled DNA, and the decatenation and unknotting of DNA in vivo. [EC:5.99.1.-, PMID:11274059]


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD = cyclic ADP-ribose + nicotinamide. [GOC:dph, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:11866528]


NADH:cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity


NAD(P)H: menadione oxidoreductase activity


viologen accepting pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase activity


NADPH:NAD+ transhydrogenase
NADPH-NAD transhydrogenase


nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) transhydrogenase


nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase activity


pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase activity


aldehyde reductase (NADPH-dependent) activity


cytochrome c reductase (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH, NADPH-dependent) activity


dihydroxynicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase activity


ferrihemoprotein P-450 reductase activity


NADPH--ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase activity

NADPH--cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity


NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase activity


reductase, cytochrome c (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) activity

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase activity


L-2-hydroxy acid oxidase
(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. [RHEA:16789]


medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acceptor = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + reduced acceptor, where the acyl group is a medium-chain fatty acid residue. A medium chain fatty acid is any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


copper-translocating P-type ATPase activity


glutamic acid-pyruvic acid transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-alanine = L-glutamate + pyruvate. [EC:2.6.1.2, RHEA:19453]


aldose reductase activity
aldehyde reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alditol + NADP+ = an aldose + NADPH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.21]


acetylglutamate acetylglutamate synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-glutamate + CoA + H(+). [EC:2.3.1.1, RHEA:24292]


glycine-cleavage system T-protein activity


glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity

aspartate alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate. [EC:2.6.1.1]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + H(2)O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + phosphate. [RHEA:21904]


CPT I (outer membrane carnitine palmitoyl transferase)


acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [thioester-hydrolysing, (pro-S)-carboxymethyl forming]


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA. [RHEA:16845]


2',3'-cyclic nucleoside monophosphate phosphodiesterase


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CMP = ADP + CDP. [RHEA:11600]


ATP:dCMP phosphotransferase activity
dCMP kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dCMP = ADP + dCDP. [RHEA:25094]


complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) activity


acetyl-coenzyme A-1,4-diaminobutane N-acetyltransferase activity


putrescine (diamine)-acetylating enzyme activity


E3 component of alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes activity


glycine-cleavage system L-protein activity


calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism using a cysteine residue at the enzyme active center, and requiring the presence of calcium. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: presqualene diphosphate + NADPH = squalene + NADP+ + diphosphate. [EC:2.5.1.21]


3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase I activity


NADPH-specific 3-oxoacyl-acylcarrier proteinreductase activity

beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier protein(ACP) reductase activity

3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase activity

beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase activity

beta-ketoacyl thioester reductase activity

beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase activity

3-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein reductase activity

3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+. [RHEA:17397]


inhibition of calcium-mediated signaling


activation of calcium-mediated signaling


stimulation of calcium-mediated signaling


activation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway


stimulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway


inhibition of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway


inhibition of B cell receptor signaling pathway


inhibition of T cell receptor signaling pathway


activation of B cell receptor signaling pathway


stimulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway


activation of T cell receptor signaling pathway


stimulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway


Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_muscle, GOC:tb]


neuromuscular process controlling balance

Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph]


multicellular organismal water homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a tissue, organ, or a multicellular organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


inhibition of pigment cell differentiation


activation of pigment cell differentiation


stimulation of pigment cell differentiation


inhibition of iridophore differentiation


inhibition of xanthophore differentiation


activation of iridophore differentiation


stimulation of iridophore differentiation


activation of xanthophore differentiation


stimulation of xanthophore differentiation


inhibition of early stripe melanocyte differentiation


activation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation


stimulation of early stripe melanocyte differentiation


inhibition of late stripe melanocyte differentiation


activation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation


stimulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation


activation of nitric-oxide synthase activity


stimulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity


inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase activity


inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity


activation of lipoprotein lipase activity


stimulation of lipoprotein lipase activity


Any process that modulates the volume of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. [GOC:ai]


activation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion


stimulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion


inhibition of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion


activation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis


stimulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis


inhibition of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis


activation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction


stimulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction


inhibition of small GTPase mediated signal transduction


'de novo' posttranslational protein folding

'de novo' post-translational protein folding

The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent folding of newly formed polypeptides or folding intermediates of polypeptides that have exited the ribosome and/or have been stabilized and transferred by other chaperone proteins. This process could involve several cycles of ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:rb]


stimulation of transcription factor activity


sugar transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


stimulation of NK T cell differentiation


inhibition of muscle cell differentiation


activation of muscle cell differentiation


stimulation of muscle cell differentiation


inhibition of smooth muscle cell differentiation


activation of smooth muscle cell differentiation


stimulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation


inhibition of striated muscle cell differentiation


activation of striated muscle cell differentiation


stimulation of striated muscle cell differentiation


inhibition of nitrogen metabolic process


activation of nitrogen metabolic process


stimulation of nitrogen metabolic process


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis. [GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


activation of multicellular organismal process


stimulation of multicellular organismal process


inhibition of multicellular organismal process


stimulation of protein metabolic process


inhibition of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol


activation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol


stimulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol


inhibition of sequestering of calcium ion


activation of sequestering of calcium ion


stimulation of sequestering of calcium ion


activation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity


stimulation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity


inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity


inhibition of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway


activation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway


stimulation of nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway


inhibition of nerve growth factor receptor activity


activation of nerve growth factor receptor activity


stimulation of nerve growth factor receptor activity


inhibition of endo-1,4-beta-xylanase activity


activation of endo-1,4-beta-xylanase activity


stimulation of endo-1,4-beta-xylanase activity


activation of progression through meiotic cell cycle


stimulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle


inhibition of progression through meiotic cell cycle


inhibition of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion


activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion


stimulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion


glucosylglycerol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a glucosylglycerol from one side of a membrane to the other. A glucosylglycerol is an alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-(1,2)-glycerol. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


mannosylglycerate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a mannosylglycerate from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai, PMID:15034926]


negative regulation of filopodia biosynthesis

negative regulation of filopodium formation

negative regulation of filopodia formation

negative regulation of filopodium assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of filopodia formation

positive regulation of filopodia biosynthesis

positive regulation of filopodium formation

positive regulation of filopodium assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


up regulation of stress fiber formation
up-regulation of stress fiber formation
upregulation of stress fiber formation

positive regulation of stress fiber assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of stress fiber formation

downregulation of stress fiber formation

down-regulation of stress fiber formation

negative regulation of stress fiber assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts. [GOC:ai]


inhibition of unidimensional cell growth


activation of unidimensional cell growth


stimulation of unidimensional cell growth


activation of elastin biosynthetic process


stimulation of elastin biosynthetic process


inhibition of elastin biosynthetic process


stimulation of histone H3-K4 methylation


stimulation of histone H3-K9 methylation


inhibition of neurotransmitter transport


activation of neurotransmitter transport


stimulation of neurotransmitter transport


inhibition of killing of cells of another organism


activation of killing of cells of another organism


stimulation of killing of cells of another organism


up regulation of killing of cells of another organism

up-regulation of killing of cells of another organism

upregulation of killing of cells of another organism

positive regulation of killing of cells of other organism

positive regulation of killing of cells of another organism

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism. [GOC:ai]


inhibition of cytolysis of cells of another organism


activation of cytolysis of cells of another organism


stimulation of cytolysis of cells of another organism


activation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process


stimulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process


inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process


upregulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process

up-regulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process

up regulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process


down-regulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process

downregulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process

down regulation of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process


inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase 2 biosynthetic process


stimulation of hair follicle development


inhibition of synapse structural plasticity


activation of synapse structural plasticity


stimulation of synapse structural plasticity


inhibition by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells


activation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells


stimulation by host of cytolysis of symbiont cells


activation of cardioblast differentiation


stimulation of cardioblast differentiation


inhibition of cardioblast differentiation


activation of protein kinase B signaling cascade


stimulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade


inhibition of protein kinase B signaling cascade


activation of mitochondrial depolarization


stimulation of mitochondrial depolarization


inhibition of mitochondrial depolarization


class III alcohol dehydrogenase activity


soluble heterodisulfide reductase activity


stimulation of synaptic plasticity by chemical substance


down-regulation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

downregulation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

down regulation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


inhibition of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


activation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


stimulation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


upregulation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

up-regulation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

up regulation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


activation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


stimulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


upregulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

positive regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter uptake

up-regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

up regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

positive regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter reuptake

positive regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


down regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

negative regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter reuptake

negative regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitter uptake

downregulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

down-regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

negative regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


inhibition of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


down regulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

down-regulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

downregulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

negative regulation of glutamate reuptake

negative regulation of glutamate uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of L-glutamate into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


inhibition of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


down regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

negative regulation of 4-aminobutyrate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake involved in conduction of nerve impulse

negative regulation of GABA uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

negative regulation of 4-aminobutyrate reuptake

down-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

downregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake

negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

positive regulation of 4-aminobutyrate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake involved in conduction of nerve impulse

positive regulation of 4-aminobutyrate reuptake

positive regulation of GABA uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

up-regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

up regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake

positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


activation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


stimulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


up-regulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

positive regulation of glutamate reuptake

positive regulation of glutamate uptake involved in conduction of nerve impulse

up regulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

upregulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse

positive regulation of glutamate uptake involved in transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of L-glutamate into a neuron or glial cell. [GOC:ai]


inhibition of nervous system development


activation of nervous system development


stimulation of nervous system development


inhibition of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic


activation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic


stimulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic


inhibition of transmission of nerve impulse


activation of transmission of nerve impulse


stimulation of transmission of nerve impulse


inhibition of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore


activation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore


stimulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore


inhibition by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway


inhibition by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response


activation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host


stimulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host


activation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway


stimulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway


inhibition by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway


suppression of PAMP-induced host innate immunity

suppression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity

downregulation by symbiont of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity

negative regulation by symbiont of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity

suppression of MAMP induced host innate immunity

down-regulation by symbiont of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity

suppression of PAMP induced host innate immunity

down regulation by symbiont of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity

suppression of MAMP-induced host innate immunity

suppression of general elicitor-induced host innate immunity

negative regulation by symbiont of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immune response

suppression of general elicitor induced host innate immunity

suppression by symbiont of microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immune response


inhibition by symbiont of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity


activation by symbiont of host inflammatory response


stimulation by symbiont of host inflammatory response


inhibition by symbiont of host inflammatory response


inhibition by symbiont of host defense response


inhibition by symbiont of host programmed cell death


activation by symbiont of host programmed cell death


stimulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death


inhibition by symbiont of host enzyme activity


inhibition by symbiont of entry into host cell via phagocytosis


inhibition by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response


activation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway


stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway


activation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway


stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway


activation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response


stimulation by symbiont of host salicylic acid-mediated defense response


activation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response


stimulation by symbiont of host jasmonic acid-mediated defense response


activation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response


stimulation by symbiont of host ethylene-mediated defense response


inhibition by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway


activation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway


stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway


inhibition by symbiont of host cell-mediated immune response


inhibition by symbiont of host T-cell mediated immune response


inhibition by symbiont of host B-cell mediated immune response


activation by symbiont of nutrient release from host


stimulation by symbiont of nutrient release from host


activation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway


stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway


activation by symbiont of host apoptosis


stimulation by symbiont of host apoptosis


2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase activity


C-3 sterol dehydrogenase (C-4 decarboxylase) activity


sterol 4alpha-carboxylic decarboxylase activity


The specification of the site where a daughter cell will form, in organisms that reproduce by budding. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:mah]


spermine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of spermine from one side of a membrane to the other. Spermine is a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication. [GOC:ai]


diphosphopyridine nucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity


nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pyrophosphorylase activity


nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase activity


vacuole, cell cycle-independent morphology

A closed structure that is completely surrounded by a unit membrane, contains liquid, and retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. An example of this structure is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0815316208]


lumen of vacuole with cell cycle-correlated morphology

The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane of a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:krc, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Catalysis of the successive hydrolysis of beta-D-glucose units from the non-reducing ends of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, releasing alpha-glucose. [EC:3.2.1.58]


glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD)

NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activity

NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity

NADH-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activity

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NADH + H+. [EC:1.2.1.12]


glycerol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity


L-alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity


L-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity


NAD-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity

alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity

NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity

alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity

NAD-dependent glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD) activity

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + NAD+ = glycerone phosphate + NADH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.8, RHEA:11092]


NADH-dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase activity


histo-blood group A acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity


histo-blood group A transferase activity


[blood group substance] alpha-galactosyltransferase activity


blood-group substance B-dependent galactosyltransferase activity


blood-group substance beta-dependent galactosyltransferase activity


histo-blood group B transferase activity


histo-blood substance beta-dependent galactosyltransferase activity


3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA cleaving enzyme


hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A-cleaving enzyme


hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A-condensing enzyme


guanosine 5'-phosphate pyrophosphorylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate. [EC:2.4.2.8, GOC:curators]


D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate hydro-lyase [3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl-phosphate-forming]


phosphatidylinositol kinase (phosphorylating) activity


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate. [GOC:ai]


type II phosphatidylinositol kinase activity


phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.36, RHEA:22764]


inositol triphosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase activity


type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity


type II inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity


D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate 5-phosphatase activity

D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.56, RHEA:19797]


inositol phosphate 5-phosphomonoesterase activity


type I inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase activity


inositol tetrakisphosphate phosphomonoesterase activity


dual-cofactor-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase activity


cytochrome b2 (flavin-free derivative of flavocytochrome b2)


NADP-linked decarboxylating malic enzyme


PIM-GMP (phosphomannose isomerase-guanosine 5'-diphospho-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase)


methionyl-transfer ribonucleate methyltransferase activity


methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+. [EC:1.5.1.15]


5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (FADH(2)) activity


5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid reductase activity


methylenetetrahydrofolate (reduced riboflavin adenine dinucleotide) reductase activity


methylenetetrahydrofolic acid reductase activity


MDBH (membrane-associated dopamine beta-monooxygenase)


SDBH (soluble dopamine beta-monooxygenase)


endothelium-derived relaxation factor-forming enzyme activity


endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase activity


5'-phosphodiesterase activity
5'-PDase activity


amino-terminal amino acid-acetylating enzyme activity


phosphopyruvate (guanosine triphosphate) carboxykinase activity

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) activity

GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (adding GTP; phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + oxaloacetate = GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2. [EC:4.1.1.32]


IGPS:PRAI (indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthetase/N-5'-phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase complex)


protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I


farnesyl cysteine C-terminal methyltransferase activity

protein S-farnesylcysteine C-terminal methyltransferase activity

prenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase activity

farnesylated protein C-terminal O-methyltransferase activity

prenylated protein carboxyl methyltransferase activity

protein C-terminal farnesylcysteine O-methyltransferase activity

isoprenylated protein methyltransferase activity

protein C-terminal S-isoprenylcysteine carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester. [EC:2.1.1.100]


protein kinase (phosphorylating) activity


protein serine kinase activity
protein-serine kinase activity
serine protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate. [RHEA:17989]


threonine-specific protein kinase activity


extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity


MLK-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase activity


Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [GOC:mah]

protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity


cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase activity


p60c-src protein tyrosine kinase activity


oxygen-dependent protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3 O(2) + protoporphyrinogen IX = 3 H(2)O(2) + protoporphyrin IX. [EC:1.3.3.4, RHEA:25576]


MtPDC (mitochondrial pyruvate dehydogenase complex) activity


all-trans retinol dehydrogenase activity


retinol (vitamin A1) dehydrogenase activity


shikimate 3-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: shikimate + NADP+ = 3-dehydroshikimate + NADPH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.25]


dehydroshikimic reductase activity
DHS reductase activity


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + reduced acceptor + O2 = desaturated-acyl-CoA + acceptor + 2 H2O. [GOC:mah]


delta(9)-desaturase activity
stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: stearoyl-CoA + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ = oleoyl-CoA + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + 2 H2O. [RHEA:19721]


succinyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity

succinate semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity

succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O = succinate + NADH + H+. [RHEA:13217]


succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity


type I iodothyronine deiodinase activity


type II iodothyronine deiodinase activity


Catalysis of the reaction: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate. [PMID:7592346, RHEA:17053]


post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase


triacylglycerol ester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate. [EC:3.1.1.3]


L-serine hydro-lyase [adding 1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate; L-tryptophan and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-forming]


glutamic phenylpyruvic aminotransferase activity


L-phenylalanine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + 2-oxoglutarate = phenylpyruvate + L-glutamate. [GOC:pmn_curators, PMID:18394996]


Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from L-tyrosine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate. [EC:2.6.1.5]


phenylpyruvic acid transaminase activity


Combining with a type I interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. [GOC:add, GOC:signaling, ISBN:0126896631, PMID:15546383, PMID:16681834]


extracellular-glutamate-gated ion channel activity

extracellularly glutamate-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator


allantoin uptake transmembrane transporter activity


high affinity basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

high-affinity basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have a pH above 7. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. [GOC:mtg_transport]


high affinity arginine transmembrane transporter activity

high-affinity arginine transmembrane transporter activity

high-affinity L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. [GOC:mtg_transport]


L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


high affinity L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity

high-affinity L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. [GOC:mtg_transport]


high affinity lysine transmembrane transporter activity

high-affinity lysine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of lysine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. [GOC:mtg_transport]


neutral L-amino acid secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a neutral L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. [GOC:mtg_transport]


high-affinity tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the high-affinity transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


L-valine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups. [GOC:ai]


L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamate is the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


high-affinity glutamate transmembrane transporter activity


nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, PMID:15034926]


organic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic acids are acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. [ISBN:0198506732]


galactose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of galactose from one side of a membrane to the other. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


transepithelial hydrogen:glucose symporter activity

transepithelial hydrogen/glucose transporter activity

transepithelial hydrogen:glucose transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose + H+ = glucose + H+. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. [GOC:mtg_transport]


insulin-responsive hydrogen:glucose transporter activity

insulin-responsive glucose:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + H(out)+ = glucose(in) + H(in)+, in response to a stimulus by insulin. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. [GOC:mtg_transport]

insulin-responsive hydrogen:glucose symporter activity


calcium-translocating P-type ATPase activity


pyruvate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of pyruvate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. [GOC:mtg_transport]


stimulation by symbiont of host innate immunity


inhibition by symbiont of host innate immunity


down-regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction

downregulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction

down regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction


inhibition by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction


up regulation of phytoalexin metabolism
upregulation of phytoalexin metabolism
up-regulation of phytoalexin metabolism

positive regulation of phytoalexin metabolic process

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins. [GOC:mtg_pamgo_17jul06]


activation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production


stimulation by symbiont of host phytoalexin production


activation by symbiont of defense-related host nitric oxide production


stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host reactive oxygen species production


downregulation by organism of entry into other organism during symbiotic interaction

down-regulation by organism of entry into other organism during symbiotic interaction

down regulation by organism of entry into other organism during symbiotic interaction


inhibition by organism of entry into other organism during symbiotic interaction


stimulation by symbiont of defense-related host calcium ion flux


inhibition by host of symbiont enzyme activity


inhibition by host of symbiont programmed cell death


stimulation by symbiont of host defense response


activation by host of nutrient release from symbiont


stimulation by host of nutrient release from symbiont


induction by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. [GOC:ai, GOC:hjd]


stimulation by symbiont of host immune response


inhibition by symbiont of host immune response


atrial heart muscle morphogenesis
cardiac atrium muscle morphogenesis
atrial myocardium morphogenesis

atrial cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized. [GOC:devbiol]


ventricular heart muscle morphogenesis
cardiac ventricle muscle morphogenesis

ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. [GOC:devbiol]


The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. [GOC:devbiol]


inhibition of cardiac muscle fiber development


negative regulation of heart muscle fiber development


activation of cardiac muscle fiber development


stimulation of cardiac muscle fiber development


down regulation of cardiac muscle growth

negative regulation of heart muscle growth

down-regulation of cardiac muscle growth

negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. [GOC:vk]


positive regulation of heart muscle growth

positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. [GOC:vk]


regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. [GOC:vk]


positive regulation of heart muscle development

up-regulation of cardiac muscle development

upregulation of cardiac muscle development

activation of cardiac muscle development

up regulation of cardiac muscle development

stimulation of cardiac muscle development

positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. [GOC:vk]


downregulation of cardiac muscle development

down regulation of cardiac muscle development

inhibition of cardiac muscle development

down-regulation of cardiac muscle development

negative regulation of heart muscle development

negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. [GOC:vk]


Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane in the cortical cytosol. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex location

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Bolwig's organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larval eye in Drosophila is a relatively simple sensory system composed of Bolwig's organs: two clusters, each composed of 12 photoreceptor cells from which axons extend in a single fascicle to the brain. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a plastid. [GOC:jid, GOC:rph]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a virion. [GOC:jid, GOC:rph, PMID:213106]


An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:kmv, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101, PMID:21556374, PMID:21562044]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a recycling endosome. [GOC:jid, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101]


A crystalline exocytotic organelle composed of small, acidic proteins existing primarily as disulphide-linked dimers. The trichocyst is an organelle that releases long filamentous proteins that capture predators in net-like structures, to slow them down when the cell is disturbed. The protein is nontoxic and shaped like a long, striated, fibrous shaft. [GOC:jid, GOC:rph, http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/, PMID:3667715]


Flagellar filaments located in the periplasmic space; characterized in spirochetes, in which they are essential for shape and motility. Composed of a core surrounded by two sheath layers, the flagella rotate to allow migration of the cell through viscous media, which would not be possible using external flagella. [GOC:jid, GOC:rph, PMID:15175283, PMID:1624463]


Catalysis of the reaction: cyclopentanol + NAD(+) = cyclopentanone + H(+) + NADH. [EC:1.1.1.163, RHEA:11728]


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-valerolactone + H2O = 5-hydroxyvalerate. [GOC:jid, GOC:mlg]


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxovalerate + NADP+ + H2O = glutarate + NADPH + H+. [GOC:jid, GOC:mlg]


The interconnected cell membranes and intracellular regions of a plant. The interconnections occur via the plasmodesmata. [GOC:mtg_sensu]


The process in which the antipodal cells undergo programmed cell death. [GOC:mtg_plant]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation as the microspore to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_plant]


The process in which the generative cell divides by mitosis to form two haploid cells. These will subsequently differentiate into sperm cells. [GOC:mtg_plant]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart, in the absence of centrosomes. Formation is initiated by the nucleation of microtubules (MTs) in the vicinity of condensed chromatin. MTs then attach to and congress around the chromatin due to activity of microtubule motors. A bipolar spindle is formed by focusing of the terminal ends of the MT array into spindle poles by molecular motors and cross-linking proteins. [GOC:expert_rg, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:tb, PMID:15034926]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart, in the presence of centrosomes. [GOC:tb]


astral spindle assembly involved in male meiosis

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the astral spindle in male meiotic cells. [GOC:tb]


ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex location, integrated substrate binding

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex, integrated substrate binding

A complex for the transport of metabolites out of the cell, consisting of 4 domains: two ATP-binding domains and two membrane spanning domains. In some cases, all 4 domains are contained on 1 polypeptide, while in others one ATP-binding domain and one membrane spanning domain are together on one polypeptide in what is called a half transporter. Two half-transporters come together to form a functional transporter. Transport of the substrate across the membrane is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:mlg, GOC:mtg_sensu]


ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex location, substrate-binding subunit-containing

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex, substrate-binding subunit-containing

A complex for the transport of metabolites into the cell, consisting of 5 subunits: two ATP-binding subunits, two membrane spanning subunits, and one substrate-binding subunit. In organisms with two membranes, the substrate-binding protein moves freely in the periplasmic space and joins the other subunits only when bound with substrate. In organisms with only one membrane the substrate-binding protein is tethered to the cytoplasmic membrane and associated with the other subunits. Transport of the substrate across the membrane is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:mlg, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: mannose + H+ = mannose + H+. [GOC:ct]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: fructose + H+ = fructose + H+. [GOC:ct]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: D-glucose + H+ = D-glucose + H+. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. D-glucose is the dextrorotatory D-enantiomer of glucose. [GOC:ct]


D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of the D-enantiomer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:jid, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two equi-potent daughter cells. [GOC:dph]


The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. [GOC:dph]


asymmetric neuroblast division resulting in ganglion mother cell formation

Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into a neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell. [GOC:dph]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic cations within an organism or cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cobalt ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of manganese ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions within an organism or cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver. [GOC:jid, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations within an organism or cell. [GOC:ceb, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical at the level of the cell. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:jid]


fruiting body development in response to starvation


nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism

nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process

The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide. [GOC:vw]


A protein complex that regulates RNA degradation by the exosome complex. In Saccharomyces the complex has a heterotetrameric stoichiometry consisting of one copy each of Ski2p and Ski3 and two copies of Ski8p. [GOC:mcc, PMID:10744028, PMID:15703439, PMID:16043509, PMID:18042677]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of fatty acid within an organism or cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of acylglycerol within an organism or cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sterol within an organism or cell. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


response to increased oxygen tension
response to hyperoxic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension. [GOC:kmv]


lipoprotein particle mediated signal transduction

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a lipoprotein particle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


low-density lipoprotein mediated signalling

low-density lipoprotein particle-mediated signaling

low-density lipoprotein particle mediated signal transduction

low-density lipoprotein particle mediated signaling

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of low-density lipoprotein particle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:16013438]


high density lipoprotein mediated signalling

high density lipoprotein particle-mediated signaling

high density lipoprotein particle mediated signal transduction

high density lipoprotein particle mediated signaling

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of high density lipoprotein particle. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


Binding to adiponectin, a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, PMID:15210937]


Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


Binds to and modulates the activity of a ligase. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ligase. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


ubiquitin-protein transferase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


ubiquitin-protein transferase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to lysine in a substrate protein. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. [GOC:curators]


The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a transport vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis. [GOC:jid]


invagination involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The infolding of the epithelial sheet into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation. [ISBN:0878932437]


involution involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The inturning of an epithelial sheet over the basal surface of an outer layer involved in deuterostomic gastrulation. [ISBN:0878932437]


ingression involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The migration of individual cells into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation. [ISBN:0878932437]


delamination involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The splitting or migration of one epithelial sheet into two involved in the process of deuterostomic gastrulation. [ISBN:0878932437]


epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in deuterostomic gastrulation. [ISBN:0878932437]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear. [GOC:dph]


heart muscle cell proliferation
cardiac myocyte proliferation

The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division. [GOC:dph, GOC:rph, PMID:11161571]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery. [GOC:dph, GOC:rph, PMID:15138308, PMID:16376438]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, ISBN:0815340729]


retina morphogenesis in camera-style eye

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_sensu]


regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation

regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, GOC:rph]


negative regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation

negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, GOC:rph]


positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, GOC:rph]


positive regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction. [GOC:dph]


regulation of protein amino acid glycosylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. [GOC:dms, GOC:dph, GOC:pr]


positive regulation of protein amino acid glycosylation

positive regulation of protein glycosylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. [GOC:dms, GOC:dph, GOC:pr]


negative regulation of protein amino acid glycosylation

negative regulation of protein glycosylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. [GOC:dms, GOC:dph, GOC:pr]


neurofilament cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:dph]


Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury. [GOC:dph]


Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. [GOC:dph, PMID:15039218]


The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning. [GOC:dph, PMID:15282149]


apoptosis involved in mammary gland involution


positive regulation of apoptosis involved in mammary gland involution


embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph]


post-embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the post-embryonic life stage. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph]


Spemann-Mangold organizer formation
Spemann's organizer formation

Formation of the specialized region on the dorsalmost side of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph]


Spemann-Mangold organizer formation at the dorsal lip of the blastopore

Spemann's organizer formation at the dorsal lip of the blastopore

Spemann organizer formation at the dorsal lip of the blastopore

Formation of the specialized region at the dorsal lip of the blatopore of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan. [GOC:dph, PMID:9442883]


Spemann's organizer formation at the embryonic shield

Spemann-Mangold organizer formation at the embryonic shield

Spemann organizer formation at the embryonic shield

Formation of the specialized region of the embryonic shield of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the teleost body plan. [GOC:dph, PMID:9442883]


Spemann's organizer formation at the anterior end of the primitive streak

Spemann organizer formation at the anterior end of the primitive streak

Formation of the specialized region at the anterior end of the primitive streak of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the body plan. [GOC:dph, PMID:9442883]


Spemann-Mangold organizer formation at the anterior end of the primitive streak


The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:ebc]


The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cervix over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:ebc]


The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:ebc]


Wnt-activated signaling pathway, regulating spindle positioning

Wnt receptor signaling pathway, regulating spindle positioning

Wnt receptor signalling pathway, regulating spindle positioning

Wnt signaling pathway, regulating spindle positioning

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with the positioning of the mitotic spindle. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, PMID:11532397]


non-canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway

beta-catenin-independent Wnt receptor signaling pathway

non-canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway

non-canonical Wnt receptor signalling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin. [GOC:signaling]


canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway

Wnt receptor signaling pathway through beta-catenin

canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway

Wnt receptor signaling pathway via beta-catenin

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, PMID:11532397, PMID:19619488]

Wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin


Wnt receptor signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

Wnt receptor signalling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

Wnt-activated signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity. [GOC:bf, GOC:dph, PMID:11532397]


BK calcium-activated potassium channel activity

large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, PMID:17115074]


The process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state. Synaptic maturation plays a critical role in the establishment of effective synaptic connections in early development. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]


regulation of resting membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef, ISBN:0195088433]


regulation of post-synaptic membrane potential

regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]


regulation of excitatory post-synaptic membrane potential

A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]


regulation of inhibitory post-synaptic membrane potential

A process that causes a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef]


The process in which membrane potential increases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more negative potential. For example, during the repolarization phase of an action potential the membrane potential often becomes more negative or hyperpolarized before returning to the steady-state resting potential. [GOC:dph]


The reflex process in which a mechanical stimulus applied to the eye elicits a response of the eyelid closing. [GOC:dph, PMID:2913208]


smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition

The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body. [GOC:dph, PMID:15827347]


smooth muscle contraction involved in urination


synaptic transmission involved in micturition

The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body. [GOC:dph, PMID:15827347]


synaptic transmission involved in urination

smooth muscle relaxation of the bladder outlet

A process in which the extent of smooth muscle contraction is reduced in the bladder outlet that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body. [GOC:dph, PMID:15827347]


Any homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


circadian regulation of body temperature


relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
vascular smooth muscle relaxation

relaxation of vascular associated smooth muscle

A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_miRNA, GOC:dph, GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:15867178, PMID:19996365, PMID:27389411]


auditory receptor cell stereocilium organization and biogenesis

auditory receptor cell stereocilium organisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells. [GOC:dph, PMID:10978835]


A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components. [GOC:dos, GOC:pdt]


The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. [GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07, GOC:vw]


regulation of synaptic transmission, glycinergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine. [GOC:dms, GOC:dph]


negative regulation of glycinergic synaptic transmission

negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glycinergic

Any process that stops or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine. [GOC:dms, GOC:dph]


positive regulation of glycinergic synaptic transmission

positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glycinergic

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine. [GOC:dms, GOC:dph]


zinc potentiation of glycinergic synaptic transmission

zinc potentiation of synaptic transmission, glycinergic

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission in the presence of zinc. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine. [GOC:dms, GOC:dph]


The regulated release of serotonin by a cell, in which released serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. [GOC:dph]


cytoskeletal rearrangement involved in phagocytosis, engulfment

The assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures that is involved in the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis. [GOC:dph]


membrane reorganisation involved in phagocytosis, engulfment

membrane reorganization involved in phagocytosis, engulfment

The assembly and arrangement of the plasma membrane that is involved in the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis. [GOC:dph]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis. [GOC:dph]


positive regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis. [GOC:dph]


negative regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis. [GOC:dph]


collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix

A collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, multilayered structure that is synthesized by an underlying ectodermal (hypodermal) cell layer. The cuticle serves essential functions in body morphology, locomotion, and environmental protection. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, ISSN:15518507]


collagen and cuticulin-based exoskeleton extracellular matrix


surface coat of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix

An electron dense, amorphous envelope that comprises the outermost layer of the cuticle. The surface coat is loosely apposed to the epicuticle, has distinct biochemical properties, is synthesized by cells other than the underlying hypodermis, and is labile. In addition to serving as a lubricant to protect against abrasion and dehydration, the surface coat may also play important roles in infection and immune evasion. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, ISSN:15518507]


surface coat of collagen and cuticulin-based exoskeleton extracellular matrix


epicuticle of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix

A lipid-containing layer of cuticle that lies between the cortical layer and the surface coat. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, ISSN:15518507]


epicuticle of collagen and cuticulin-based exoskeleton extracellular matrix


cortical layer of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix

The cuticle layer that lies directly beneath the lipid-containing epicuticle. The cortical layer contains collagens and insoluble, non-collagenous cuticulins and is characterized by a distinct annular pattern consisting of regularly spaced annular ridges delineated by annular furrows. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, ISSN:15518507]


The extracellular matrix that is a regularly spaced circumferential ridge present in the cortical region of the cuticle. Annuli are delineated by annular furrows and are present throughout the cuticle with the exception of lateral regions where longitudinal alae are present. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, ISSN:15518507]


The extracellular matrix part that is a regularly spaced indentation in the outer cortical layer of the cuticle. The pattern of annular furrows corresponds to sites of invaginations in hypodermal cell membranes that, in turn, correspond to submembranous regions where actin microfilament bundles assemble early in lethargus, the first phase of the molting cycle in which activity and feeding decline. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, ISSN:15518507]


medial layer of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix

The fluid-filled cuticle layer that lies between the cortical and basal layers and is characterized by the presence of regularly spaced columnar struts that lie on either side of the annular furrows and link the two surrounding layers. In C. elegans, a defined medial layer is found only in adult animals. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, ISSN:15518507]


basal layer of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix

The layer of cuticle most closely apposed to the hypodermal cells. The morphology of the basal layer varies with life stage. In adult C. elegans animals, the basal layers is comprised of three sublayers: two fibrous layers whose fibers run in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions meeting one another at a 60 degree angle, and an amorphous basal layer that lies underneath the fibrous layers and directly contacts the hypodermis. In C. elegans dauer and L1 larval stage animals, the basal layer is characterized by a striated pattern that appears to derive from interwoven laminae. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, ISSN:15518507]


basal layer of collagen and cuticulin-based exoskeleton extracellular matrix


alae of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix

Raised, thickened cuticular ridges that run longitudinally, and in parallel, along the left and right sides of the animal. The alae lie above the hypodermal cells known as the lateral seam cells. In C. elegans, alae are produced in L1 larvae, dauer larvae and adult stage animals, where they consist of three, five, and three ridges of distinct morphology, respectively. [GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, ISSN:15518507]


alae of collagen and cuticulin-based exoskeleton extracellular matrix


generation of estrus cycle rhythm
generation of oestrus cycle rhythm

The process which controls the timing of the type of sexual cycle seen in female mammals. [GOC:dph]


The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of inner ear receptor cells. Inner ear receptor cells are mechanorecptors found in the inner ear responsible for transducing signals involved in balance and sensory perception of sound. [GOC:dph]


vestibular receptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vestibular hair cell. [GOC:dph]


vestibular receptor cell fate commitment

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a vestibular receptor cell. [GOC:dph]


Any process that alters the size or shape of a vestibular receptor cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an auditory receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. [GOC:dph]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a vestibular receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. [GOC:dph]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. [GOC:dph]


The process in which a cell becomes committed to become an inner ear receptor cell. [GOC:dph]


vestibular receptor cell stereocilium organization and biogenesis

vestibular receptor cell stereocilium organisation

vestibular hair cell stereocilium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of vestibular hair cells. [GOC:dph]