tRNA exon ligation utilizing GTP as source of linkage phosphate

A tRNA exon ligation process in which the splice junction phosphate is derived from exogenous GTP. This type of ligation to rejoin the 5' and 3' exons of a tRNA is observed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae where the ligation reaction also produces a 2'-phosphate at the splice junction which is subsequently removed as part of the ligation process. [GOC:krc, PMID:18217203, PMID:9299409]


tRNA exon ligation utilizing 2',3' cyclic phosphate of 5'-exon as source of linkage phosphate

A tRNA exon ligation process in which the splice junction phosphate is derived from the 2',3' cyclic phosphate at the 3'-end of the 5'-exon. This type of ligation to rejoin the 5' and 3' exons of a tRNA is observed in wheat, Chlamydomonas, and vertebrate species including humans. [GOC:krc, PMID:17786051, PMID:18217203, PMID:9299409]


transcription-dependent tethering of RNA polymerase II gene DNA at nuclear periphery

The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery. In S. cerevisiae, this process involves cis-acting DNA sequences such as the TATA box and upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements, trans-acting transcriptional activators, and also the 3'-UTR of the transcript. [GOC:krc, PMID:18614049]


posttranscriptional tethering of RNA polymerase II gene DNA at nuclear periphery

post-transcriptional tethering of RNA polymerase II gene DNA at nuclear periphery

The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery even after transcription has been repressed. [GOC:krc, PMID:17373856, PMID:18614049]


A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p. [GOC:krc, PMID:16540691, PMID:19239890]


cell-matrix adhesion involved in tangential migration using cell-cell interactions

The interaction of a cell and the extracellular matrix involved in the directed tangential movement of cells mediated by cell-cell interactions in the developing cerebral cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, PMID:12626695]


The pattern specification process in which the axes of the nervous system are established. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]


neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation

neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]


negative adaptation of signalling pathway

negative adaptation of signal transduction pathway

negative adaptation of signaling pathway

The negative regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus. [GOC:isa_complete]


active ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


signal transmission via intracellular cascade


regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission

signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another. [GOC:mtg_signal]


The signaling process in which signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated. [GOC:mtg_signal]


termination of T cell signal transduction

The signaling process in which T cell signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated. [GOC:mtg_signal]


Binding to a major histocompatibility complex. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:vw]


Binding to a class I major histocompatibility complex. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:vw]


Binding to a class Ib major histocompatibility complex. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:vw]


Binding to a class II major histocompatibility complex. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:vw]


MHC class I protein binding, via antigen binding groove

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class I molecules via the antigen binding groove. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:vw]


MHC class I protein binding, via lateral surface

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class I molecules via the lateral surface. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:vw]


Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:vw]


MHC class Ib protein binding, via antigen binding groove

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules via the antigen binding groove. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:vw]


MHC class Ib protein binding, via lateral surface

Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules via the lateral surface. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:vw]


intracellular signal transduction pathway


The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mtg_signal, GOC:signaling, PMID:11348017]


The process in which an activated neuronal cell receptor conveys information down a signaling pathway, resulting in a change in the function or state of a cell. This process may be intracellular or intercellular. [GOC:mtg_signal]


regulation of signalling process
regulation of signaling process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. [GOC:mtg_signal]


positive regulation of signalling process

positive regulation of signaling process

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. [GOC:mtg_signal]


negative regulation of signalling process

negative regulation of signaling process


The regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus. [GOC:mtg_signal]


positive adaptation of signalling pathway

positive adaptation of signaling pathway

The positive regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus. [GOC:mtg_signal]


The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. [GOC:mtg_signal]


nitric oxide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]


The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle. [GOC:ef, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle]


skeletal muscle myosin thick filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle. [GOC:ef, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_muscle]


Uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the small intestine. [GOC:mah]


regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of absorption of cholesterol into the blood, and the exclusion of other sterols from absorption. [GOC:mah, PMID:11099417]


calcitriol 24-hydroxylase activity
1,25-(OH)2D3 24-hydroxylase activity

1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the hydroxylation of C-24 of 1-alpha,25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3; calcitriol). [PMID:8506296]


Assembly of the cytoplasmic bridges between developing spermatogonial or oogonial cysts. [ISBN:0879694238]


Formation of the intercellular bridges that connect the germ-line cells of a male cyst. [ISBN:0879694238]


NADH dehydrogenase complex location (quinone)


The cell cycle process in which linear elements are assembled in association with fission yeast chromosomes during meiotic prophase. Linear element assembly begins with LinE complex formation and ends when LinE complexes are associated with chromatin in structures visible as nuclear foci. A linear element is a proteinaceous scaffold related to the synaptonemal complex. [GOC:jb, GOC:mah, PMID:30640914]


The regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites in response to their loss or damage. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder). [GOC:cjm, GOC:dph, GOC:mah, PMID:24503535]


The extension of a pseudopodium from the lateral area of a cell. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:pg, GOC:tb]


activation of cell projection organization


stimulation of cell projection organization


The removal of an amino group from the side chain of an N-terminal asparagine residue of a protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]


chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall organisation


contractile ring maintenance involved in cell cycle cytokinesis

cytokinesis, contractile ring maintenance, involved in cytokinesis during cell cycle

The cell cycle process in which the contractile ring is maintained in response to the cytokinesis checkpoint; that is when cytokinesis is delayed awaiting completion of nuclear division or the correct formation of cytokinetic structures. This process occurs in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


regulation of actomyosin contractile ring constriction

regulation of contractile ring contraction involved in cell cycle cytokinesis

regulation of contractile ring contraction involved in cytokinesis during cell cycle

regulation of actomyosin contractile ring contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of contraction of the actomyosin ring involved in cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


The assembly of a sterol-rich region of the plasma membrane at the cell surface overlying the contractile ring. [PMID:15517003]


fruiting body development involved in sexual reproduction


up-regulation of focal adhesion formation

up regulation of focal adhesion formation

upregulation of focal adhesion formation

positive regulation of focal adhesion assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of focal adhesion formation

down regulation of focal adhesion formation

down-regulation of focal adhesion formation

negative regulation of focal adhesion assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions. [GOC:ai]


epithelial-mesenchymal signalling involved in prostate gland development

epithelial-mesenchymal signaling involved in prostate gland development

Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. [GOC:dph]


down-regulation of ATP:ADP antiporter activity

down regulation of ATP:ADP antiporter activity

downregulation of ATP:ADP antiporter activity

negative regulation of ATP:ADP antiporter activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ATP:ADP antiporter. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


sperm individualization complex location

A macromolecular complex that includes cytoskeletal components and part of the cell membrane. Forms at the nuclear end of a male germline syncytium, or cyst, and translocates the over the length of the syncytium in the course of sperm individualization. Each complex contains an array of 64 investment cones, one per nucleus, that move synchronously along the spermatogenic cyst. [GOC:sart, PMID:10588662, PMID:9550716]


A protein complex that binds to heme and to pri-miRNAs, and is required for the formation of a pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA), the initial step of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. The complex is composed of the double-stranded-RNA-specific RNase Drosha (also called RNASEN) and the RNA-binding protein DGCR8 (heme-free or heme-bound forms). Within the complex, DGCR8 function as a molecular anchor necessary for the recognition of pri-miRNA at dsRNA-ssRNA junction and directs RNASEN/Drosha to cleave the 3' and 5' strands of a stem-loop to release hairpin-shaped pre-miRNAs. [PMID:16963499, PMID:17159994]


purine deoxyribosyltransferase activity
PTD

Catalysis of deoxyribose exchange between purine deoxyribonucleoside as a donor and purine base as an acceptor. [GOC:jl, PMID:11836245]


down regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway

negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signalling cascade

downregulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

down-regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

negative regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade. [GOC:mah]


vitamin D2 metabolism
calciferol metabolic process
ergocalciferol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D2, (3S,5Z,7E,22E)-9,10-secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraen-3-ol. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]


immunoglobulin light chain V-J recombination

The process in which immunoglobulin light chain V and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


stimulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway

activation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway


metanephric glomerulus vasculature development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the metanephric glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]


A cell projection that forms at the site of macropinocytosis, a form of endocytosis that results in the uptake of relatively large amounts of extracellular fluid. The macropinocytic cup membrane selectively excludes certain proteins, such as H36 or PM4C4 in Dictyostelium, and the underlying cytoskeleton is enriched in F-actin and coronin. [PMID:12538772, PMID:16968738, PMID:9044041]


A zone of apposition between the membranes of an organelle with another membrane, either another membrane of the same organelle, a membrane of another organelle, or the plasma membrane. Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are structured by bridging complexes. They are specialized for communication, including the efficient traffic of small molecules such as Ca2+ ions and lipids, as well as enzyme-substrate interactions. [GOC:jl, PMID:16806880]


The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. [GOC:ems, GOC:mtg_sensu]


interleukin-35 complex location
IL-35 complex location
interleukin-35 complex
IL12A
IL-35 complex

A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-12 alpha subunit (p35, product of the IL12A gene) and an EBI3 subunit and is secreted into the extracellular space. [GOC:add, PMID:19161428, PMID:19161429]


down regulation of coagulation
negative regulation of clotting
negative regulation of coagulation
downregulation of coagulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation. [GOC:ai]


endosomal sorting complex required for transport

An endosomal sorting complex involved in membrane fission processes related to sorting of multivesicular bodies (MVB) in the endocytic pathway, cytokinesis and viral budding among other processes. [PMID:16689637, VZ:1536]

endosomal sorting complex location required for transport


Process by which micro-organisms adapt quickly to a preferred rapidly-metabolizable intermediate through the inhibition or repression of genes related to CATABOLISM of less preferred source(s).


Binding to a member of the neuropilin family. [GOC:bf, PMID:23871893]


desensitization to pheromone during pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation

negative adaptation of signalling pathway by response to pheromone involved in pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation

negative adaptation of signaling pathway by response to pheromone involved in pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation

In organisms that undergo pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation, the process involved in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that acts to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. [GOC:clt]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate. [CL:0000034, GOC:isa_complete]


mRNA export from cell nucleus during heat stress

mRNA export from nucleus during heat stress

mRNA export from nucleus in response to heat stress

The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for the organism; in particular, a process that enables an organism withstand exposure to temperatures that would otherwise lethally impair poly(A)+ mRNA-nucleus export. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


adaptation of signalling pathway by response to pheromone involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

desensitization to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion

adaptation of signaling pathway by response to pheromone involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. An example of this is the adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:clt]


induction by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity

negative regulation of DNA binding transcription factor activity

downregulation of transcription factor activity

down regulation of transcription factor activity

down-regulation of transcription factor activity

negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:jl]


up-regulation of transcription factor activity

positive regulation of DNA binding transcription factor activity

upregulation of transcription factor activity

positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity

up regulation of transcription factor activity

positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]


protein carboxyl methyltransferase activity

protein carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a carboxyl group on a protein. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

downregulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

negative regulation of SAPK signaling pathway

down-regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

negative regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

negative regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signalling pathway

negative regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. [GOC:mah]


up-regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

up regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

positive regulation of SAPK signaling pathway

positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signalling pathway

upregulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. [GOC:mah]


alpha-linolenic acid metabolism
ALA metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-linolenic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2. [PMID:15538555]


The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Neurotrophins are a family of secreted growth factors that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons. [GOC:bf, GOC:jc, GOC:signaling, PMID:17466268, Wikipedia:Neurotrophin]


The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [ISBN:0878932437]


homologous recombination
interchromosomal DNA recombination

A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules. [GOC:mah, PMID:11139492, PMID:17304215]


ABC-type transmembrane transporter activity

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity

OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:jl]


ErbB signaling
EGF receptor family signaling pathway
ERBB signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:jc, PMID:16460914, Wikipedia:ErbB]


ERBB2-ERBB3 signalling pathway
ERBB2-ERBB3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB3 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB3. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB3. ERBB3 also has impaired kinase activity and relies on ERBB2 for activation and signal transmission. [GOC:signaling, PMID:16460914, Reactome:R-HSA-1963589]


receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:jc, PMID:16460914, Reactome:R-HSA-1236394]


platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:signaling, GOC:yaf, PMID:10372961]

platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signalling pathway


regulation of androgen receptor activity


S1P-stimulated signal transduction pathway

sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway

S1P-activated G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by sphingosine-1-phosphate binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:signaling, PMID:14592418, PMID:22001186, Reactome:R-HSA-419428]


stem cell factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of stem cell factor to the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT on the surface of a target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Stem cell factor (KIT ligand) binding to the receptor Kit mediates receptor dimerization, activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylation. The activated receptor then phosphorylates various substrates, thereby activating distinct signaling cascades within the cell that trigger a change in state or activity of the cell. [GOC:nhn, GOC:signaling, PMID:16129412]


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:uh, Wikipedia:FLT1, Wikipedia:VEGF_receptors]


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:bf, GOC:uh, Wikipedia:VEGF_receptors, Wikipedia:VEGFR3]


glycoprotein biosynthetic process
glycoprotein anabolism
glycoprotein formation
glycoprotein biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


rapamycin and nutrient-sensitive TOR complex location

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of S6K. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Kog1p, Lst8p, Tco89p, and either Tor1p or Tor2p. [GOC:jh, PMID:15780592, PMID:16469695, PMID:21548787]


blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis

The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:16391003]


Binding to a purine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a purine skeleton. [GOC:hjd]


Binding to a pyrimidine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a pyrimidine skeleton. [GOC:hjd]


Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:hjd, GOC:signaling]


Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:hjd, GOC:signaling]


Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:hjd, GOC:signaling]


Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:hjd, GOC:signaling]


The expansion of a mammary stem cell population by cell division. Mammary stem cells are a source of cells for growth of the mammary gland during puberty and gestation. These cells can give rise to both the luminal and myoepithelial cell types of the gland, and can regenerate the entire organ. [PMID:15987436]


protein localisation to paranode region of axon

protein localization to paranode region of axon

A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the paranode region of an axon. [PMID:18803321]


The multiplication or reproduction of male germ cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [GOC:hjd]


A tubular array of microtubules that extends from the perinuclear ring surrounding the spermatid nucleus to the flagellar axoneme. The manchette may also contain F-actin filaments. [GOC:krc, PMID:15018141, PMID:22319670, PMID:24440897, PMID:26792866]


homodimeric serine palmitoyltransferase complex location

A homodimeric complex which transfers a palmitoyl group onto serine, forming 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine. [GOC:hjd]


regulation of alpha-beta T cell development


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell development


negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell development


The directed movement of borate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Borate is the anion (BO3)3-; boron is a group 13 element, with properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals. [PMID:21710975]


Binding to borate, the anion (BO3)3-. [GOC:curators]


borate transmembrane transporter activity


boron transmembrane transporter activity


virus budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment

viral budding from nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment


virus budding from outer nuclear membrane during viral capsid re-envelopment


virus budding from inner nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment

viral budding from inner nuclear membrane

The envelopment of a virus, in which the nucleocapsid evaginates from the host inner nuclear membrane system into the perinuclear space, thus acquiring a membrane envelope. [ISBN:0072370319]


virus budding from outer nuclear membrane by viral capsid envelopment

viral budding from outer nuclear membrane

The envelopment of a virus, in which the naked capsid evaginates from the host outer nuclear membrane system, thus acquiring a membrane envelope. [ISBN:0072370319]


folic acid-containing compound polyglutamylation


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + 17-alpha,20-alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one = NAD(P)H + H+ + 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. [EC:1.1.1.149, MetaCyc:1.1.1.149-RXN]


20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity


pregnan-21-ol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + pregnan-21-ol = H(+) + NADH + pregnan-21-al. [EC:1.1.1.150, RHEA:11448]


pregnan-21-ol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP(+) + pregnan-21-ol = H(+) + NADPH + pregnan-21-al. [EC:1.1.1.151, RHEA:23712]


Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NADP(+) = 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADPH. [EC:1.1.1.176, RHEA:14129]


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. [EC:1.1.1.209, MetaCyc:1.1.1.209-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol + NADP(+) = 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one + H(+) + NADPH. [EC:1.1.1.210, RHEA:16297]


androsterone dehydrogenase (A-specific) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD(P)+. [EC:1.1.1.213, MetaCyc:1.1.1.213-RXN]


testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

testosterone dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + NAD+ = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + NADH. [EC:1.1.1.239, MetaCyc:1.1.1.239-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol = 17-beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one + NADH + H+. [EC:1.1.1.53, MetaCyc:1.1.1.53-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: 3alpha,7alpha,12beta-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate + NADP(+) = 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADPH. [EC:1.1.1.238, RHEA:21424]


receptor ligand activity
signaling molecule

The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same, or different, cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell, or remain attached to an adjacent cell surface (e.g. Notch ligands). [GOC:kv, GOC:molecular_function_refactoring, GOC:pdt]


downregulation of developmental pigmentation

down-regulation of developmental pigmentation

down regulation of developmental pigmentation

negative regulation of developmental pigmentation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


up regulation of developmental pigmentation

upregulation of developmental pigmentation

up-regulation of developmental pigmentation

positive regulation of developmental pigmentation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb]


activation of developmental pigmentation


stimulation of developmental pigmentation


nuclear membrane fusion involved in karyogamy

The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus during the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei. [GOC:jid]


mucilage biosynthetic process during seed coat development


mucilage metabolic process during seed coat development


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus. [GOC:go_curators]


pigment biosynthetic process involved in pigment granule maturation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, contributing to the process in which a membrane-bounded organelle develops into a pigment granule. Maturation is a developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell or structure to attain its fully functional state. [GOC:jid]


somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response

The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response

Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins following the induction of and contributing to an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11205333, PMID:14991701]


gene conversion of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response

The somatic process in which immunoglobulin genes are diversified through the mechanism of gene conversion following the induction of and contributing to an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:14991701]


somatic diversification of immunoglobulins involved in immune response

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14991701]


leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response

The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


wound healing involved in inflammatory response

The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0721601871]


clearance of damaged tissue involved in inflammatory response wound healing

The series of events leading to removal of necrotic debris that contribute to an inflammatory response. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0721601871]


connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing

The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared that contribute to an inflammatory response. [GOC:jal, ISBN:0721601871]


endothelial cell activation within high endothelial venule involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell within a high endothelial venule resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


cell activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


endothelial cell activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


astrocyte activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:11138785]


follicular dendritic cell activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:15606789]


leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:15990333, PMID:16174109]


plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an immature plasmacytoid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature plasmacytoid dendritic cell contributing to an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:15990333]


myeloid cell activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


basophil activation involved in immune response

A change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


myeloid dendritic cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a myeloid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


eosinophil activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


mast cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


monocyte activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16551245]


macrophage polarization involved in immune response

macrophage activation involved in immune response

A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


microglial cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


neutrophil activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


myeloid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an immature myeloid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature myeloid dendritic cell as part of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


lymphocyte activation involved in immune response

A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


T cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


alpha-beta T cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


NK T cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:15771592]


NK T cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:15771592]


gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:8717523]


T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


T cell development involved in immune response


alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell as part of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:12093005]


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell development involved in immune response


alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell development


CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell development


CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell development


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


gamma-delta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. [GOC:add]


gamma-delta T cell development involved in immune response


gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell development


CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell development


CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell development


CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development


CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell development


T cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


alpha-beta T cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


gamma-delta T cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. [GOC:add]


detection of electrical stimulus during electroreception


sensory detection of electrical stimulus during electroception


sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during electroception


sensory detection of electrical stimulus during perception of pain

detection of electrical stimulus during sensory perception of pain


sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during perception of pain


detection of electrical stimulus during magnetoreception


sensory detection of electrical stimulus during magnetoreception


sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during magnetoreception


inhibition of transcription during meiosis


stimulation of transcription during meiosis

activation of transcription during meiosis


regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity

regulation of DNA binding transcription factor activity

regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of transcription factor activity


DNA ligation involved in DNA recombination

The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA recombination. [GOC:ai]


The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA repair. [GOC:ai]


DNA ligation involved in DNA-dependent DNA replication

DNA-dependent DNA replication DNA ligation

The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA-dependent DNA replication. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of NK T cell development


positive regulation of NK T cell development


attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation

attachment of spindle microtubules to mitotic chromosome

attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitosis

attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The cell cycle process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex as part of mitotic metaphase plate congression. [GOC:ai, GOC:clt, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:26258632, PMID:26705896]


attachment of spindle microtubules to meiotic chromosome

attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in meiotic chromosome segregation

The cell cycle process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex contributing to meiotic chromosome segregation. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


visual perception during equilibrioception


attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore during meiosis I


attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in meiotic sister chromatid segregation

The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex during meiosis II. During meiosis II sister kinetochores are situated facing opposite spindle poles and bipolar attachment of the sister chromosomes to the spindle occurs. [GOC:ai, GOC:clt, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in meiosis II


elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled signaling pathway

positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled signaling pathway

elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in G-protein signaling coupled to IP3 second messenger

positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol that occurs as part of a PLC-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. G-protein-activated PLC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) to release diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). IP3 then binds to calcium release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to trigger calcium ion release into the cytosol. [GOC:ai, GOC:signaling]


B cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. [GOC:jal]


mature B cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response. [GOC:jal]


mature B cell development involved in immune response


B cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response. [GOC:jal]


natural killer cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:15032583]


natural killer cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:15032583]


natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which a naive natural killer cell acquires the specialized features of an effector natural killer T cell as part of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:11698225]


natural killer cell development involved in immune response


transitional one stage B cell development


transitional two stage B cell development


histamine production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of histamine following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


serotonin production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of serotonin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]


CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development


leukocyte activation involved in immune response

A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


cytokine production involved in immune response

The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GO_REF:0000022, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin mediated immune response

immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin-mediated immune response

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:9185563]


immunoglobulin production involved in immune response


platelet activating factor production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of platelet activating factor following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


production of lysosomal enzymes involved in inflammatory response

lysosomal enzyme production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of lysosomal enzymes following a stimulus as part of a inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add]


DNA methyltransferase activity acting on cytosine C-5

Catalysis of the reaction: methyl-dCpdG DNA + H2O = dCpdG DNA + methanol. This reaction is the hydrolytic removal of the methyl group on the 5 position of cytosine in DNA. [PMID:10050851]


homologous chromosome movement towards spindle pole during meiosis I


sister chromosome movement towards spindle pole during meiosis II


entry into cell of other organism during symbiotic interaction


translocation of peptides or proteins into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction

translocation of peptides or proteins into other organism during symbiotic interaction


passive evasion of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


induction of tumor, nodule, or growth in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


induction of tumor, nodule, or growth containing transformed cells in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


recognition of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


adhesion to other organism during symbiotic interaction


entry into other organism during symbiotic interaction


avoidance of defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction

avoidance of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction


suppression of defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


evasion or tolerance of defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction

evasion or tolerance of defenses of other organism during symbiotic interaction


translocation of molecules into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction

translocation of molecules into other organism during symbiotic interaction


translocation of DNA into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction

translocation of DNA into other organism during symbiotic interaction


amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


catecholamine reuptake during transmission of nerve impulse


catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


L-glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


regulation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


negative regulation of amino acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


positive regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


negative regulation of catecholamine uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


regulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


negative regulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


positive regulation of glutamate uptake during transmission of nerve impulse


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenyl-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP. [MetaCyc:NACGLCTRANS-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol. [EC:2.7.8.13, MetaCyc:PHOSNACMURPENTATRANS-RXN]


abscisic acid glucose ester beta-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: abscisic acid glucose ester + H2O = abscisic acid + beta-D-glucose. [PMID:16990135]


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the phosphorus atom of an acceptor molecule. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the selenium atom of an acceptor molecule. [GOC:ai]


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H imidazole-5-carboxylate + H+ = S-allantoin + CO2. [MetaCyc:RXN-6201]


mannose inositol phosphoceramide biosynthetic process

mannose-inositol-P-ceramide (MIPC) biosynthetic process

mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation by organism of defense-related calcium ion flux in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


response to defenses of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of hormone or growth regulator levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation of signal transduction in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of inflammatory response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of defense response of other organism during symbiotic interaction


induction by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of defense-related salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of ethylene-mediated defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of B-cell mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of defense-related calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of cell-mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of T-cell mediated immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of induced systemic resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of phytoalexin production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of defense-related nitric oxide production in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


regulation by organism of entry into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction

regulation by organism of entry into other organism during symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of entry into other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


evasion or tolerance by organism of nitric oxide produced by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + tRNA = diphosphate + tRNA containing 6-dimethylallyladenosine. [EC:2.5.1.75]


induction by organism of innate immune response in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of defense-related ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathway in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of ethylene levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of jasmonic acid levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of salicylic acid levels in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of entry into cell of other organism via phagocytosis involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of signal transduction in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of defense response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of signal transduction in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of systemic acquired resistance in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


response to phytoalexin production by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


response to defense-related reactive oxygen species production by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


response to defense-related nitric oxide production by other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


modulation by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


positive regulation by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


negative regulation by organism of immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


response to immune response of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction


uridine diphosphate galactose metabolic process

uridine diphosphate galactose metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate. [GOC:ai]


uridine diphosphate galactose biosynthesis

uridine diphosphate galactose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate. [GOC:ai]


Any process in which a carbohydrate is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. [GOC:mah]


The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. [PMID:10758476]


2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(-)-Germacrene D-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-germacrene D + diphosphate. [EC:4.2.3.22]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (E,E)-alpha-farnesene + diphosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-8574]


(+)-pulegone reductase, (+)-isomenthone as substrate, activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-isomenthone + NADP+ = (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H+. [EC:1.3.1.81, MetaCyc:RXN-5164]


(+)-pulegone reductase, (-)-menthone as substrate, activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-menthone + NADP+ = (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H+. [EC:1.3.1.81, MetaCyc:RXN-5163]


Catalysis of the reaction: (6R)-isoperitenone + H(+) + NADPH = (2R,5R)-isopulegone + NADP(+). [EC:1.3.1.82, RHEA:25649]


(+)-pulegone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (9-hydroxylating) activity

cytochrome P450 menthofuran synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pulegone + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (R)-menthofuran + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+). [EC:1.14.14.143, RHEA:25658]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or similar compound. [GOC:ai]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or similar compound. [GOC:jl]


diacetyl reductase ((R)-acetoin forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-acetoin + NAD(+) = diacetyl + H(+) + NADH. [EC:1.1.1.303, RHEA:22900]


diacetyl reductase ((S)-acetoin forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-acetoin + NAD(+) = diacetyl + H(+) + NADH. [EC:1.1.1.304, RHEA:27286]


malate dehydrogenase (menaquinone) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a menaquinone = oxaloacetate + a menaquinol. [MetaCyc:RXNI-3]


Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a ubiquinone = glycerone phosphate + a ubiquinol. [MetaCyc:RXN0-5258]


Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ubiquinone-8 = glycerone phosphate + ubiquinol-8. [MetaCyc:GLYC3PDEHYDROG-RXN]


oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, with an iron-sulphur protein as acceptor

oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, with an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein. [GOC:ai]


tryptamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tryptamine + H2O + O2 = NH3 + indole acetaldehyde + hydrogen peroxide + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-1401]


Catalysis of the reaction: aminoacetone + H2O + O2 = methylglyoxal + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+. [MetaCyc:AMACETOXID-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic amine + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+. [MetaCyc:AMINEOXID-RXN]


phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phenylethylamine + O2 + H2O = phenylacetaldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+. [MetaCyc:AMINEPHEN-RXN]


diamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a diamine + H2O + O2 = a monoamine + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide. [MetaCyc:RXN-9599]


1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

histamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histamine + H2O + O2 = imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-9600]


N-methylputrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-methylputrescine + H2O + O2 = N-methylaminobutanal + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-8244]


propane-1,3-diamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,3-diamine + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-6381]


Catalysis of the reaction: (4S)-limonene + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + H2O + (4S)-limonene-1,2-epoxide. [MetaCyc:RXN-9409, PMID:8820855]


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chloronitrobenzene + NADPH + H+ = 1-chloro-4-nitrosobenzene + NADP+ + H2O. [MetaCyc:RXN-8833]


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-chloro-4-nitrosobenzene + NADPH + H+ = 1-chloro-4-hydroxylaminobenzene + NADP+ + H2O. [MetaCyc:RXN-8834]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone = delta-tocopherol. [MetaCyc:RXN-2561, PMID:12213958]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone = gamma-tocopherol. [MetaCyc:RXN-2543, PMID:12213958]


Catalysis of the reaction: echinenone + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3-hydroxyechinenone + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. [MetaCyc:RXN-8214]


beta-ring carotenoid 3-hydroxylase activity


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-ketotorulene + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3-hydroxy-4-ketotorulene + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. [MetaCyc:RXN-8218]


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-cryptoxanthin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = zeaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. [RHEA:30327]


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-carotene + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = beta-cryptoxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. [RHEA:30323]


Catalysis of the reaction: adonirubin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3S,3'S-astaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. [MetaCyc:RXN-8187]


Catalysis of the reaction: canthaxanthin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = adonirubin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. [MetaCyc:RXN-8186]


Catalysis of the reaction: uracil + NADH + O2 + H+ = ureidoacrylate peracid + NAD+. Ureidoacrylate peracid is spontaneously reduced by NADH to form ureidoacrylate. [MetaCyc:RXN0-6444, PMID:20369853, PMID:20400551]


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + ent-kaur-16-en-19-ol + oxygen = 2 H2O + NADP+ + ent-kaur-16-en-19-al. [MetaCyc:RXN-5242]


Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + ent-kaur-16-en-19-al + oxygen = H2O + NADP+ + ent-kaurenoate. [MetaCyc:RXN-7580]


coenzyme F420-0:L-glutamate ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + L-glutamate + factor F420-0 = GDP + H+ + factor gamma-F420-1 + phosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-8080]


coenzyme F420-1:gamma-L-glutamate ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + L-glutamate + factor gamma-F420-1 = GDP + H+ + factor gamma-F420-2 + phosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-8081]


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + thymine + acceptor = 5-methyl-barbiturate + donor-H2. [RHEA:13469]


Catalysis of the reaction: delta(2)-isopentenyl diphosphate + ATP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate. [EC:2.5.1.27, MetaCyc:RXN-4303]


Catalysis of the reaction: delta2-isopentenyl diphosphate + ADP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate. [EC:2.5.1.27, MetaCyc:RXN-4305]


S-adenosyl-L-methionine:salicylate carboxyl methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: demethylphylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = phylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+. [MetaCyc:RXN-6723, MetaCyc:RXN-7569, PMID:14617060]


salicylic acid methyltransferase activity


p-aminobenzoate amino acid synthetase activity

p-aminobenzoyl amino acid synthetase activity

4-aminobenzoyl amino acid synthetase activity

4-aminobenzoate amino acid synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-aminobenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-10884, PMID:19189963]


Catalysis of the reaction: benzoate + ATP + amino acid = benzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-10886, PMID:19189963]


vanillate amino acid synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: vanillate + ATP + amino acid = vanillate amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-10885, PMID:19189963]


p-hydroxybenzoate amino acid synthetase activity

p-hydroxybenzoyl amino acid synthetase activity

4-hydroxybenzoyl amino acid synthetase activity

4-hydroxybenzoate amino acid synthetase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-hydroxybenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN-10884, PMID:19189963]


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + phosphate + 2 H+. [PMID:19901554, RHEA:39019]


uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine phosphorylase activity

uridine diphosphate-N-acetylgalactosamine pyrophosphorylase activity

uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine pyrophosphorylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. [EC:2.7.7.83, RHEA:34363]


sphingolipid delta-8 desaturase activity

Catalysis of the formation of a double bond between C8 and C9 of the long chain base of a sphingolipid. For example, sphinganine (d18:0) = 8-sphingenine (d18:1delta8); phytosphinganine (t18:0) = 8-phytosphingenine (t18:1delta8); and 4-sphingenine (18:1delta4) = 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2delta4,8). [PMID:17600137, PMID:9786850]


isocitrate hydro-lyase (cis-aconitate-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate. [EC:4.2.1.3, GOC:pde, GOC:vw, MetaCyc:ACONITATEHYDR-RXN]


(C-19 gibberellin-1),2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2beta-hydroxylating)

C-19 gibberellin 2-beta-hydroxylase activity

C-19 gibberellin 2beta-hydroxylase activity

C-19 gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase activity

C-19 gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a C-19 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-19 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-19 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with nineteen carbons. [EC:1.14.11.13, GOC:kad]


(C-20 gibberellin-1),2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (2beta-hydroxylating)

C-20 gibberellin 2beta-hydroxylase activity

C-20 gibberellin 2-beta-hydroxylase activity

C-20 gibberellin 2beta-dioxygenase activity

C-20 gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a C-20 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-20 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-20 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with twenty carbons. [EC:1.14.11.13, GOC:kad]


Catalysis of the transfer of an arabinosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). [GOC:ai]


delta 3-trans-hexadecenoic acid phosphatidylglycerol desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:3-3-16:0-phosphatidylglycerol = 1-18:3-3-trans-16:1-phosphatidylglycerol + 2 H+. This reaction is the formation of a trans double bond between carbon 3 and carbon 4 (counting from the carboxyl end) of palmitic acid, which is specifically esterified to the sn-2 glyceryl carbon of phosphatidylglycerol. [GOC:ai, MetaCyc:RXN-8319, PMID:19682287]


uridine diphosphoglucose-indolebutyrate glucosyltransferase activity

indole-3-butyric acid glucosyltransferase activity

UDPG-indol-3-ylbutyryl glucosyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP. [MetaCyc:RXN-11655, RHEA:62708]


UDP:glucose:2-hydroxybenzoic acid glucosyltransferase (ester-forming) activity

UDP:glucose:salicylic acid glucosyltransferase (ester-forming) activity

UDP:glucose:salicylate glucosyltransferase (ester-forming) activity

UDP:glucose:SA glucosyltransferase (ester-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid glucose ester + UDP. [MetaCyc:RXN-11659, RHEA:62316]


salicylic acid glucosyltransferase activity


UDP:glucose:SA glucosyltransferase (glucoside-forming) activity

UDP:glucose:salicylic acid glucosyltransferase (glucoside-forming) activity

UDP:glucose:salicylate glucosyltransferase (glucoside-forming) activity

UDP:glucose:2-hydroxybenzoic acid glucosyltransferase (glucoside-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid 2-O-glucoside + UDP. [MetaCyc:RXN-11658, RHEA:62312]


UDP:glucose:benzoic acid glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: benzoic acid + UDP-glucose = benzoic acid glucose ester + UDP. [MetaCyc:RXN-11660]


LPA phosphatase activity
lysophosphatidate phosphatase activity

lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lysophosphatidic acid + H2O = phosphate + monoacylglycerol. [PMID:20045079, PMID:7966317]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorophyllides, any chlorophyll lacking the terpenoid side chain such as phytyl or farnesyl. [PMID:7724548]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorophyllide a, a chlorophyll lacking the terpenoid side chain, which is the functional parent of chlorophyll a. [PMID:7724548]


coenzyme F420-0 metabolism
F(420)-0 metabolic process
coenzyme F420-0 metabolic process
F420-0 metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving F420-0 (5-O-{[(1S)-1-carboxyethoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}-1-deoxy-1-(8-hydroxy-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolin-10(4H)-yl)-D-ribitol), the fragment of coenzyme F420 remaining after formal hydrolytic removal of all of the glutamate residues. [GOC:curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditol phosphates, any phosphorylated polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group. [PMID:30240188]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentitol phosphates, any phosphorylated alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribitol phosphates, any phosphorylated form of ribitol, the pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose. [ISBN:0198506732]


F420-2 metabolism
coenzyme gamma-F420-2 metabolism
coenzyme F420 metabolism
coenzyme F420 metabolic process
F420-2 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme gamma-F420-2 (F420-2; coenzyme F420; N-{N-[O-(7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin phospho)-(S)-lactyl]-gamma-L-glutamyl}-L-glutamate), the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid. [GOC:curators]


retinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity
retinol dehydrogenase activity
NADP-retinol dehydrogenase activity
retinol dehydrogenase [NADP+] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+. [RHEA:25033]

NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase activity


monoacylglycerol catabolism
monoacylglycerol breakdown
monoacylglycerol degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified. [PMID:25290914]


cyclic purine nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue and the base is a purine. [PMID:23911318]


cyclic diguanylate metabolic process
3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid metabolism
cdiGMP metabolic process
cyclic diguanylate metabolism
cdiGMP metabolism

3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid, a cyclic purine dinucleotide in which the base groups are guanine. [GOC:curators]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamatic acid. [EC:2.6.1.42, MetaCyc:BRANCHED-CHAINAMINOTRANSFERVAL-RXN]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid. [EC:2.6.1.42, MetaCyc:BRANCHED-CHAINAMINOTRANSFERILEU-RXN]


D-myo-inositol (1,3,4,5)-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate. [EC:3.1.3.56, RHEA:11392]


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = (R)-lactaldehyde + NADH + H+. [RHEA:23872]


tRNA uracil 2'-methyltransferase activity

tRNA (uracil 2')-methyltransferase activity

transfer ribonucleate uracil 2'-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methyluracil. [PMID:25626150, RHEA:43100]


tRNA (cytosine 2')-methyltransferase activity

transfer ribonucleate cytosine 2'-methyltransferase activity

tRNA cytosine 2'-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine. [GOC:hjd]


N-methylethanolamine phosphate N-methyltransferase activity

S-adenosyl-L-methionine:methylethanolamine phosphate N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-methylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N,N-dimethylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+). [RHEA:25321]


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,-6-trans-farnesol + CTP = 2-trans,-6-trans-farnesyl monophosphate + CDP + H+. [PMID:21395888, RHEA:51680]


Catalysis of the reaction: geraniol + nucleoside triphosphate = geranyl monophosphate + nucleoside diphosphate. [GOC:kd]


Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeraniol + nucleoside triphosphate = all-trans-geranyl-geranyl monophosphate + nucleoside diphosphate. [GOC:kd, MetaCyc:RXN-11629]


Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeraniol + CTP = all-trans-geranyl-geranyl monophosphate + CDP. [MetaCyc:RXN-11629]


prenyl alcohol phosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: prenol + nucleoside triphosphate = prenyl phosphate + nucleoside diphosphate activity. [GOC:ai, GOC:kd]


ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [ent-pimara-9(11),15-diene-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-pimara-9(11),15-diene + diphosphate. [RHEA:25544]


3-methylbutanal reductase (NADP) activity

3-methylbutyraldehyde reductase (NADP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NADP+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADPH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde. [EC:1.1.1.265, KEGG_REACTION:R05686]


3-methylbutyraldehyde reductase (NAD) activity

3-methylbutanal reductase (NAD) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NAD+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde. [EC:1.1.1.265, KEGG_REACTION:R05685]


NADP+-dependent D-arabinitol dehydrogenase activity


ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [ent-abieta-8(14),12-diene-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = abieta-8(14),12-diene + diphosphate. [RHEA:25548]


terpentedienyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (terpentetriene-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: terpentedienyl diphosphate = diphosphate + terpentetriene. [RHEA:25617]


(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(+)-epi-isozizaene-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-epi-isozizaene + diphosphate. [RHEA:25992]


(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(E)-alpha-bisabolene-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (E,R)-alpha-bisabolene + diphosphate. [RHEA:25436]


(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (8-epi-cedrol-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = epi-cedrol + diphosphate. [RHEA:26115]


(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [(Z)-gamma-bisabolene-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (Z)-gamma-bisabolene + diphosphate. [RHEA:26081]


L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole; L-tryptophan-forming) activity

L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole, L-tryptophan-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole + L-serine = L-tryptophan + H2O. [MetaCyc:RXN0-2382]


tryptophan synthase beta subunit activity


perillic acid:CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity

perillic acid-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: perillic acid + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + ADP + phosphate + perillyl-CoA. [KEGG_REACTION:R06368]


perillic acid:CoA ligase (AMP-forming) activity

perillic acid-CoA ligase (AMP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: perillic acid + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + AMP + diphosphate + perillyl-CoA. [KEGG_REACTION:R06368]


(3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate:CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + ADP + phosphate + (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA. [KEGG_REACTION:R06396]


(3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + AMP + diphosphate + (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA. [KEGG_REACTION:R06515]


trichlorohydroquinone reductive dehalogenase activity

trichloro-p-hydroquinone reductive dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,6-trichlorohydroquinone + 2 glutathione = 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone + glutathione disulfide + HCl. [PMID:1459949, RHEA:56832, UM-BBD_reactionID:r0315]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-beta-L-arabinofuranose = UDP-beta-L-arabinopyranose. [EC:5.4.99.30, RHEA:28350]


raffinose-specific alkaline alpha-galactosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: raffinose + H2O = alpha-D-galactose + sucrose. [MetaCyc:RXN-11502]


Catalysis of the reaction: epoxyqueuosine in tRNA + reductant = queuosine in tRNA + oxidised reductant. [PMID:21502530, RHEA:32159]


The dormancy process that results in entry into diapause. Diapause is a neurohormonally mediated, dynamic state of low metabolic activity. Associated characteristics of this form of dormancy include reduced morphogenesis, increased resistance to environmental extremes, and altered or reduced behavioral activity. Full expression develops in a species-specific manner, usually in response to a number of environmental stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions. Once diapause has begun, metabolic activity is suppressed even if conditions favorable for development prevail. Once initiated, only certain stimuli are capable of releasing the organism from this state, and this characteristic is essential in distinguishing diapause from hibernation. [GOC:ds, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


The dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli. [GOC:ds, GOC:jid, GOC:mah]


pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid biosynthetic process


regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation


histamine secretion involved in inflammatory response

The regulated release of histamine by a cell as part of an inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


serotonin secretion involved in inflammatory response

The regulated release of serotonin by a cell as part of an inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:14680625, PMID:14708592, PMID:7507411, PMID:8600538]


vasodilation involved in acute inflammatory response

An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure contributing to an acute inflammatory response. [GOC:jal]


regulation of vascular permeability involved in acute inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid contributing to an acute inflammatory response. [GOC:jal]


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure involved in acute-phase response

Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system that contributes to the acute phase response. The acute phase response occurs during the early phases of an infection and is marked by changes in the production of plasma proteins such as C-reactive protein. [GOC:jal, ISBN:081533642X]


regulation of heart contraction involved in acute-phase response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction that contributes to the acute phase response. The acute phase response occurs during the early phases of an infection and is marked by changes in the production of plasma proteins such as C-reactive protein. [GOC:jal, PMID:15642986, PMID:15834430]


production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0781735149]


secretion of lysosomal enzymes involved in inflammatory response

lysosomal enzyme secretion involved in inflammatory response

The regulated release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell as part of an inflammatory response. [GOC:jal, PMID:11836514]


cytokine production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


production of nitric oxide involved in inflammatory response

nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


production of arachidonic acid metabolites involved in inflammatory response

arachidonic acid metabolite production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


prostaglandin production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response. [GOC:add]


positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response. [GOC:add]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response. [GOC:add]


down-regulation of type 2 immune response

down regulation of type 2 immune response

downregulation of type 2 immune response

negative regulation of type 2 immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response. [GOC:add]


up regulation of type 2 immune response
upregulation of type 2 immune response
up-regulation of type 2 immune response

positive regulation of type 2 immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response. [GOC:add]


follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum involved in fused antrum stage

The ovulation cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the fused antrum stage of oogenesis. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete]


follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum involved in distinct antral spaces stage

The menstrual cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the antral spaces stage of oogenesis. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete]


follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum involved in scattered antral spaces stage

The menstrual cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the scattered antral spaces stage of oogenesis. [GOC:dph, GOC:isa_complete]


vasoconstriction of artery involved in carotid body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure

A process that is triggered by carotid body-vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure. [ISBN:0323031951]


vasoconstriction of artery involved in aortic body chemoreceptor response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure

A process that is triggered by aortic body-vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


negative regulation of glomerular filtration by angiotensin

The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of glomerular filtration in the kidney. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity

gene-specific transcription factor activity

DNA-binding transcription factor activity

A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons. [GOC:txnOH-2018]


The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:ebc, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct]


regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:rl, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]