increased force of heart contraction by adrenaline-noradrenaline

increased force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine

increased strength of cardiac contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine

positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine

Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cardio]


positive regulation of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrine

positive regulation of heart contraction by adrenaline-noradrenaline


renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The physiological response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood flow. [GOC:dph]


activation of tumor necrosis factor production


stimulation of tumor necrosis factor production


regulation of mast cell cytokine production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. [GOC:mah]


downregulation of mast cell cytokine production

down-regulation of mast cell cytokine production

down regulation of mast cell cytokine production

negative regulation of mast cell cytokine production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of mast cell cytokine production


up-regulation of mast cell cytokine production

upregulation of mast cell cytokine production

up regulation of mast cell cytokine production

positive regulation of mast cell cytokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell cytokine production. [GOC:mah]


activation of mast cell cytokine production


stimulation of mast cell cytokine production


inhibition of monophenol oxygenase activity


activation of monophenol oxygenase activity


stimulation of monophenol oxygenase activity


down-regulation of RNA elongation
downregulation of RNA elongation


upregulation of RNA elongation
up-regulation of RNA elongation


negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolism

down regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process

negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation

negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process

negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor breakdown

downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process

down-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process

negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein receptors. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process


activation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process


stimulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process


positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process

upregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process

positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation

up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process

positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor breakdown

up regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolic process

positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor catabolism

positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of natural killer cell activation


activation of natural killer cell activation


stimulation of natural killer cell activation


inhibition of natural killer cell proliferation


activation of natural killer cell proliferation


stimulation of natural killer cell proliferation


down-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response

downregulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response

down regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response


inhibition of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response


activation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response


stimulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response


upregulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response

up-regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response

up regulation of natural killer cell proliferation during immune response


inhibition of natural killer cell differentiation


activation of natural killer cell differentiation


stimulation of natural killer cell differentiation


down-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response

downregulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response

down regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response


inhibition of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response


activation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response


stimulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response


upregulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response

up-regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response

up regulation of natural killer cell differentiation during immune response


inhibition of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation


activation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation


stimulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation


down-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response

downregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response

down regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response


inhibition of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response


positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell development involved in immune response

up-regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response

positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell differentiation during immune response

activation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response

positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response

upregulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response

stimulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response

up regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation during immune response

positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response

positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response. [GOC:mah]


regulation of intracellular pH reduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell. [GOC:mah]


regulation of intracellular acidification


negative regulation of reduction of pH in cell

negative regulation of intracellular pH reduction

down regulation of cellular pH reduction

negative regulation of cellular acidification

negative regulation of cell pH reduction

down-regulation of cellular pH reduction

negative regulation of reduction of cellular pH

negative regulation of cellular pH reduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of intracellular acidification


positive regulation of intracellular pH reduction

positive regulation of reduction of pH in cell

positive regulation of cell pH reduction

positive regulation of cellular acidification

positive regulation of reduction of cellular pH

positive regulation of cellular pH reduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of intracellular acidification


up-regulation of ARF GTPase activity
upregulation of ARF GTPase activity
up regulation of ARF GTPase activity

positive regulation of ARF GTPase activity


up-regulation of Rab GTPase activity
up regulation of Rab GTPase activity
upregulation of Rab GTPase activity

positive regulation of Rab GTPase activity


up regulation of Ral GTPase activity
upregulation of Ral GTPase activity
up-regulation of Ral GTPase activity

positive regulation of Ral GTPase activity


up regulation of Ran GTPase activity
up-regulation of Ran GTPase activity
upregulation of Ran GTPase activity

positive regulation of Ran GTPase activity


up-regulation of Rap GTPase activity
up regulation of Rap GTPase activity
upregulation of Rap GTPase activity

positive regulation of Rap GTPase activity


up-regulation of Rac GTPase activity
up regulation of Rac GTPase activity
upregulation of Rac GTPase activity

positive regulation of Rac GTPase activity


ER-mitochondria encounter structure
Mdm10/Mdm12/Mmm1 complex location
Mdm10/Mdm12/Mmm1 complex
MMM1 complex
ERMES complex location
mitochore
MMM1 complex location

A protein complex that links the endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and may have a role in promoting exchange of calcium and phospholipids between the two organelles. [GOC:mcc, PMID:19556461, PMID:29279306]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of karyogamy, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of membrane fusion. [GOC:mah]


regulation of stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway

regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway

regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK cascade

regulation of stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway

regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway

regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

negative regulation of p38 MAPK signaling

negative regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway

negative regulation of p38 MAPK signalling

downregulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

negative regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK cascade

negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway

negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway

negative regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway

down regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of stress-activated MAPK cascade


positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK signalling pathway

positive regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signaling pathway

up-regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

positive regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK cascade

positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK signaling pathway

up regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

positive regulation of p38 MAPK signalling

upregulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

positive regulation of p38 MAPK signaling

positive regulation of stress-activated MAPKKK signalling pathway

positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. [GOC:mah]


activation of stress-activated MAPK cascade


stimulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade


regulation of DNA re-duplication
regulation of DNA endoreplication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of DNA endoreduplication

down regulation of DNA endoreduplication

negative regulation of DNA endoreplication

negative regulation of DNA re-duplication

negative regulation of DNA endoreduplication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of DNA re-duplication

positive regulation of DNA endoreplication

positive regulation of DNA endoreduplication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. [GOC:mah]


regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:mah]


regulation of cellular protein localization

regulation of cellular protein localisation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin. [GOC:mah]


regulation of chitin formation
regulation of chitin anabolism
regulation of chitin biosynthesis
regulation of chitin synthesis

regulation of chitin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin. [GOC:mah]


regulation of cell wall chitin formation

regulation of cell wall chitin anabolism

regulation of cell wall chitin synthesis

regulation of cell wall chitin biosynthesis

regulation of cell wall chitin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin. [GOC:mah]


regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle. [GOC:mah]


regulation of mitotic spindle elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. [GOC:mah]


regulation of vacuole fusion, non-autophagic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


downregulation of organic acid transport

down-regulation of organic acid transport

down regulation of organic acid transport

negative regulation of organic acid transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


upregulation of organic acid transport
up regulation of organic acid transport
up-regulation of organic acid transport

positive regulation of organic acid transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 = palmitoleic acid (16:1delta9) + A + 2 H2O. [GOC:kmv, PMID:16443825]


downregulation of viral transcription
down regulation of viral transcription
down-regulation of viral transcription

negative regulation of viral transcription

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription. [GOC:mah]


The appearance of a neurotrophin due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. A neurotrophin is any of a family of growth factors that prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin. [GOC:mah]


downregulation of neurotrophin production

down-regulation of neurotrophin production

down regulation of neurotrophin production

negative regulation of neurotrophin production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin. [GOC:mah]


up regulation of neurotrophin production

up-regulation of neurotrophin production

positive regulation of neurotrophin production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin. [GOC:mah]


beta-nerve growth factor production
NGF production

The appearance of nerve growth factor (NGF) due to biosynthesis or secretion by cells in a neuron's target field, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah]


regulation of beta-nerve growth factor production

regulation of nerve growth factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor (NGF). [GOC:mah]


downregulation of nerve growth factor production

down-regulation of nerve growth factor production

down regulation of nerve growth factor production

negative regulation of nerve growth factor production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor (NGF). [GOC:mah]


inhibition of nerve growth factor production


transforming growth factor-beta1 production

transforming growth factor beta1 production

The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:mah]


transforming growth factor-beta2 production

transforming growth factor beta2 production

The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:mah]


transforming growth factor-beta3 production

transforming growth factor beta3 production

The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta3 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:mah]


regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production

regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. [GOC:mah]


regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production

regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2. [GOC:mah]


regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production

regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production

negative regulation of TGF-B1 production

down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production

downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production

down regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta1 production


down regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production

negative regulation of TGF-B2 production

negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production

down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production

downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta2 production


down regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production

downregulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production

negative regulation of TGF-B3 production

negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production

down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production

negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3. [GOC:mah]


inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta3 production


positive regulation of TGF-B1 production

up regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production

up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production

upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production

positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1. [GOC:mah]


activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production


stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 production


positive regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production

up regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production

up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production

upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production

positive regulation of TGF-B2 production

positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2. [GOC:mah]


activation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production


stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 production


up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production

upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production

up regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production

positive regulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production

positive regulation of TGF-B3 production

positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta3 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta3. [GOC:mah]


activation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production


stimulation of transforming growth factor-beta3 production


The modification of polyamines by addition of acetyl groups. [GOC:mlg]


The modification of spermidine by addition of acetyl groups. [GOC:mlg]


The modification of spermine by addition of acetyl groups. [GOC:mlg]


The modification of putrescine by addition of acetyl groups. [GOC:mlg]


A complex consisting of 4 protein subunits as a heterotetramer, that possesses sarcosine oxidase activity. [GOC:mah, GOC:mlg]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. [GOC:mah]


circadian regulation of protein expression


organic phosphonate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphonates, any organic compound containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Synthesis of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included. [GOC:js]


The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:rl, GOC:signaling]


regulation of activin receptor signalling pathway

regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


regulation of activin signalling pathway


downregulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of activin receptor signalling pathway

down regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

down-regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


inhibition of activin receptor signaling pathway


negative regulation of activin signalling pathway

negative regulation of activin signaling pathway


positive regulation of activin receptor signalling pathway

upregulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

up regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

up-regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

positive regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl]


activation of activin receptor signaling pathway


positive regulation of activin signalling pathway

positive regulation of activin signaling pathway


stimulation of activin receptor signaling pathway


regulation of superoxide anion generation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell. [GOC:mah]


histone lysine N-acetyltransferase activity (H3-K56 specific)

histone acetyltransferase activity (H3-K56 specific)

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 56) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 56). [EC:2.3.1.48]


negative regulation of astral microtubule depolymerization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of astral microtubules. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a sterol, a steroid containing a hydroxy group in the 3 position, closely related to cholestan-3-ol. [GOC:mah]


Binding to and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of a sterol. [GOC:mah]


Sre1-Scp1 complex
SREBP-SCAP complex location
Sre1-Scp1 complex location

A protein complex formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) in the ER membrane; in the absence of sterols, the SREBP-SCAP complex is packaged into COPII vesicles and travels to the Golgi apparatus to be processed. [PMID:12923525]


A protein complex formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and an Insig protein (Insig-1 or Insig-2) in the ER membrane. [PMID:12923525]


negative regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:mah]


up-regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress

up regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress

upregulation of translation in response to oxidative stress

positive regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:mah]


activation of translation in response to oxidative stress


stimulation of translation in response to oxidative stress


The controlled release of a substance by a tissue. [GOC:mah]


inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate 2-kinase activity

inositol tetrakisphosphate 2-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol pentakisphosphate (containing 2-phosphate) + ADP. [GOC:hf]


The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. [GOC:add]


peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation


regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. [GOC:add]


regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation


negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. [GOC:add]


negative regulation of PBMC proliferation


negative regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation


up-regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

up regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

upregulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. [GOC:add]


activation of mononuclear cell proliferation


positive regulation of PBMC proliferation


positive regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation


stimulation of mononuclear cell proliferation


protein-containing complex scaffold activity


regulation of alpha-glucan metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-glucans. [GOC:mah]


regulation of alpha-glucan biosynthesis
regulation of alpha-glucan formation
regulation of alpha-glucan anabolism
regulation of alpha-glucan synthesis

regulation of alpha-glucan biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways relusting in the formation of alpha-glucans. [GOC:mah]


regulation of beta-glucan metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-glucans. [GOC:mah]


regulation of beta-glucan synthesis
regulation of beta-glucan anabolism
regulation of beta-glucan formation
regulation of beta-glucan biosynthesis

regulation of beta-glucan biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways relusting in the formation of beta-glucans. [GOC:mah]


regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan metabolism

regulation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolism

regulation of 1,3-beta-D-glucan metabolic process

regulation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans. [GOC:mah]


regulation of 1,3-beta-glucan biosynthesis

regulation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokinetic process. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. Division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:19959363, PMID:21246752, PMID:22786806]


regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis

regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:mah]


IP3 metabolism
IP3 metabolic process
inositol trisphosphate metabolism

inositol trisphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached. [GOC:mah]


myo-inositol trisphosphate metabolic process


inositol phosphate formation
inositol phosphate anabolism
inositol phosphate synthesis
inositol phosphate biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached. [GOC:mah]


myo-inositol phosphate biosynthetic process


inositol trisphosphate formation
inositol trisphosphate synthesis
inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis
inositol trisphosphate anabolism
IP3 biosynthetic process
IP3 biosynthesis

inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached. [GOC:mah]


myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process


regulation of inositol trisphosphate formation

regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis

regulation of inositol trisphosphate synthesis

regulation of inositol trisphosphate anabolism

regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate. [GOC:mah]


regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis


regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process


negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis

negative regulation of IP3 biosynthetic process

negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate anabolism

negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate synthesis

negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate formation

negative regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis


negative regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process


positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate anabolism

positive regulation of IP3 biosynthetic process

positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate synthesis

positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis

positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate formation

positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthesis


positive regulation of myo-inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process


The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


collagen anabolism
collagen synthesis
collagen biosynthesis
collagen formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


regulation of collagen formation
regulation of collagen synthesis
regulation of collagen anabolism
regulation of collagen biosynthesis

regulation of collagen biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of collagen anabolism

negative regulation of collagen biosynthesis

negative regulation of collagen synthesis

negative regulation of collagen formation

negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of collagen formation

positive regulation of collagen biosynthesis

positive regulation of collagen anabolism

positive regulation of collagen synthesis

positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of RNA elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter

positive regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]


MP1-p14 scaffolding complex
endosomal adaptor complex location
MP1-p14 scaffolding complex location
endosomal adaptor complex
endosomal scaffold complex location

A protein complex that contains MAPKSP1 (MP1, Map2k1ip1) and ROBLD3 (p14, Mapbpip), is anchored to late endosomes, and is involved in selective activation of the ERK1 in ERK/MAPK signaling. [PMID:15263099, PMID:16227978, PMID:17496910]


regulation of actin filament-based process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding. [GOC:ecd]


regulation of muscle filament sliding speed

Any process that modulates the velocity of muscle filament sliding. [GOC:dph, GOC:ecd, GOC:tb]


amino acid export across plasma membrane

The directed movement of amino acids from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region. [GOC:jl]


vacuolar amino acid export
amino acid efflux from vacuole

amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:mah]


amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane. [GOC:mah]


release of matrix enzymes from mitochondria

The process in which enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase, are enabled to move from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol, as part of the apoptotic process. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:9843949]


release of aspartate aminotransferase from mitochondria


Binds transmembrane domain-containing proteins and mediates their integration into a membrane. [PMID:14739936, PMID:29809151, PMID:30415835, PMID:32459176]


insertion of proteins into membrane from the inner side

protein insertion into membrane from inner side

The process in which a protein is incorporated into a lipid bilayer, e.g., the prokaryotic, mitochondrial, or chloroplast inner membrane, from the inner side. [PMID:14739936, PMID:15473843]


protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane from matrix side

insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial membrane from the inner side

protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane from inner side

The process in which a protein is incorporated into the mitochondrial inner membrane from the matrix side. This includes membrane insertion of newly synthesized mitochondrially-encoded proteins, and insertion of nuclear-encoded proteins after their import into the mitochondrial matrix. [GOC:vw, PMID:12880202, PMID:15473843]


A change in the morphology or behavior of a keratinocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Upon activation, keratinocytes become migratory and hyperproliferative, and produce growth factors and cytokines. [GOC:mah, PMID:15737202]


mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone) assembly

mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. [GOC:rph]


A supramolecular fiber containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament. [GOC:mah]


kainate selective glutamate receptor complex location

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. Kainate receptors are multimeric assemblies of GluK1-3 (also called GluR5-7), GluK4 (KA1) and GluK5 (KA2) subunits. [GOC:bf, http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Synaptic/info/glutamate.html, PMID:18655795]


cellular macromolecule complex disassembly


The disaggregation of a protein-carbohydrate complex into its constituent components. [GOC:mah]


The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components. [GOC:mah]


The disaggregation of a protein-lipid complex into its constituent components. [GOC:mah]


protein-RNA complex disassembly
RNA-protein complex disassembly
RNP complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components. [GOC:mah]


The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized. [GOC:mah]


macromolecule complex location
macromolecule complex
protein containing complex
macromolecular complex location
protein-containing complex location
protein containing complex location
macromolecular complex

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


A macromolecular complex containing separate protein and carbohydrate molecules. Separate in this context means not covalently bound to each other. [GOC:mah]


DNA-protein complex
protein-DNA complex location
DNA-protein complex location

A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. [GOC:mah]


A macromolecular complex containing separate protein and lipid molecules. Separate in this context means not covalently bound to each other. [GOC:mah]


regulation of chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall biogenesis

regulation of fungal-type cell wall biogenesis

Any process that modulates the process in which a cell wall is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]


A protein complex containing Bcl3 and Bcl10, which forms when Akt1 is activated by TNF-alpha to phosphorylate Bcl10; the Bcl3-Bcl10 complex is translocated to the nucleus. [PMID:16280327]


FcR complex
FcR complex location
Fc-receptor complex location
Fc receptor complex location
Fc-receptor complex

A protein complex composed of a subunit or subunits capable of binding the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin with additional signaling components. The complex functions as a receptor for immunoglobulin. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


immunoglobulin receptor complex location


Fc-epsilon receptor I complex location
FceRI complex
FceRI complex location

A protein complex composed of an Fc-epsilon RI alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-episilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgE. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


immunoglobulin E receptor complex location


Fc-alpha receptor I complex location
FcaRI complex
FcaRI complex location

A protein complex composed of an Fc-alpha R alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgA. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12524384]


immunoglobulin A receptor complex location


FcgRI complex
Fc-gamma receptor I complex location
FcgRI complex location

A protein complex composed of an Fc-gamma RI alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11244038, PMID:12413532]


immunoglobulin G receptor complex location


FcgRIII complex location
FcgRIII complex
Fc-gamma receptor III complex location

A protein complex composed of an Fc-gamma RIII alpha chain and an Fc-epsilon RI gamma chain dimer with or without an Fc-epsilon RI beta chain and additional signaling components. The complex functions primarily as an activating receptor for IgG. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:11244038, PMID:12413532]


The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division. [CL:0000187, GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of mast cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of mast cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation. [GOC:mah]


regulation of mast cell activation during immune response


negative regulation of mast cell activation during immune response


positive regulation of mast cell activation during immune response


A small, vestigial nucleus found in some plastids that derive from a eukaryotic endosymbiont. Observed in chlorarachniophytes and cryptomonads, which acquired their plastids from a green and red alga respectively. [PMID:16760254]


paranodal axoglial junction
paranodal septate junction
axoglial septate junction

A highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. It flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve and electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath. [PMID:11395001, PMID:14630217]


A condensed cytoplasmic structure that covers the nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal layer and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic system, the postacrosomal sheath. The perinuclear theca has been considered a cytoskeletal scaffold responsible for maintaining the overall architecture of the mature sperm head; however, recent studies indicate that the bulk of its constituent proteins are not traditional cytoskeletal proteins but rather a variety of cytosolic proteins. [PMID:17289678, PMID:8025156]


A permanent cup-shaped structure at the cell plasma membrane in secretory cells. Following a secretory stimulus, secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the base of porosomes and release intravesicular contents dictated by the turgor pressure generated from the swelling of secretory vesicles. [PMID:15090256, PMID:16563225]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. [GOC:mah]


tetrapyrrole biosynthesis
tetrapyrrole formation
tetrapyrrole synthesis
tetrapyrrole anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. [GOC:mah]


tetrapyrrole breakdown
tetrapyrrole degradation
tetrapyrrole catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a rhoptry. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:rph]


The volume enclosed by the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:rph]


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxyvalerate + NAD+ = 5-oxovalerate + NADH. [GOC:mlg, PMID:12406764]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclopentanol. [GOC:mlg, PMID:12406764]


cyclopentanol synthesis
cyclopentanol formation
cyclopentanol anabolism
cyclopentanol biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclopentanol. [GOC:mah, PMID:12406764]


cyclopentanol degradation
cyclopentanol breakdown
cyclopentanol catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclopentanol. [GOC:mah, PMID:12406764]


The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of mast cells such that the total number of mast cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. [GOC:add, PMID:11292031]


apoptosis of mast cells
mast cell apoptosis

Any apoptotic process in a mast cell, a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. [CL:0000097, GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:11292031, PMID:12360215, PMID:16605130]


regulation of mast cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. [GOC:add, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]


Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:mah]


Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [GOC:mah]


Combining with soluble bitter compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of bitter taste. [GOC:mah]


Combining with soluble salty compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of salty taste. [GOC:mah]


Combining with soluble sour compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sour taste. [GOC:mah]


Combining with soluble sweet compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sweet taste. [GOC:mah]


Combining with soluble umami compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of umami taste, the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. [GOC:mah]


regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. [GOC:mah]


regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome. [GOC:mah]


regulation of sister chromatid segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. [GOC:mah]


regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. [GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving clavulanic acid, (2R,3Z,5R)-3-(2-hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid. [GOC:mah]


clavulanic acid anabolism
clavulanic acid formation
clavulanic acid biosynthesis
clavulanic acid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of clavulanic acid, (2R,3Z,5R)-3-(2-hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid. [GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glutamine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid glutamine, i.e. (2R)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glutamate, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid glutamate, i.e. (2R)-2-aminopentanedioic acid. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-arginine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid arginine, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ornithine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid ornithine, i.e. (2R)-2,5-diaminopentanoic acid. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis. [GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07]


The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell. [GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07]


The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an ocellus, a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates. [GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07]


DNA recombinase mediator complex location

A protein complex containing accessory proteins which bind a recombinase (e.g. Rad51) and bind single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and promote nucleation of the recombinase onto ssDNA through facilitating recombinase-RPA exchange. [GOC:elh, GOC:mah, GOC:vw, InterPro:IPR003488, PMID:12912992, PMID:32414915]


Rad55-Rad57 complex
Rad55-Rad57 complex location
Rhp55-Rhp57 complex location

A conserved heterodimeric DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the RecA family proteins Rhp55p and Rph57 in Schizosaccharomyces, or orthologs thereof (e.g. Rad55p and Rad57p in Saccharomyces). [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, and XRCC2, or orthologs thereof. [GOC:mah, PMID:16093548, PMID:17114795]


DX2 complex location
DX2 complex
XRCC2-RAD51D complex location

A heterodimeric DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51D and XRCC2, or orthologs thereof; conserved from fission yeast to human but absent from budding yeast. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:16093548]


CX3 complex
Rad51C-XRCC3 complex location
CX3 complex location

A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51C and XRCC3, or orthologs thereof. [GOC:mah, PMID:16093548, PMID:17114795]


BC complex location
BC complex
Rad51B-Rad51C complex location

A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51B and RAD51C, or orthologs thereof. [GOC:mah, PMID:16093548, PMID:17114795]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving macrolides, any of a large group of polyketide compounds that contain a large lactone ring with few or no double bonds and no nitrogen atoms, linked glycosidically to one or more sugar groups. The macrolides include the carbomycins, the erythromycins, oleandomycin, oligomycins, and the spiramycins, and act as antibiotics, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:17298179]


macrolide formation
macrolide biosynthesis
macrolide anabolism
macrolide synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of macrolides, any of a large group of polyketide compounds that contain a large lactone ring with few or no double bonds and no nitrogen atoms, linked glycosidically to one or more sugar groups. The macrolides include the carbomycins, the erythromycins, oleandomycin, oligomycins, and the spiramycins, and act as antibiotics, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:17298179]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving ansamycins, any of a group of complex macrolactam compounds characterized by a cyclic structure in which an aliphatic ansa chain forms a bridge between two non-adjacent positions of a cyclic p-system; many exhibit antibacterial, antifungal or antitumor activity. [GOC:mah, http://ww2.icho.edu.pl/cednets/rydzyna/meyer.htm]


ansamycin biosynthesis
ansamycin formation
ansamycin synthesis
ansamycin anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of ansamycins, any of a group of complex macrolactam compounds characterized by a cyclic structure in which an aliphatic ansa chain forms a bridge between two non-adjacent positions of a cyclic p-system; many exhibit antibacterial, antifungal or antitumor activity. [GOC:mah, http://ww2.icho.edu.pl/cednets/rydzyna/meyer.htm]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving vancomycin, (3S,6R,7R,11R,23S,26S,30aS,36R,38aR)-44-[2-O-(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-10,19-dichloro-2,3,4,5,6,7,23,25,26,36,37,38,38a-tetradecahydro-7,22,28,30,32-pentahydroxy-6-(N-methyl-D-leucyl)-2,5,24,38,39-pentaoxo-1H,22H-23,36-(epiminomethano)-8,11:18,21-dietheno-13,16:31,35-di(metheno)[1,6,9]oxadiazacyclohexadecino[4,5-m][10,2,16]benzoxadiazacyclotetracosine-26-carboxylic acid, a complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis that inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria. [GOC:mah]


vancomycin formation
vancomycin synthesis
vancomycin anabolism
vancomycin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of vancomycin, (3S,6R,7R,11R,23S,26S,30aS,36R,38aR)-44-[2-O-(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-10,19-dichloro-2,3,4,5,6,7,23,25,26,36,37,38,38a-tetradecahydro-7,22,28,30,32-pentahydroxy-6-(N-methyl-D-leucyl)-2,5,24,38,39-pentaoxo-1H,22H-23,36-(epiminomethano)-8,11:18,21-dietheno-13,16:31,35-di(metheno)[1,6,9]oxadiazacyclohexadecino[4,5-m][10,2,16]benzoxadiazacyclotetracosine-26-carboxylic acid, a complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis that inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria. [GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving the monoterpenoid pinene; alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, and beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane. [GOC:mah, PMID:12623076]


pinene breakdown
pinene catabolism
pinene degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of the monoterpenoid pinene; alpha-pinene is (1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, and beta-pinene is (1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane. [GOC:mah, PMID:11452597]


isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin. [GOC:mah, http://www.life.uiuc.edu/ib/425/lecture32.html]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin. [GOC:mah, http://www.life.uiuc.edu/ib/425/lecture32.html]


The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway independent of the thymus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


thymocyte proliferation
thymic T cell proliferation
thymocyte cell proliferation

The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division in the thymus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]


regulation of thymic T cell differentiation

regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation

regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


regulation of extrathymic T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrathymic T cell differentiation. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


regulation of immature T cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation

regulation of thymic T cell proliferation

regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


negative regulation of thymocyte differentiation

negative regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation

negative regulation of thymic T cell differentiation

negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


negative regulation of extrathymic T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrathymic T cell differentiation. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


negative regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation

negative regulation of thymic T cell proliferation

negative regulation of thymocyte proliferation

negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


positive regulation of thymic T cell differentiation

positive regulation of thymocyte cell differentiation

positive regulation of thymocyte differentiation

positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


positive regulation of extrathymic T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrathymic T cell differentiation. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


positive regulation of thymocyte cell proliferation

positive regulation of thymocyte proliferation

positive regulation of thymic T cell proliferation

positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: putrescine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + 1-pyrroline + H2O. [EC:2.6.1.82, GOC:mlg, RHEA:12268]


A membrane-bounded storage granule found in cells of the aleurone layer in plants; contains either a protein matrix, protein-carbohydrate bodies and/or globoids. Aleurone grains are formed by the vacuole, rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes. [PMID:22452734, Wikipedia:Aleurone]


The double lipid bilayer enclosing the amyloplast and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. [GOC:mah]


Either of the lipid bilayers that surround an amyloplast and form the amyloplast envelope. [GOC:ecd]


The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the amyloplast envelope; also faces the amyloplast stroma. [GOC:ecd]


A membrane-bounded extension of the cell, originally characterized in Mycoplasma species, that contains an electron-dense core that is part of the cytoskeleton and is oriented lengthwise and ends distally in a bulbous knob (terminal button). Required for adherence to host cells and involved in gliding motility and cell division. [PMID:11325545, PMID:12003948]


NuA3 histone acetyltransferase complex location

A Gcn5-independent multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histone H3. The budding yeast complex includes Sas3p, Taf30p, and Yng1p. [PMID:10817755, PMID:17157260]


The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cellular bud. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding an acidocalcisome. [GOC:ecd, PMID:11378195]


protein secretion by the type VI protein secretion system

protein secretion by the type VI secretion system

The process in which proteins are transferred into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells by the type VI secretion system. Proteins secreted by this system do not require an N-terminal signal sequence. [GOC:mlg, PMID:16432199, PMID:16763151]


type VI protein secretion system complex location

A complex of proteins that permits the transfer of proteins into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells via the type VI secretion system. Proteins secreted by this complex do not require an N-terminal signal sequence. [GOC:mlg, PMID:16432199, PMID:16763151]


The structure, composed of a monolayer of glycolipids with embedded proteins, that encloses the pigments and other contents of the chlorosome. [PMID:14507718, PMID:14729689, PMID:17303128]


The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the cis-Golgi network. [GOC:mah]


cytoplasm to vacuole targeting vesicle
cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting vesicle

A cytosolic vesicle that is enclosed by a double membrane and is implicated in the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway. These vesicles are found in the yeast S. cerevisiae, and contain vacuolar hydrolases, aminopeptidase I (Ape1p) and alpha-mannosidase (Ams1p). [GOC:rb, PMID:15138258]


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex. [GOC:mah]


cytoplasm to vacuole targeting vesicle membrane

cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting vesicle membrane

Either of the two lipid bilayers surrounding a Cvt vesicle, a vesicle that functions in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway. [GOC:ecd, PMID:20065092]


The lipid bilayer surrounding an attachment organelle. This is a region of the cell membrane facing the environment - in mycoplasma, part of the mycolate outer membrane. [GOC:ecd]


The double lipid bilayer enclosing the cyanelle and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. [GOC:mah]


Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a cyanelle and form the cyanelle envelope. [GOC:ecd]


The volume enclosed by a cyanelle thylakoid membrane. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a cyanelle. [GOC:mah]


ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane

endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment system. [GOC:mah, GOC:pr, PMID:16723730]


A vesicle filled with crystalline protein that shows sequence similarities with various esterases. [GOC:ecd, PMID:2307702]


The lipid bilayer surrounding an esterosome. This membrane has characteristics of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes. [GOC:ecd, PMID:2307702]


Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing. [GOC:mah]


Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing. [GOC:mah]


regulation of purine nucleotide breakdown

regulation of purine nucleotide degradation

regulation of purine nucleotide catabolism

regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of purine nucleotide breakdown

negative regulation of purine nucleotide degradation

negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolism

negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of purine nucleotide breakdown

positive regulation of purine nucleotide degradation

positive regulation of purine nucleotide catabolism

positive regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a histone protein. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of histone phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a histone protein. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of histone phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a histone protein. [GOC:mah]


Binding to an acetylcholine receptor. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of glucokinase activity
downregulation of glucokinase activity
down regulation of glucokinase activity

negative regulation of glucokinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule. [GOC:mah]


up-regulation of glucokinase activity
upregulation of glucokinase activity
up regulation of glucokinase activity

positive regulation of glucokinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule. [GOC:mah]


Binding to a ubiquitin activating enzyme, any of the E1 proteins. [GOC:mah]


regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]


regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein. [GOC:mah]


regulation of steroid hormone receptor signalling pathway

regulation of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway


negative regulation of steroid hormone receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway


positive regulation of steroid hormone receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway


regulation of estrogen receptor signaling pathway

regulation of estrogen receptor signalling pathway

regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of estrogen receptor signalling pathway

negative regulation of estrogen receptor signaling pathway

negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of estrogen receptor signalling pathway

positive regulation of estrogen receptor signaling pathway


Binding to a FFAT motif, a short motif containing diphenylalanine in an acidic tract that targets proteins to the cytosolic surface of the ER and to the nuclear membrane by binding directly to members of the VAP (VAMP-associated protein) protein family. [PMID:12727870, PMID:15455074, PMID:16004875]


A large cytoskeletal structure located at the posterior end of the perinuclear theca of a mammalian sperm head. The nucleus is tightly associated with the calyx, which contains calicin and basic cylicin proteins. [PMID:12243744, PMID:9184090]


immunoglobulin V-J joining
immunoglobulin V(D)J joining
immunoglobulin V-D-J joining
immunoglobulin V-D-J recombination
immunoglobulin V-J recombination
immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination

The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]

immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J recombination


T cell receptor V-J joining
T cell receptor V-J recombination
T cell receptor V(D)J joining
T cell receptor V-D-J joining
TCR V(D)J recombination
T-cell receptor V(D)J recombination
T cell receptor V-D-J recombination

The process in which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). [GOC:add, ISBN:0781700221]


The directed movement of oligogalacturonides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mlg]


regulation of intracellular protein transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. [GOC:mah]


mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase binding

Binding to a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase, a protein that can phosphorylate a MAP kinase kinase kinase. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a melanosome. [GOC:mah]


The lipid bilayer surrounding a microneme. [GOC:mah]


A specialized extracellularc matrix that surrounds the photoreceptors of the retina and lies between them and the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium. The IPM has been implicated in several important activities required for photoreceptor function and maintenance. [http://www.glycoforum.gr.jp/science/hyaluronan/HA17/HA17E.html, PMID:1862095, PMID:2194288]


A multilayered extraembryonic matrix that functions as a substrate for cell adhesion through early development. It is thought to protect and lubricate the embryo, stabilize the blastomeres during morphogenesis, and regulate nutrient intake. The major constituent of the hyaline layer is the protein hyalin. This matrix has been found in echinoderms. [http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/urchins/SUgast_ECM3.html, PMID:1721506, PMID:9473317]


argonaute siRNA chaperone complex location

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, additional protein subunits, and duplex siRNA; required for heterochromatin assembly and siRNA generation. Possibly involved in the conversion of ds siRNA to ss siRNA. [GOC:vw, PMID:17310250]


The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone. [GOC:mah]


The proteinaceous structure surrounding a gas vesicle. [GOC:ecd]


chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex location, catalytic core CF(1)

chloroplast proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex location, catalytic core CF(1)

chloroplast proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex, catalytic core CF(1)

chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core CF(1)

The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the chloroplast thylakoid membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. The chloroplast F0 domain contains three alpha, three beta, one gamma, one delta, and one epsilon subunits. [GOC:mah, GOC:pj, PMID:11032839]


chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor CF(0)

chloroplast proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex location, coupling factor CF(o)

chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex location, coupling factor CF(o)

chloroplast proton-transporting F-type ATPase complex, coupling factor CF(o)

chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex location, coupling factor CF(0)

chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor CF(o)

All non-F1 subunits of the chloroplast hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral chloroplast thylakoid membrane proteins. [GOC:mah]


hydrogen-translocating V-type ATPase complex location

proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex location

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient. The resulting transmembrane electrochemical potential of H+ is used to drive a variety of (i) secondary active transport systems via H+-dependent symporters and antiporters and (ii) channel-mediated transport systems. The complex comprises a membrane sector (V0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (V1) that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. V-type ATPases are found in the membranes of organelles such as vacuoles, endosomes, and lysosomes, and in the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716743663, PMID:16449553]


proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex location, proton-transporting domain

proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, proton-transporting domain

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and carries out proton transport across a membrane. The proton-transporting domain (F0, V0, or A0) includes integral and peripheral membrane proteins. [GOC:mah, PMID:10838056]


proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex location, catalytic domain

proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, catalytic domain

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis or synthesis. The catalytic domain (F1, V1, or A1) comprises a hexameric catalytic core and a central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the membrane when the two-sector ATPase is assembled. [GOC:mah, PMID:10838056]


proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and mediates proton transport across a membrane. The V0 complex consists of at least four different subunits (a,c,d and e); six or more c subunits form a proton-binding rotor ring. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716743663, PMID:16449553]


proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis. The V1 complex consists of: (1) a globular headpiece with three alternating copies of subunits A and B that form a ring, (2) a central rotational stalk composed of single copies of subunits D and F, and (3) a peripheral stalk made of subunits C, E, G and H. Subunits A and B mediate the hydrolysis of ATP at three reaction sites associated with subunit A. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716743663, PMID:16449553]


plasma membrane hydrogen ion-transporting ATPase

plasma membrane proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex location

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the plasma membrane. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of histone ubiquitination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of histone ubiquitination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of a ubiquitin group to a histone protein. [GOC:mah]


dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase complex location

dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase complex location

A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively. [PMID:10835346]


chromatin assembly factor 1 complex location

A conserved heterotrimeric protein complex that promotes histone H3 and H4 deposition onto newly synthesized DNA during replication or DNA repair; specifically facilitates replication-dependent nucleosome assembly with the major histone H3 (H3.1). In many species the CAF-1 subunits are designated p150, p60, and p48. [PMID:17065558, PMID:17083276]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus. [GOC:sl]


Catalysis of the cyclization of double bonds in prosolanapyrone II to form (-)-solanapyrone A. [GOC:cb, PMID:9659400]


Catalysis of the reaction: a 2-pyrone + oxalacetate = macrophomate. [GOC:cb, PMID:10984474]


calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity

calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate, dependent on the presence of calcium-bound calmodulin. [GOC:mah, PMID:15359118]


Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein phosphatase activity


SAPHIRE complex location
Swm complex location
Lsd1/2 complex location
SAPHIRE complex
Swm complex

A nucleosome-binding protein complex that comprises two SWIRM domain histone demethylases and two PHD finger proteins. The complex is involved in transcriptional regulation via heterochromatic silencing and the regulation of chromatin boundary formation, and was first identified in fission yeast. [GOC:vw, PMID:17371846, PMID:17434129, PMID:17440621]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkyl hydroperoxide stimulus. Alkyl hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH, where the substituent is an alkyl group. [GOC:mah]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus. [GOC:sl]


response to adenosine triphosphate
response to adenosine 5'-triphosphate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus. [GOC:sl]


inositol heptakisphosphate 5-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,5,6)pentakisphosphate = 4,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,6)tetrakisphosphate, and ATP + 6-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5)pentakisphosphate = 5,6-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,4)tetrakisphosphate. [PMID:17412958]


Catalysis of the reaction: RDP-glucose + [alpha-D-glucosyl-(1,4)]n = RDP + [alpha-D-glucosyl-(1,4)]n+1, where RDP is ADP or UDP. [PMID:17472966]


A protein complex that possesses DNA helicase activity. [GOC:mah]


A homohexameric protein complex that possesses DNA helicase activity; associates with DNA polymerase alpha-primase and translocates in the 5' to 3' direction. [PMID:9341218]


Binding to RNA subunit of ribonuclease P. [GOC:pg, PMID:11455963]


A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]


Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an acceptor molecule, forming a beta-1,4 linkage. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine + N-acetylneuraminyl-alpha-2,3-galactosyl-beta-oligosaccharide = UDP + N-acetylgalactosaminyl-N-acetylneuraminyl-alpha-2,3-galactosyl-beta-oligosaccharide. [GOC:mah, PMID:12678917, PMID:16024623]


tumor necrosis factor-mediated signalling pathway

tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by tumor necrosis factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]


The series of molecular signals initiated by leptin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, GOC:yaf]


adiponectin-mediated signaling pathway
adiponectin-mediated signalling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by adiponectin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:20536390]


iron assimilation by capture and transport


iron assimilation by chelation and transport

siderophore-dependent iron import into cell

A process in which iron (Fe3+) is solubilized by ferric iron-specific chelators, known as siderophores, excreted by a cell; the iron-siderophore complex is then transported into the cell by specific cell surface receptors. [GOC:mah, PMID:16963626]


iron assimilation by reduction and transport

A process in which iron is solubilized by reduction from Fe3+ to Fe2+ via a cell surface reductase and subsequent transport of the iron across the membrane by iron uptake proteins. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah, PMID:16963626]


regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron deficiency

regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to iron ion starvation

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of iron ions. [GOC:mah]


Binding to an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [GOC:mah]


Binding to urea, a water-soluble carboxamide with the structure H2N-CO-NH2. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


ATP-dependent urea transmembrane transporter activity

ATPase-coupled urea transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + urea(out) = ADP + phosphate + urea(in). [GOC:mlg]


Binding to the D- or L-enantiomer of xylose. [GOC:mah]


ciliatine transport
2-phosphonoethylamine transport

The directed movement of 2-aminoethylphosphonate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mlg]


2-aminoethylphosphonate transporting ATPase activity

ATP-dependent 2-aminoethylphosphonate transporter activity

2-phosphonoethylamine transporting ATPase activity

ATPase-coupled 2-aminoethylphosphonate transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of 2-aminoethylphosphonate from one side of a membrane to the other by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + 2-aminoethylphosphonate(out) = ADP + phosphate + 2-aminoethylphosphonate(in). [GOC:mlg]


2-phosphonoethylamine binding
ciliatine binding

Binding to 2-aminoethylphosphonate. [GOC:mlg]


The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


cysteine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cysteine from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah, RHEA:32795]


ATPase-coupled cysteine transmembrane transporter activity

ATPase-coupled cysteine transporter activity

ATP-dependent cysteine transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cysteine(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + cysteine(in/out). [GOC:mlg, PMID:25837721, PMID:32144203]


The directed movement of carbohydrates out of a cell or organelle. [GOC:mlg]


ATP-dependent D-methionine transporter activity

ATPase-coupled D-methionine transporter activity


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of protein sumoylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of protein sumoylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein. [GOC:mah]


11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADH + H+. [PMID:15761036, RHEA:53116]


11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+. [RHEA:11388]


regulation of cellular amine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. [GOC:mah]


regulation of amine breakdown
regulation of amine degradation
regulation of amine catabolism

regulation of cellular amine catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of amine degradation

negative regulation of cellular amine catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of amine degradation

positive regulation of cellular amine catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. [GOC:mah]


regulation of penicillin metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of penicillin metabolism

negative regulation of penicillin metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of penicillin metabolism

positive regulation of penicillin metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. [GOC:mah]


regulation of penicillin catabolism
regulation of penicillin breakdown
regulation of penicillin degradation

regulation of penicillin catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of penicillin breakdown

negative regulation of penicillin catabolism

negative regulation of penicillin degradation

negative regulation of penicillin catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of penicillin degradation

positive regulation of penicillin catabolism

positive regulation of penicillin breakdown

positive regulation of penicillin catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. [GOC:mah]


Catalysis of the reaction: a penicillin + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid derivative of the penicillin. [GOC:mlg]


Catalysis of the reaction: a cephalosporin + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid derivative of the cephalosporin. [GOC:mlg]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of beta-lactamase activity, the hydrolysis of a beta-lactam to yield a substituted beta-amino acid. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of a penicillin to yield a substituted beta-amino acid derivative. [GOC:mah]


vacuolar transporter chaperone complex location

A protein complex that contains four related proteins that have been implicated in several membrane-related processes, such as sorting of H+-translocating ATPases, endocytosis, ER-Golgi trafficking, vacuole fusion, vacuolar polyphosphate homeostasis and the microautophagic scission of vesicles into the vacuolar lumen. The complex is enriched at the vacuolar membrane, but also found in other cellular compartments, including the ER and the cell periphery. In Saccharomyces, the subunits are Vtc1p, Vtc2p, Vtc3p and Vtc4p. [PMID:11823419, PMID:17079729]


SAS-I complex
SAS acetyltransferase complex location
SAS-I complex location

A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and links histone acetylation to the assembly of transcriptionally silent chromatin. In vitro, the complex acetylates lysine 16 of histone H4 and lysine 14 of histone H3, although the latter may not be relevant in vivo. The complex contains a catalytic subunit and at least two other subunits; in Saccharomyces, the catalytic subunit is Sas2p and additional subunits are Sas4p and Sas5p. [PMID:11731480, PMID:12626510, PMID:15788653]