peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine

peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine formation from peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine

peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine

peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine

The modification of peptidyl-cysteine or peptidyl-serine to peptidyl-L-3-oxoalanine; characteristic of the active sites of arylsulfatases. [RESID:AA0185]


peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide formation from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulphide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulphide biosynthesis from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

The modification of peptidyl-cysteine by covalent addition of glutathione to form peptidyl-L-cysteine glutathione disulfide. [RESID:AA0229]


peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide formation from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulphide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulphide biosynthesis from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine methyl disulfide. [RESID:AA0101]


peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine; the oleate and palmitate actually represent mixtures of saturated (generally at 3') and unsaturated (generally at 2') fatty acids. [RESID:AA0107]


peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine synthesis from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine anabolism from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine formation from peptidyl-cysteine

peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

The modification of cysteine to form peptidyl-S-diphytanylglycerol diether-L-cysteine. [PMID:7797461, RESID:AA0223]


protein-FAD linkage via S-(8alpha-FAD)-L-cysteine

The formation of a protein-FAD linkage via S-(8-alpha-FAD)-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0143]


The formation of a protein-FMN linkage via S-(6-FMN)-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0220]


protein-phycocyanobilin linkage via S-phycocyanobilin-L-cysteine

The linkage of the chromophore phycocyanobilin to phycocyanin or allophycocyanin via S-phycocyanobilin-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0131]


protein-phycoerythrobilin linkage via phycoerythrobilin-bis-L-cysteine

The linkage of the chromophore phycoerythrobilin to phycoerythrin via phycoerythrobilin-bis-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0259]


protein-phycoerythrobilin linkage via S-phycoerythrobilin-L-cysteine

The linkage of the chromophore phycoerythrobilin to phycoerythrocyanin via S-phycoerythrobilin-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0132]


protein-phycourobilin linkage via phycourobilin-bis-L-cysteine

The linkage of the chromophore phycourobilin to phycoerythrins via phycourobilin-bis-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0260]


protein-phytochromobilin linkage via S-phytochromobilin-L-cysteine

The linkage of the chromophore phytochromobilin to phycocyanin or allophycocyanin via S-phytochromobilin-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0133]


peptide cross-linking via (2R,6R)-lanthionine

The formation of a protein-protein cross-link between peptidyl-serine and peptidyl-cysteine by the synthesis of (2R,6R)-lanthionine (L-lanthionine). [RESID:AA0110]


peptide cross-linking via (2S,3S,4Xi,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine sulphoxide

peptide cross-linking via (2S,3S,4Xi,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine sulfoxide

The formation of a protein-protein cross-link between peptidyl-threonine and peptidyl-cysteine by the synthesis of (2S,3S,4Xi,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine sulfoxide (3-methyl-L-lanthionine sulfoxide), as found in the antibiotic actagardine. [RESID:AA0330]


peptide cross-linking via (2S,3S,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine

The formation of a protein-protein cross-link between peptidyl-threonine and peptidyl-cysteine by the synthesis of (2S,3S,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine (3-methyl-L-lanthionine). [RESID:AA0112]


peptide cross-linking via 2'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-histidine

The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-cysteine to form a 2'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-histidine protein cross-link. [RESID:AA0109]


peptide cross-linking via 3'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-tyrosine

The thioether cross-linking of a cysteine residue to a tyrosine residue to form 3'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-tyrosine, found in galactose oxidase. [RESID:AA0113]


peptide cross-linking via 3-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-aspartic acid

The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to an aspartic acid residue to form 3-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-aspartic acid. [PDB:1JJU, PMID:11555656, PMID:11717396, RESID:AA0314]


peptide cross-linking via 4'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-tryptophyl quinone

The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to tryptophyl quinone to form 4'-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-tryptophyl quinone, a cofactor found at the active site of amine dehydrogenase. [PDB:1JJU, PMID:11555656, PMID:11717396, RESID:AA0313]


peptide cross-linking via 4-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-glutamic acid

The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to a glutamic acid residue to form 4-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-glutamic acid. [RESID:AA0315]


peptide cross-linking via S-(2-aminovinyl)-3-methyl-D-cysteine

The formation of a cross-link between peptidyl-cysteine and peptidyl-threonine via the formation of S-(2-aminovinyl)-3-methyl-D-cysteine. [RESID:AA0253]


peptide cross-linking via S-(2-aminovinyl)-D-cysteine

The synthesis of (S,Z)-S-(2-aminovinyl)cysteine forming an intra-polypeptide cross-link between serine and cysteine. [RESID:AA0204]


peptide cross-linking via S-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-cysteine

The modification of peptidyl-glutamine and peptidyl-cysteine to form a S-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-cysteine protein cross-link. [RESID:AA0108]


peptide cross-linking via S-glycyl-L-cysteine

The formation of S-(peptidyl-glycyl)-peptidyl-cysteine cross-links by the formation of a thiolester between cysteine and the carboxy-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and other proteins. [GOC:jh2, RESID:AA0206]


peptide cross-linking via sn-(2S,6R)-lanthionine

The formation of a protein-protein cross-link between peptidyl-serine and peptidyl-cysteine by the synthesis of sn-(2S,6R)-lanthionine (meso-lanthione). [RESID:AA0111]


The modification of peptidyl-glutamic acid. [GOC:go_curators]


The gamma-carboxylation of peptidyl-glutamic acid; catalyzed by the vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase. [RESID:AA0032]


The addition of an ester group to a glutamic acid residue in a protein. [GOC:mah]


The addition of an ester group to a glutamine residue in a protein. [GOC:mah]


peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester anabolism from peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine

peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester synthesis from peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine

peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester formation from peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine

peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine

The methyl esterification of peptidyl-glutamic acid or peptidyl-glutamine to form the derivative glutamic acid 5-methyl ester. [RESID:AA0072]


peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester synthesis from glutamic acid

peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester formation from glutamic acid

peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester anabolism from glutamic acid

peptidyl-L-glutamic acid 5-methyl ester biosynthetic process from glutamic acid

The methyl esterification of peptidyl-glutamic acid. [RESID:AA0072]


This modification produces peptidyl-glutamic acid poly-ADP-ribose found in a number of nuclear proteins under certain conditions including the repair of single strand DNA breaks. The activated form of the generating enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is itself modified in this way. [RESID:AA0295]


peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine anabolism from peptidyl-glutamic acid

peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine formation from peptidyl-glutamic acid

peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine synthesis from peptidyl-glutamic acid

peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-glutamic acid

The modification of peptidyl-glutamic acid residues by the covalent attachment of ethanolamine, itself further modified by the addition of a phosphoglycerol unit. [PMID:2569467, RESID:AA0170]


The addition of one or more alpha-linked glutamyl units to the gamma carboxyl group of peptidyl-glutamic acid. [RESID:AA0202]


The modification of peptidyl-glutamine. [GOC:go_curators]


isopeptide cross-linking via N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine

The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-glutamine to produce N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0124]


peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid anabolism, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase

peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid formation, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase

peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid synthesis, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase

2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid biosynthetic process

peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid biosynthetic process, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid, catalyzed by glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase. [RESID:AA0031]


The modification of peptidyl-glycine. [GOC:go_curators]


isopeptide cross-linking via N6-glycyl-L-lysine

The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-glycine to produce N6-glycyl-L-lysine. This is distinct from the formation of the thiolester intermediate, which occurs during ubiquitination. [RESID:AA0125]


The incorporation of sarcosine (N-methylglycine) into non-coded peptides. [RESID:AA0063]


The modification of peptidyl-histidine. [GOC:ma]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidyl-diphthamide, a modified histidine residue. [GOC:go_curators]


peptidyl-diphthamide formation from peptidyl-histidine

peptidyl-diphthamide synthesis from peptidyl-histidine

peptidyl-diphthamide anabolism from peptidyl-histidine

peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine

The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor EF-2. The process occurs in eukaryotes and archaea but not eubacteria. [GOC:pde, PMID:20559380, RESID:AA0040]


peptidyl-diphthamide breakdown
peptidyl-diphthamide catabolism
peptidyl-diphthamide degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidyl-diphthamide, a modified histidine residue. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidyl-diphthine, a modified histidine residue. [GOC:go_curators]


peptidyl-diphthine formation from peptidyl-histidine

peptidyl-diphthine anabolism from peptidyl-histidine

peptidyl-diphthine synthesis from peptidyl-histidine

peptidyl-diphthine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-histidine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-diphthine from other compounds, including peptidyl-histidine. [GOC:go_curators]


peptidyl-diphthine breakdown
peptidyl-diphthine catabolism
peptidyl-diphthine degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidyl-diphthine, a modified histidine residue. [GOC:go_curators]


The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-1'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-methylhistidine, tele-methylhistidine) or peptidyl-L-3'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-methylhistidine, pros-methylhistidine). [RESID:AA0073, RESID:AA0317]


peptidyl-histidine methylation, to form pros-methylhistidine

The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-3'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-methylhistidine, pros-methylhistidine). [RESID:AA0073]


peptidyl-histidine methylation, to form tele-methylhistidine

The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-1'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-methylhistidine, tele-methylhistidine). [RESID:AA0317]


protein-FAD linkage via 1'-(8alpha-FAD)-L-histidine

The formation of a protein-FAD linkage via 1'-(8-alpha-FAD)-L-histidine. [RESID:AA0221]


protein-FAD linkage via 3'-(8alpha-FAD)-L-histidine

The formation of a protein-FAD linkage via 3'-(8-alpha-FAD)-L-histidine. [RESID:AA0144]


The covalent linkage of heme and a protein via 3'-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-heme-histidine, pros-heme-histidine). [RESID:AA0276]


peptide cross-linking via 3'-(1'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine

The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-tyrosine to form a 3'-(1'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine protein cross-link. [RESID:AA0270]


peptide cross-linking via 3-(3'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine

The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-tyrosine to form a 3-(3'-L-histidyl)-L-tyrosine protein cross-link. [RESID:AA0250]


The modification of peptidyl-isoleucine. [GOC:go_curators]


peptidyl-L-leucine methyl ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-leucine

The modification of a C-terminal peptidyl-leucine to form peptidyl-L-leucine methyl ester. [RESID:AA0299]


The modification of peptidyl-leucine. [GOC:go_curators]


The modification of peptidyl-lysine. [GOC:go_curators]


peptidyl-allysine oxidation to 2-aminoadipic acid

The oxidation of allysine to 2-aminoadipic acid. [RESID:AA0122]


The acetylation of peptidyl-lysine. [GOC:mah]


The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal lysine residue in a protein. [GOC:mah]


The acetylation of the peptidyl-lysine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0055]


The adenylylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0227]


The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-1-carboxyethyl-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0115]


The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-carboxy-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0114]


peptidyl-L-lysine methyl ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-lysine

The modification of a C-terminal peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-L-lysine methyl ester. [RESID:AA0318]


The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-formyl-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0211]


The guanylylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-(phospho-5'-guanosine)-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0228]


The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-hydroxylysine. [GOC:ai]


peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-lysine

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-4-hydroxy-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0235]


peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation to 5-hydroxy-L-lysine

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0028]


The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative. [GOC:ai]


The oxidation of the terminal amino-methylene groups of peptidyl-L-lysine or peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine to aldehyde groups to form allysine or hydroxyallysine residues, respectively; these are intermediates in the formation of covalent cross-links between adjacent polypeptide chains in proteins such as collagens. [ISBN:0198547684, RESID:AA0121]


The palmitoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-palmitoyl-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0077]


The modification of peptidyl-lysine by the addition of an N6-propylamino and of propylmethylamino units, forming N6-(propylamino-poly(propylmethylamino)-propyldimethylamine)-L-lysine, typical of the silicate binding protein silaffin. [RESID:AA0278]


peptide cross-linking via 5'-(N6-L-lysine)-L-topaquinone

The cross-linking of the epsilon-amino group of a peptidyl-lysine with peptidyl-topaquinone, a modified tyrosine residue. [RESID:AA0233]


peptide cross-linking via L-lysinoalanine

The modification of peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-serine to form a (2Xi,9S)-L-lysinoalanine cross-link. [RESID:AA0123]


protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage via peptidyl-N6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysine

The modification of peptidyl-lysine to form N6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0119]


The modification of peptidyl-methionine. [GOC:go_curators]


The oxidation of peptidyl-L-methionine to peptidyl-L-methionine sulfone. [RESID:AA0251]


The modification of peptidyl-phenylalanine. [GOC:go_curators]


peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid anabolism from peptidyl-phenylalanine

peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid formation from peptidyl-phenylalanine

peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid synthesis from peptidyl-phenylalanine

peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid biosynthetic process from peptidyl-phenylalanine

The modification of a N-terminal peptidyl-phenylalanine residue by either oxidative deamination or by transamination and subsequent reduction to form peptidyl-L-3-phenyllactic acid. [RESID:AA0128]


The modification of peptidyl-proline. [GOC:go_curators]


The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline. [GOC:mah]


The modification of peptidyl-proline to form trans-2,3-cis-3,4-dihydroxy-L-proline. [RESID:AA0282]


peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 3-hydroxy-L-proline

The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 3-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase. [RESID:AA0029]


The modification of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:go_curators]


peptidyl-lactic acid formation from peptidyl-serine

peptidyl-lactic acid synthesis from peptidyl-serine

peptidyl-lactic acid anabolism from peptidyl-serine

peptidyl-lactic acid biosynthetic process from peptidyl-serine

The modification of N-terminal peptidyl-serine to lactic acid. [RESID:AA0186]


peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine anabolism from peptidyl-serine

peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine synthesis from peptidyl-serine

peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine formation from peptidyl-serine

peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-serine

The modification of peptidyl-serine to peptidyl-O-(sn-1-glycerophosphoryl)-L-serine. [RESID:AA0264]


The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-(ADP-ribosyl)-L-serine. [RESID:AA0237]


The O-glucuronidation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-D-glucuronyl-L-serine. [RESID:AA0291]


The octanoylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-octanoyl-L-serine, typical of the protein ghrelin. [PMID:10604470, RESID:AA0290]


The phosphopantetheinylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phosphopantetheine-L-serine. [RESID:AA0150]


protein-dermatan sulphate linkage via dermatan 4-sulphate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine

protein-dermatan sulfate linkage via dermatan 4-sulfate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine

Dermatan sulfate components are covalently linked to a core glycoprotein via O-glycosidic linkages between xylose and serine residues. [PMID:7338506, RESID:AA0209]


protein-heparan sulphate linkage via heparan sulphate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine

protein-heparan sulfate linkage via heparan sulfate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-serine

Heparan sulfate components are covalently linked to a core glycoprotein via O-glycosidic linkages between xylose and serine residues. [RESID:AA0210]


protein-phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A linkage

The linkage of phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A to protein via peptidyl-serine, to form O-(phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A)-L-serine; it is uncertain whether the phosphoribosyl glycosidic attachment to the dephospho-coenzyme A is alpha or beta, and through the 2' or the 3' position. [RESID:AA0167]


The formation of a protein-phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A linkage via O-(phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A)-L-serine. [RESID:AA00167]


The modification of peptidyl-threonine. [GOC:go_curators]


peptidyl-(Z)-dehydrobutyrine anabolism from peptidyl-threonine

peptidyl-(Z)-dehydrobutyrine synthesis from peptidyl-threonine

peptidyl-(Z)-dehydrobutyrine formation from peptidyl-threonine

peptidyl-(Z)-dehydrobutyrine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-threonine

The formation of (Z)-dehydrobutyrine by the dehydration of peptidyl-threonine. [RESID:AA0182]


The adenylylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-threonine. [RESID:AA0267]


protein-keratan sulphate linkage via keratan sulphate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-threonine

protein-keratan sulfate linkage via keratan sulfate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-threonine

Keratan sulfate components are covalently linked to a core glycoprotein via O-glycosidic linkages between xylose and threonine residues. [RESID:AA0247]


The chemical alteration of a tryptophan residue in a peptide. [GOC:isa_complete]


The hydroxylation of peptidyl-tryptophan, to form peptidyl-L-3-hydroxytryptophan. [RESID:AA0322]


The modification of an N-terminal peptidyl-tryptophan residue to form peptidyl-N2-succinyl-L-tryptophan. [RESID:AA0130]


peptide cross-linking via 4'-(L-tryptophan)-L-tryptophyl quinone

The cross-linking of a tryptophan residue to tryptophyl quinone to form 4'-(L-tryptophan)-L-tryptophyl quinone, a cofactor found at the active site of methylamine dehydrogenase. [RESID:AA0149]


peptidyl-tryptophan oxidation to tryptophyl quinone

The oxidation of peptidyl-tryptophan to form tryptophan-6,7-dione, otherwise known as tryptophyl quinone, which is further modified by cross-linking to either tryptophan or cysteine. [PMID:2028257, RESID:AA0148]


The modification of peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:go_curators]


DNA-protein covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-tyrosine

protein-DNA covalent cross-linking via peptidyl-tyrosine

The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a peptidyl-tyrosine residue. [GOC:jsg]


DNA-protein covalent cross-linking via the 3'-end to peptidyl-tyrosine

protein-DNA covalent cross-linking via the 3'-end to peptidyl-tyrosine

The formation of a covalent cross-link between DNA and a peptidyl-tyrosine residue by the formation of O4'-(phospho-3'-DNA)-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0323]


peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone formation from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone synthesis from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone anabolism from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine

The modification of protein tyrosine to L-2',4',5'-topaquinone, characteristic of the active site of copper amine oxidases. [RESID:AA0147]


peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenylalanine synthesis from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenylalanine anabolism from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenylalanine formation from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenylalanine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine

The modification of protein tyrosine to peptidyl-L-3',4',5'-dihydroxyphenylalanine. [RESID:AA0263]


peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine synthesis from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine anabolism from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine formation from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine

The modification of protein tyrosine to peptidyl-L-3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). [RESID:AA0146]


peptidyl-thyronine anabolism from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-thyronine synthesis from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-thyronine formation from peptidyl-tyrosine

peptidyl-thyronine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine

The formation of peptidyl-thyronine from peptidyl-tyrosine in thyroglobulin by phenyl transfer coupled with the formation of peptidyl-dehydroalanine. [GOC:jsg]


The adenylylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-(phospho-5'-adenosine)-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0203]


The oxidation of the C alpha-C beta bond of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-dehydrotyrosine coupled with cyclization of neighboring residues. [RESID:AA0183]


The uridylylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-(phospho-5'-uridine)-L-tyrosine, found in glutamine synthetase. [RESID:AA0256]


protein-FAD linkage via O4'-(8alpha-FAD)-L-tyrosine

The formation of a protein-FAD linkage via O4'-(8-alpha-FAD)-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0145]


The modification of peptidyl-valine. [GOC:go_curators]


The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein. [GOC:mah]


The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids. [GOC:pr, RESID:AA0040, RESID:AA0168, RESID:AA0169, RESID:AA0231, RESID:AA0237, RESID:AA0295]


The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom. [GOC:ma]


The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom. [GOC:ai]


The addition of a methyl group to a glutamic acid residue in a protein. [GOC:mah]


The addition of a methyl group to a glutamine residue in a protein. [GOC:mah]


The methylation of glutamine to form 2-methyl-L-glutamine. [http://www.uni-marburg.de/mpi/thauer/thauer_res.html, RESID:AA0273]


Addition of an amide group from a glycine to a protein amino acid. [UniProtKB-KW:KW-0027]


The addition of a carboxy group to a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid. [GOC:ai]


The removal of an alkyl group from a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom. [GOC:ai]


The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom. [GOC:mah]


The removal of an amino group from a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


The removal of a water group from a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


protein amino acid desulphurisation
protein amino acid desulfurisation
protein amino acid desulfurization
protein amino acid desulphurization

The removal of a sulfur group from a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


The addition of an ester group to a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


The addition of a flavin group to a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


The addition of a formyl group to a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


The addition of a galactose molecule to a protein amino acid. [GOC:jl, GOC:pr]


The modification of a protein by amino acid glucuronidation. [GOC:ai]


The modification of a protein by glucuronidation on an amino acid oxygen atom. [GOC:mah]


The addition of phospho-uridine to a protein amino acid. [GOC:jsg]


The addition of a hydroxy group to a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


The hydroxylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-dihydroxyphenylalanine. [GOC:ai]


The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein. [GOC:ai, PMID:20972426]


The addition of a nucleotide to a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


protein amino acid adenylylation
protein AMPylation
protein adenylation

The addition of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP) to a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg, GOC:sart, PMID:21607083]


The addition of phospho-guanosine to a protein amino acid. [GOC:ai]


The modification of a protein amino acid by formation of an ester or amide with octanoic acid. [GOC:jsg]


The modification of a protein amino acid by oxidation. [GOC:ai]


protein amino acid phosphopantetheinylation

The modification of a protein amino acid by phosphopantetheinylation. [GOC:ai]


The modification of a protein amino acid by polyamination. [GOC:ai]


The modification of a protein by the addition of a succinyl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CO) to an amino acid residue. [GOC:bf]


The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein. [GOC:krc]


Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein. [PMID:11698580]


The addition of glycyl units covalently bound to the gamma carboxyl group peptidyl-glutamic acid. [RESID:AA0201]


The generation of a mature, active peptide pheromone via processes unique to its processing and modification. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:elh]


Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein. [GOC:ai, PMID:9335337]


The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]


Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a viral protein. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0781702534]


peptidyl-pyrromethane cofactor linkage via dipyrrolylmethanemethyl-L-cysteine

The covalent binding of a pyrromethane (dipyrrin) cofactor to protein via the sulfur atom of cysteine forming dipyrrolylmethanemethyl-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0252]


The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and coenzyme A. [GOC:mah]


The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD). [GOC:ai]


The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). [GOC:mah]


peptidyl-lysine lipoylation
protein-lipoic acid cofactor linkage

The lipoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-lipoyl-L-lysine. [RESID:AA0118]


The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and pyridoxal-5-phosphate. [GOC:mah]


The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains. [GOC:jsg]


The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within peptide chains, where either the amino group or the carboxyl group, or both, are not attached to the alpha carbon. [GOC:jsg]


peptide cross-linking via the thiolethers lanthionine or 3-methyl-lanthionine

peptide cross-linking via the thioethers lanthionine or 3-methyl-lanthionine

peptide cross-linking via lanthionine or 3-methyl-lanthionine

The synthesis of (2R,6R)-lanthionine, sn-(2S,6R)-lanthionine or (2S,3S,6R)-3-methyl-lanthionine, forming an intra-polypeptide cross-link between peptidyl-cysteine, and peptidyl-serine or peptidyl-threonine; dehydration of the serine or threonine residue to the alpha,beta-unsaturated amino acid is the first step; a bond then forms between the ethylene (ethene) group thus formed and the sulfur atom of a cysteine, with the inversion of the configuration of the alpha carbon of the serine or threonine occurring during the process. [ISBN:0198547684, RESID:AA0110, RESID:AA0111, RESID:AA0112]


The oxidation of two peptidyl-cysteine residues to form a peptidyl-L-cystine (dicysteine) in which segments of peptide chain are linked by a disulfide bond; the cross-link may be between different or the same peptide chain. [RESID:AA0025]


peptide cross-linking via L-histidyl-L-tyrosine

The modification of peptidyl-histidine and peptidyl-tyrosine to form a protein cross-link. [GOC:ai]


The covalent linking of a tetrapyrrole to a protein. [GOC:ai]


The covalent linkage of bilin and a protein. [GOC:ai]


The linkage of the chromophore phycobiliviolin to phycoerythrocyanin. [RESID:AA0258]


protein-phycobiliviolin linkage via S-phycobiliviolin-L-cysteine

The linkage of the chromophore phycobiliviolin to phycoerythrocyanin via S-phycobiliviolin-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0258]


The linkage of the chromophore phycocyanobilin to phycocyanin or allophycocyanin. [RESID:AA0131]


The linkage of the chromophore phycoerythrobilin to phycoerythrins. [RESID:AA0132, RESID:AA0259]


The linkage of the chromophore phycourobilin to phycoerythrins. [RESID:AA0260]


The linkage of the chromophore phytochromobilin to phycocyanin or allophycocyanin. [RESID:AA0133]


The covalent linkage of heme and a protein. [GOC:ma]


The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues. [GOC:mlg]


The controlled release of proteins from a cell. [GOC:ai]


A process of exocytosis found in all eukaryotic cells, in which transport vesicles destined for the plasma membrane leave the trans-Golgi network in a steady stream. Upon exocytosis, the membrane proteins and lipids in these vesicles provide new components for the plasma membrane, and the soluble proteins inside the vesicles are released into the extracellular space. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]


rough endoplasmic reticulum to cis-Golgi transport

anterograde vesicle-mediated transport, endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi

rough ER to cis-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport

anterograde transport, endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi

rough endoplasmic reticulum to cis-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

anterograde vesicle-mediated transport, ER to Golgi

The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:jp, GOC:tb, ISBN:0716731363]


The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]


downregulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

down regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

down-regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

upregulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

up-regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

positive regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]


down regulation of exocytosis
down-regulation of exocytosis
downregulation of exocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of exocytosis
up regulation of exocytosis
up-regulation of exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. [GOC:go_curators]


The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network). [ISBN:0716731363]


The process that results in the physical movement of a new cis-Golgi stack from the cis-position, nearest the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to the trans position, farthest from the ER, successively becoming first a medial-Golgi cisterna and then a trans-Golgi cisterna. [ISBN:0716731363]


retrograde (vesicle recycling within Golgi) transport

retrograde transport, vesicle recycling within Golgi

The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi. [ISBN:0716731363]


The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]


Golgi to plasma membrane vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis. [ISBN:0716731363]


Golgi to vacuole vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole. [GOC:ai]


A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0716731363]


cis-Golgi to rough endoplasmic reticulum vesicle-mediated transport

retrograde transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum

retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum

cis-Golgi to rough ER vesicle-mediated transport

retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to ER

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG. [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:16510524]

cis-Golgi to rough endoplasmic reticulum transport


protein secretion by the type I protein secretion system

protein secretion by the type I secretion system

The process in which proteins are secreted into the extracellular milieu via the type I secretion system; secretion occurs in a continuous process without the distinct presence of periplasmic intermediates and does not involve proteolytic processing of secreted proteins. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


protein secretion by the type II protein secretion system

protein secretion by the type II secretion system

The process in which proteins are secreted across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria by the type II secretion system. Proteins using this pathway are first translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane via the Sec or Tat pathways. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


protein secretion by the type III protein secretion system

protein secretion by the type III secretion system

The process in which proteins are transferred into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells by the bacterial type III secretion system; secretion occurs in a continuous process without the distinct presence of periplasmic intermediates and does not involve proteolytic processing of secreted proteins. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


protein secretion by the type IV protein secretion system

protein secretion by the type IV secretion system

The process in which proteins are transferred into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells, via the type IV protein secretion system. [GOC:pamgo_curators]


The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif. [GOC:ma]


protein membrane targeting
protein-membrane targeting

The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein. [GOC:curators]


cotranslational protein membrane targeting

cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria. [ISBN:0716731363, PMID:10512867, PMID:16896215]


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting

SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane. [ISBN:0716731363]

SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, docking

protein docking during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, docking

SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking

The process in which an SRP-bound ribosome forms a complex with the SRP receptor in the ER membrane, allowing the ribosome to bind to the membrane, during cotranslational membrane targeting. [ISBN:0815316194]


signal sequence processing during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, signal sequence processing

SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, signal sequence processing

SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence processing

The removal of the signal peptide from a nascent protein during cotranslational membrane targeting. [ISBN:0815316194]


SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, translocation

translocation during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation

The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen. [ISBN:0716731363]

SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, translocation


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting, signal sequence recognition

SRP-dependent cotranslational membrane targeting, signal sequence recognition

signal sequence recognition during SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition

The process in which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting. [ISBN:0815316194]


posttranslational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane

posttranslational endoplasmic reticulum membrane targeting

posttranslational endoplasmic reticulum protein-membrane targeting

SRP-independent endoplasmic reticulum protein-membrane targeting

posttranslational protein endoplasmic reticulum membrane targeting

posttranslational protein targeting to ER membrane

post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane. [ISBN:0716731363]


protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm

The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. [GOC:jl]


MAPK transport from nucleus to cytoplasm

cytoplasmic translocation of mitogen-activated protein kinase

The directed movement of a MAP kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:ebc]


MAPK phosphatase transport from nucleus to cytoplasm

MAPK phosphatase export from cell nucleus

The directed movement of a MAPK phosphatase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:ebc]


MAPK phosphatase transport from nucleus to cytoplasm, leptomycin B sensitive

leptomycin B-sensitive MAPK phosphatase transport from nucleus to cytoplasm

leptomycin B-sensitive MAPK phosphatase-nucleus export

MAPK phosphatase-nucleus export, leptomycin B sensitive

MAPK phosphatase export out of nucleus, leptomycin B sensitive

leptomycin B-sensitive MAPK phosphatase export out of nucleus

MAPK phosphatase export from cell nucleus, leptomycin B sensitive

MAPK phosphatase export from nucleus, leptomycin B sensitive

Leptomycin B-sensitive movement of a MAPK phosphatase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GOC:ebc]


protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus

establishment of protein localization to nucleus

The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:jl]


NLS-bearing substrate transport from cytoplasm to nucleus

NLS-bearing substrate import into nucleus

NLS-bearing substrate import into cell nucleus

The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope. [GOC:ai]


regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus

regulation of protein import into cell nucleus

regulation of protein import into nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:jl]


down-regulation of protein import into nucleus

negative regulation of protein import into cell nucleus

downregulation of protein import into nucleus

down regulation of protein import into nucleus

negative regulation of protein-nucleus import

negative regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus

negative regulation of protein import into nucleus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. [GOC:jl]


up-regulation of protein import into nucleus

up regulation of protein import into nucleus

positive regulation of protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus

upregulation of protein import into nucleus

positive regulation of protein import into cell nucleus

positive regulation of protein-nucleus import

positive regulation of protein import into nucleus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. [GOC:jl]


ribosomal protein import into cell nucleus

ribosomal protein transport from cytoplasm to nucleus

The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. At least some ribosomal proteins, including rpl12, uses the importin 11 pathway as a major route into the nucleus. [GOC:ai, PMID:11809816]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of organismal metabolism

negative regulation of metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of metabolic process
positive regulation of metabolism
up regulation of metabolic process
upregulation of metabolic process

positive regulation of metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. [GOC:go_curators]


metabolic burst at fertilization
oxidative burst at fertilization

The phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases, that occurs at fertilization. An enhanced uptake of oxygen leads to the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. Capacitation, a necessary prerequisite event to successful fertilization, can be induced by reactive oxygen species in vitro; hydrogen peroxide is used as an extracellular oxidant to cross-link the protective surface envelopes. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:2537493, PMID:9013127]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sulfur utilization. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of sulphur utilization

negative regulation of sulfur utilization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sulfur utilization. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of sulphur utilization

positive regulation of sulfur utilization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sulfur utilization. [GOC:go_curators]


sulfur compound metabolic process
sulphur metabolic process
sulfur metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. [GOC:ai]


alkanesulfonate metabolism
alkanesulphonate metabolism
alkanesulphonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkanesulfonates, the anion of alkanesulfonic acids, sulfonic acid derivatives containing an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. [GOC:ai]


DMSO metabolic process
dimethyl sulphoxide metabolic process
dimethyl sulfoxide metabolism
dimethyl sulphoxide metabolism
DMSO metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO (C2H6OS), an alkyl sulfoxide that is practically odorless in its purified form. As a highly polar organic liquid, it is a powerful solvent. Its biological activities include the ability to penetrate plant and animal tissues and to preserve living cells during freezing. [GOC:curators]


A cyclic series of interconversions involving dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol and hydrogen sulfide. Dimethylsulfoxide can also be converted to dimethyl sulfide, which enters the cycle. [UM-BBD_pathwayID:sulf]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of thiosulfate to tetrathionate, using cytochrome c as an electron acceptor. [MetaCyc:THIOSULFOX-PWY]


A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary sulfur sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary sulfur source and to transport and metabolize alternate sulfur sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects sulfur levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize sulfur-containing compounds, and ends when the sulfur is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism. [GOC:mah, GOC:mlg]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the reduction of sulfate to thiosulfate via bisulfite. [MetaCyc:P224-PWY]


The process in which sulfur compounds with an intermediate oxidation state serve as both electron donors and electron acceptors in an energy-generating redox process. The reaction takes place anaerobically, in light and in the absence of CO2. [MetaCyc:P203-PWY]


The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds. [GOC:jl]


sulphate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulphate reduction by a phosphoadenylyl-sulphate reductase (thioredoxin)

sulfate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction by phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin)

The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction step is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) (EC:1.8.4.8). [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the reduction of sulfate to another sulfur-containing ion or compound such as hydrogen sulfide, adenosine-phosphosulfate (APS) or thiosulfate. [MetaCyc:DISSULFRED-PWY, MetaCyc:P224-PWY, MetaCyc:SO4ASSIM-PWY, MetaCyc:SULFMETII-PWY]


The reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, which acts as a terminal electron acceptor. Sulfate is activated to adenosine-phosphosulfate (APS) which is then reduced to sulfite, which is in turn reduced to hydrogen sulfide. [GOC:jl, MetaCyc:DISSULFRED-PWY]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of sulfide to elemental sulfur in a higher oxidation state, or to sulfite or sulfate. [MetaCyc:P222-PWY, MetaCyc:P223-PWY, MetaCyc:PWY-5274, MetaCyc:PWY-5285]


sulphide oxidation, using siroheme sulphite reductase

sulfide oxidation, using sirohaem sulfite reductase

sulfide oxidation, using siroheme sulfite reductase

A sulfide oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by siroheme sulfite reductase. [MetaCyc:P223-PWY]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting the addition of oxygen to elemental sulfur. [GOC:jl, MetaCyc:FESULFOX-PWY, MetaCyc:SULFUROX-PWY]


A sulfur oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by sulfur:ferric ion oxidoreductase, and requires the presence of ferric ion (Fe3+). [MetaCyc:FESULFOX-PWY]


sulfur oxidation, using sirohaem sulfite reductase

sulphur oxidation, using siroheme sulphite reductase

sulfur oxidation, using siroheme sulfite reductase


The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons that are made up of isoprene (C5H8) units which may be cyclic, acyclic or multicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain various functional groups. [GOC:curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-pinene, a monoterpene that may be a significant factor affecting bacterial activities in nature. It is a major component in tea-tree oils, and gives off a piney smelling odor. [UM-BBD_pathwayID:apn]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene), a monocyclic monoterpene. [UM-BBD_pathwayID:lim]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene. [GOC:jl, http://www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/biochem/thcme/vitamins.html#k]


calciferol metabolic process
vitamin D metabolic process
calciferol metabolism
ergocalciferol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3). [GOC:mah, ISBN:0471331309]


tocopherol metabolic process
tocopherol metabolism
vitamin E metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. [GOC:mah]


downregulation of vitamin metabolic process

down-regulation of vitamin metabolic process

negative regulation of vitamin metabolism

down regulation of vitamin metabolic process

negative regulation of vitamin metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of vitamin metabolic process

upregulation of vitamin metabolic process

up-regulation of vitamin metabolic process

positive regulation of vitamin metabolism

positive regulation of vitamin metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water. [GOC:jl]


vitamin B1 metabolism
thiamine metabolic process
thiamin metabolism
vitamin B1 metabolic process
thiamin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


vitamin G metabolic process
vitamin B2 metabolic process
riboflavin metabolism
vitamin B2 metabolism
riboflavin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). [GOC:jl, http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/vitamins.html]


response to hypoxic stress
response to lowered oxygen tension

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:hjd]


spore differentiation
cellular spore formation by sporulation
spore biosynthesis
spore formation

sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a cellular spore, a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and dessication resistance, and/or for reproduction. [GOC:mah, GOC:pamgo_curators, ISBN:0072992913]


spore coat biosynthetic process
spore wall assembly
spore wall formation
spore coat biosynthesis

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a spore wall; a spore wall is the specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore. [GOC:mah, GOC:pg]


The process in which cells that are products of meiosis acquire the specialized features of ascospores. Ascospores are generally found in clusters of four or eight spores within a single mother cell, the ascus, and are characteristic of the ascomycete fungi (phylum Ascomycota). [GOC:di, GOC:mah, GOC:mcc, PMID:16339736]


The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division. [ISBN:0198506732]


syncytium formation by mitosis without cell division


The directed movement of the hydroxamate iron transport compound aerobactin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aerobactin (C22H36N4O13) is a conjugate of 6-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxylamine)-2-aminohexanoic acid and citric acid. [GOC:ai, PMID:23192658]


The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of cadaverine, 1,5-pentanediamine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of amines into, out of or within chromaffin granules. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of methylammonium into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of putrescine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of spermine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to spermidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0198506732]


aminergic neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle

The active transport of aminergic neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action proton pumps. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of urea into, out of or within the cell. Urea is the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


OBSOLETE. The directed movement of aspartate and glutamate into, out of or within a mitochondrion. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamate, the anion of p-aminobenzoyl-glutamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of a L-histidine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22822152]


The directed movement of a L-lysine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22822152]


branched-chain amino-acid anions transport

branched-chain aliphatic amino acid transport

branched-chain amino-acid anion transport

The directed movement of branched-chain amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings. [GOC:ai, GOC:bf]


The directed extracellular movement of amino acids. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The directed movement of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of diaminopimelate, the anion of 2,6-diaminoheptanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


S-adenosyl methionine transport
SAM transport
S-adenosylmethionine transport

The directed movement of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of S-methylmethionine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of disaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of cellobiose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Cellobiose, or 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose, is a disaccharide that represents the basic repeating unit of cellulose. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of lactose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactose is a disaccharide 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose, and constitutes roughly 5% of the milk in almost all mammals. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of maltose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of melibiose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Melibiose is the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of sucrose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sucrose is the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of trehalose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Trehalose is a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of alpha-glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:9919658]


The directed movement of glucuronosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucuronosides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of glucuronate. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of beta-glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Beta-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in a beta configuration. [GOC:jl, http://www.biochem.purdue.edu/, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai]


negative regulation of glucose uptake
downregulation of glucose import
down-regulation of glucose import
down regulation of glucose import

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai]


upregulation of glucose import
positive regulation of glucose uptake
up-regulation of glucose import
positive regulation of glucose import

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of methylgalactoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Methylgalactoside is a compound in which the H of the OH group on carbon-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group. [GOC:curators]


The directed movement of N-acetylgalactosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. N-acetylgalactosamine, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactopyranose, is the n-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of N-acetylglucosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


The process in which UDP-glucose is transported across a membrane. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of oligosaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligosaccharides are molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of raffinose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Raffinose occurs in plants almost as commonly as sucrose and is present in cereal grains, cotton seeds, and many legumes. It is synthesized from sucrose by transfer of a galactopyranoside from myo-inositol. [ISBN:0198506732]


The process of loading sucrose into the sieve tube or companion cell of the phloem for long distance transport from source to sink. [GOC:sm]


phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system

The uptake and phosphorylation of specific carbohydrates from the extracellular environment; uptake and phosphorylation are coupled, making the PTS a link between the uptake and metabolism of sugars; phosphoenolpyruvate is the original phosphate donor; phosphoenolpyruvate passes the phosphate via a signal transduction pathway, to enzyme 1 (E1), which in turn passes it on to the histidine protein, HPr; the next step in the system involves sugar-specific membrane-bound complex, enzyme 2 (EII), which transports the sugar into the cell; it includes the sugar permease, which catalyzes the transport reactions; EII is usually divided into three different domains, EIIA, EIIB, and EIIC. [PMID:31209249, PMID:33820910]


The directed movement of polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of beta-glucans into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Beta-glucans are compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-glucosidic bonds. [GOC:ai]


capsule polysaccharide transport
capsular-polysaccharide transport

The directed movement of capsular polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Capsular polysaccharides make up the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of teichoic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Teichoic acid is any polymer occurring in the cell wall, membrane or capsule of Gram-positive bacteria and containing chains of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate residues. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol. [GOC:ai]


cytoplasmic transport, nurse cell to oocyte

The directed movement of cytoplasmic constituents synthesized in the nurse cells to the oocyte. [ISBN:0879694238]


cytoskeleton-dependent cytoplasmic transport, nurse cell to oocyte

The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal elements, such as microfilaments or microtubules, from a nurse cell to an oocyte. [GOC:ai]


egress of viral procapsid from host cell nucleus

exit of virus from host cell nucleus by nuclear egress

The directed movement of an assembled viral particle out of the host cell nucleus by budding and fusion through the nuclear membranes. In this process, enveloped viral particles are formed by budding through the inner nuclear membrane. These perinuclear enveloped particles then fuse with the outer nuclear membrane to deliver a naked capsid into the host cytoplasm. [PMID:21494278, PMID:22858153, PMID:9601512, PMID:9765421, VZ:1952]


The transport of substances that occurs outside cells. [GOC:go_curators]


The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of fluid across epithelia. [GOC:jl, PMID:11390830]


The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:tb]


The unidirectional movement of auxin in the stem from tip to base along the vector of gravity or basipetally. [GOC:sm]


electron transport coupled proton transport

The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from electron transport. [GOC:mah]


The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from light. [GOC:mah]


energy coupled proton transport, down electrochemical gradient

The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that provides energy for the synthesis of ATP or GTP. [GOC:mah]


proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis

The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis. [ISBN:0716731363]


The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers GTP synthesis. [ISBN:0716731363]


passive proton transport, down the electrochemical gradient

OBSOLETE. The passive movement of protons from areas of high proton concentration and electrical potential to areas where concentration and electrical potential are low. [ISBN:0716731363]


The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of antimonite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of arsenite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of chlorate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of chloride ions from one side of an epithelium to the other. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of chromate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of inorganic diphosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of iodide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of nitrite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


silicate transport
silicic acid transport

silicic acid import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of silicates from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. Silicates are the salts of silicic acids, and are usually composed of silicon and oxygen (Si[x]O[y]), one or more metals, and possibly hydrogen. Types of silicate include unisilicates, metasilicates and hydrous silicates. [GOC:ai, GOC:krc, PMID:16572174]


The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of nucleotide sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of sulfite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of tellurite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of thiosulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:ai, GOC:krc]


The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of a C4-dicarboxylate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A C4-dicarboxylate is the anion of a dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah]


The directed movement of fumarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of malate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


OBSOLETE. The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate and malate into, out of or within a mitochondrion. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of hexose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of acetate across a plasma membrane. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of allantoate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane into a bile canaliculus. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. [GOC:dph]


The directed movement of bilirubin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of formate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of lactate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of mevalonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of propionate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of 3-hydroxyphenyl propanoate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of prostaglandins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, across a plasma membrane. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of sialic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of phosphoenolpyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of phosphonates into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A phosphonate is any salt, anion, or ester of phosphonic acid (HPO(OH)2). [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of triose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


uric acid transport
urate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of urate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:krc]


The directed movement of organophosphate esters into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds. [GOC:mcc]


The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transport


aluminum transport
aluminum ion transport
aluminium transport
aluminium ion transport

The directed movement of aluminum (Al) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of cadmium (Cd) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


mitochondrial calcium ion transmembrane transport

The process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion. [GOC:ai]


mitochondrial sodium/calcium ion exchange

OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of lead (Pb) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of magnesium (Mg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


mercuric ion transport
mercury transport

The directed movement of mercury (Hg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver. [ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of copper ions into a cell or organelle. [GOC:ai]


intracellular copper delivery
intracellular copper ion transport

protein maturation by copper ion transfer

A process that contributes to the delivery of copper ions to a target protein. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of copper ions across the plasma membrane. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


high-affinity ferric iron transmembrane transport


The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of molybdate (MoO4 2-) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Molybdate is the bivalent anion derived from molybdic acid. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of nickel (Ni) cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of vanadium (V) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


OBSOLETE. The directed movement of heavy metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Heavy metals are those that can form a coordination bond with a protein, as opposed to an alkali or alkaline-earth metal that can only form an ionic bond; this definition includes the following biologically relevant heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W, Zn. [GOC:kd, GOC:mah]


The directed movement of silver (Ag) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


potassium transport
cellular potassium ion transport

The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:ai]


quaternary amine transport
quaternary ammonium compound transport

The directed movement into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of aminophospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [GOC:ai]


The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine. [ISBN:0198547684]


peroxisomal long-chain fatty acid uptake

peroxisomal long-chain fatty acid import

long-chain fatty acid import into peroxisome

The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids into a peroxisome. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [GOC:ai]


plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport

long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of long-chain fatty acids from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of medium-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. Short-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a chain length of less than C6. [GOC:ai]


fatty acyl CoA transport
fatty acyl-CoA transport
fatty acyl coenzyme A transport

The directed movement of fatty acyl coenzyme A into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acyl coenzyme A is an acyl group linked to 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine (coenzyme A). [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


lipid sequestering
sequestration of lipid
sequestering of lipids
lipid sequestration
retention of lipids
lipid retention
storage of lipids
lipid storage

The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:11102830]


The directed movement of substances to, from or across the peroxisomal membrane. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of lipopolysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of lipid-linked peptidoglycans into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:ai]


levarterenol transport
noradrenaline transport

The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:mah]


nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport


The directed movement of protein-DNA complexes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of adenine, 6-aminopurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


The directed movement of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:go_curators]


The directed movement of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:go_curators]


The directed movement of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:go_curators]


The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]


The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), within a cell. [GOC:ai]