rhamnogalacturonan I backbone metabolism

rhamnogalacturonan I backbone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the alternating alpha-(1->2)-linked rhamnose and alpha-(1->2)-linked B-galacturonic acid residues of the rhamnogalacturonan I backbone. [GOC:tair_curators]


rhamnogalacturonan I side chain metabolism

rhamnogalacturonan I side chain metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of the pectin, rhamnogalacturonan I. [GOC:tair_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactan, a polymer of D-galactosyl units that can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I. [GOC:tair_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectic arabinan, a polymer with an alpha-(1->5)-linked L-arabinofuranose (Araf) backbone that can be substituted with Araf-alpha-(1->2)-, Araf-alpha-(1->3)-, and/or Araf-alpha-(1->3)-Araf-alpha-(1->3)-side chains. Arabinan can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I. [GOC:tair_curators]


pectic arabinogalactan I metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectic arabinogalactan I, an alpha-(1,4)-linked D-galactopyranose backbone that is substituted with alpha-l-Araf residues via the O-3 of the D-galactose residues. Arabinogalactan I can be found as a side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I. [GOC:tair_curators]


cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein metabolism

cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein that consist of a core-protein backbone O-glycosylated by one or more complex carbohydrates. [GOC:tair_curators]


arabinogalactan protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein, which is composed of a group of core protein of highly varying length and domain complexity. These are O-glycosylated at one or more hydroxyproline residues by arabinogalactan (AG) type II groups, which consist of (1->3)-beta-galactan and (1->6)-beta-linked galactan chains connected to each other by (1->3,1->6)-linked branch points, O-3 and O-6 positions substituted with terminal arabinosyl residues. Also, rhamnose, fucose, glucuronic and galacturonic acid can be present in the glycan structures. [GOC:tair_curators]


classical arabinogalactan protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein, which is composed of a group of core protein containing Hyp, Ala, Ser, Thr and Gly as the major amino acid constituents, and the C-terminus is GPI anchored. [GOC:tair_curators]


non-classical arabinogalactan protein metabolism

non-classical arabinogalactan protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein where other amino acids besides Hyp, Ala, Ser, Thr and Gly can be present and grouped into regions, such as a Cys-rich or Asn-rich domains. [GOC:tair_curators]


fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein metabolism

fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein variant which contains both an arabinogalactan protein (AGP) motif and a fasciclin domain. [GOC:tair_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving extensins, a group of 60-90 kDNA hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich glycoproteins whose polypeptide backbone consists of many repeats of structural Ser(Hyp)4-6 motifs, with heavily glycosylated 1-4 arabinose residues O-linked to contiguous stretches of Hyp residues, with most of the Ser residues being O-galactosylated. [GOC:tair_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemicelluloses, plant cell wall polysaccharides that have a backbone of 1,4-linked beta-D-pyranosyl residues in which O4 is in the equatorial orientation. Many different hemicelluloses usually occur intermixed with each molecular type representing different degrees of polymerization and contain many different sugar monomers, which can include glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose. Hemicelluloses also contain most of the D-pentose sugars and occasionally small amounts of L-sugars as well. Xylose is always the sugar monomer present in the largest amount, but mannuronic acid and galacturonic acid also tend to be present. [GOC:tair_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D-glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants. [GOC:tair_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with glucuronic acid side units. [GOC:tair_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with glucuronic acid and arabinose side units. [GOC:tair_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving the mannan backbone, the unsubstituted polymer of D-mannose units. [GOC:tair_curators]


arabinoxylan-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an arabinoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with arabinose side units. [GOC:tair_curators]


glucuronoxylan formation
glucuronoxylan synthesis
glucuronoxylan biosynthesis
glucuronoxylan anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone substituted with glucuronic acid residues. [GOC:tair_curators]


rhamnogalacturonan II backbone metabolism

rhamnogalacturonan II backbone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the backbone structure of pectic rhamnogalacturonan II. The back bone contains at least 8 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues. [GOC:tair_curators]


rhamnogalacturonan II side chain metabolism

rhamnogalacturonan II side chain metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of pectic rhamnogalacturonan II. A number of structurally distinct di- and oligosaccharides can be attached to the C-3 and C-2 of the backbone, respectively. [GOC:tair_curators]


programmed cell death in response to hydrogen peroxide

hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death

Programmed cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Programmed cell death is the cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, PMID:16036580]


regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of brassinosteroids. [PMID:16857903]


negative regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of brassinosteroids. [PMID:16857903]


cytosine methylation within a CG sequence

DNA methylation on cytosine within a CG sequence

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of a cytosine located within a CG sequence in a DNA molecule. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:17239600]


cytosine methylation within a CNG sequence

DNA methylation on cytosine within a CNG sequence

The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within a CNG sequence in a DNA molecule. N stands for any nucleotide. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:17239600]


cytosine methylation within a CHH sequence

DNA methylation on cytosine within a CNN sequence

cytosine methylation within a CNN sequence

DNA methylation on cytosine within a CHH sequence

The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within an asymmetric CHH sequence in a DNA molecule. H stands for an adenine, cytosine, or thymine nucleotide. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb, PMID:15861207, PMID:17239600]


Binding to a methylated cytosine/unspecified/guanine trinucleotide. [PMID:17239600]


Binding to a methylated cytosine/unspecified/unspecified trinucleotide. [PMID:17239600]


A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation. [MetaCyc:PWY-2724, PMID:16404574]


A process in seed development that occurs after embryogenesis by which a quiescent state is established in a seed. Seed maturation is characterized by storage compound accumulation, acquisition of desiccation tolerance, growth arrest and the entry into a dormancy period of variable length that is broken upon germination. [PMID:16096971]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence. [GOC:tb, PMID:16554366, PO:0009055]


The process in which the anatomical structure of a bract are generated and organized. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence. [GOC:tb, PMID:16554366, PO:0009055]


The process that gives rise to a bract. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence. [GOC:tb, PMID:16554366, PO:0009055]


3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid (OPC-8:0) CoA ligase activity

3-oxo-2-(2'-[Z]-pentenyl)cyclopentane-1-octanoate CoA ligase activity

3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid + coenzyme A = AMP + diphosphate + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoyl-CoA + H+. 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid is also known as OPC-8:0. [PMID:16963437]


Catalysis of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids. [PMID:16459333]


9,10 (9', 10')-carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids at the (9, 10) and/or (9', 10') double bond. [PMID:16459333]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfur. [PMID:17420480]


regulation of glucosinolate biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates, substituted thioglucosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae. [PMID:17420480]


The process in which an unspecialized epidermal cell progresses through a series of divisions that culminate in the production of a stomatal complex. [GOC:expert_db, GOC:tb]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the guard cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:tb]


guard cell morphogenesis during differentiation

Generation and organization of the polarized cell that is capable of turgor driven movement. [GOC:expert_db, GOC:tb]


The asymmetric cell division by which a meristemoid mother cells (MMC) give rise to a meristemoid and another cell. The other cell may itself become a MMC or may generate an epidermal cell. Any cell that undergoes this type of division is a MMC. [GOC:expert_db, GOC:tb]


The process in which a meristemoid acquires the specialized features of a guard mother cell. [GOC:expert_db, GOC:tb]


A small round nuclear body, measuring 0.2-0.8 microns in diameter that is diffusely distributed throughout the nucleoplasm. Several proteins known to be involved in miRNA processing have been localized to these structures. D-bodies are thought to be involved in primary-miRNA processing and/or storage/assembly of miRNA processing complexes. [PMID:17442570]


response to alkalinity
response to basic pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb, Wikipedia:PH]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb, Wikipedia:PH]


The increase in size or mass of a vegetative meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant shoot which maintains a continuous balance between the production of stem cells and the incorporation of their derivatives into lateral organ primordia. [GOC:tb, ISBN:0849397928]


The increase in size or mass of a root meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant root which maintains a continuous balance between the production of stem cells and the incorporation of their derivatives into the growth of the root. [GOC:tb]


The increase in size or mass of an inflorescence meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant shoot which produces small leaves and then floral meristems, which will give rise to flowers. [GOC:tb]


The increase in size or mass of a floral meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant that gives rise to a flower. [GOC:tb]


histone H3 K36 methylation
histone lysine H3 K36 methylation
histone H3K36me

The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone. [GOC:pr, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of cell fate commitment

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of cell fate commitment

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the dorsal spinal cord cell population. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The cell cycle process in which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a light stimulus. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


beta-nerve growth factor receptor activity

Combining with nerve growth factor (NGF), to prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, or to initiate a change in cell activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of peptidase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate. [MetaCyc:RXN4FS-12, PMID:17485667]


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate + GDP-alpha-D-glucose. [MetaCyc:RXN4FS-13, PMID:17485667]


Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + myo-inositol 1-phosphate = alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate + GDP-myoinositol. [PMID:17485667]


glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP + D-glucose 1-phosphate = phosphate + GDP-glucose. [PMID:17462988]


galactose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP + L-galactose 1-phosphate = phosphate + GDP-galactose. [PMID:17462988]


The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of gibberellin stimulus. [PMID:17521411]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulus. [PMID:17425719]


A respiratory electron flow (from NAD(P)H to plastoquinone (PQ) and O2) involving both a nonphotochemical reduction and re-oxidation of PQ pool. [GOC:mtg_electron_transport, GOC:tb, PMID:17573537]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stele over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stele is the central column of primary vascular tissue in the root and any tissue that it surrounds. [GOC:tb]


The process aimed at the progression of a microsporocyte cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A microsporocyte is a diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and forms four haploid (1n) microspores; also called microspore mother cell and, in seed plants, pollen mother cell. [CL:0000248, PMID:16751349]


Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells. [PMID:17450124]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis. [PMID:17450124]


Interaction between the pollen tube, part of the male gametophyte, and the ovule, part of the female gametophyte, that results in the arrest of pollen tube growth, rupture of the pollen tube and the release of the sperm cells. [GOC:tb, PMID:17673660]


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 = CoA + acetyl-histone H3. [EC:2.3.1.48]


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 = CoA + acetyl-histone H4. [EC:2.3.1.48]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Mn2+(in) + H+(out) = Mn2+(out) + H+(in). [PMID:17559518]


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methioninamine + spermidine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + thermospermine + H+. [EC:2.5.1.79, MetaCyc:RXN-11190, PMID:17560575]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-glycan = galactose-beta-1,3-N-glycan + UDP. [PMID:17630273]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose = UDP-4-keto-rhamnose. [GOC:tair_curators, PMID:17190829]


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-4-keto-rhamnose + NADPH = UDP-rhamnose + NADP+. [GOC:tair_curators, PMID:17190829]


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-L-arabinose 1-phosphate + UTP = UDP-L-arabinose + diphosphate. [PMID:17341835]


maintenance of shoot apical meristem identity

The process in which an organism retains a population of shoot apical meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:17461786]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a Lewis a epitope, a trisaccharide (Fuc-alpha-(1->4)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]GlcNAc) characteristic of plant protein N-linked oligosaccharides. [PMID:17630273]


The movement of substances between cells. [GOC:dhl]


The movement of substances between cells via plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell. [PMID:17601829]


proteasome-mediated protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:tb]


proteasomal ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome but do not involve ubiquitin. [GOC:tb]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the transmitting tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The transmitting tissue is the tissue in the style of a carpel through which the pollen tube grows; it connects the stigma and the inside of ovary. [PMID:17855426]


The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'. [PMID:17169986]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a polyamine. [GOC:dph, GOC:rph, GOC:tb, PMID:11161802, PMID:9761731]


regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]


induction of conjugation with cellular fusion

The process in which a cell initiates conjugation with cellular fusion. Conjugation with cellular fusion is the process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of induction of conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency or rate of initiation of conjugation with cellular fusion. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of cellular response to nitrogen starvation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to nitrogen starvation. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of phospholipase activity

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of phospholipase activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

Any process that modulates the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

Any process that decreases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of transposition, RNA-mediated

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of transposition, RNA-mediated

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of transposition, RNA-mediated

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 protein


regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 protein


regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:17190829, PMID:9135582]


regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK protein


regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 protein


positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 protein


positive regulation of activation of JAK protein

positive regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity

Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:9135582]


positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK protein


positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 protein


The unidirectional movement of auxin from the apex to base of an organ, including the shoot, leaf, primary root, or lateral root. [PMID:10677441]


The unidirectional movement of auxin from the base towards the apex of an organ, including the shoot, leaf, primary root, or lateral root. [PMID:10677441]


nitrate efflux transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nitrate from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane. [GOC:mah]


Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of platelet activation

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


The controlled breakdown of the thylakoid membrane in the context of a normal process. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:17416733]


regulation of thylakoid membrane degradation

regulation of thylakoid membrane disassembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thylakoid membrane disassembly. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:17416733]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of LHCII degradation
regulation of LHCII catabolism

regulation of PSII associated light-harvesting complex II catabolic process

Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one or more components of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter


negative regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mannitol stimulus. [PMID:17999646]


regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process

Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


regulation of ketone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ketone, carried out by individual cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]


stimulation of microglia differentiation


inhibition of Schwann cell differentiation


activation of Schwann cell differentiation


stimulation of Schwann cell differentiation


inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion


activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion


stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion


activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. [GOC:ef]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloalkane stimulus. A cycloalkane is a cyclic saturated hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n. [GOC:ef]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids. [GOC:ef]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tropane stimulus. Tropane is a nitrogenous bicyclic organic compound mainly known for a group of alkaloids derived from it (called tropane alkaloids), which include, among others, atropine and cocaine. [GOC:ef]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. [GOC:ef]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. [GOC:ef, GOC:pr]


The part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane that contains calcium release channels, is devoted to calcium release and is juxtaposed to transverse tubule membrane. The junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane consists of the junctional region of the terminal cisterna membrane. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane that contains calcium pumps and is devoted to calcium uptake. The free sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane consists of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and the non-junctional region of the terminal cisterna membrane. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A process in which force is generated within oscillatory skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Oscillatory muscle contraction occurs in insect wing muscles and is characterized by asynchrony between action potential and contraction and by stretch activation. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A region of the A band in which myosin-binding protein C is located and that can be seen by electron microscopy. This is a functional zone that also includes myosin. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


branchiomeric skeletal muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of somitomeric trunk muscle development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of somitomeric trunk muscle development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


negative regulation of somitomeric trunk muscle development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


negative regulation of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The process, taking place in the head, whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:mtg_muscle]


The process taking place in the trunk whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:mtg_muscle]


satellite cell asymmetric division involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Skeletal muscle satellite cell asymmetric division that occurs during a process in which damaged muscle tissue is being rebuilt. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation. The satellite cell activation is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation of satellite cell involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. The activation of satellite cell is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


skeletal muscle satellite cell activation

The change of a skeletal muscle satellite cell from a mitotically quiescent to a mitotically active state following exposure to some activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage. [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:23303905]


A process in which force is generated within tonic skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The tonic skeletal muscle is characterized by long lasting contractile responses and high resistance to fatigue. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A process in which force is generated within twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The twitch skeletal muscle responds to neurostimulations with a contraction followed by a relaxation. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signalling

regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of calcium ion sensitivity of myofibril involved in skeletal muscle contraction

regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by modulation of calcium ion sensitivity of myofibril

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing calcium ion binding affinity of the myofibril. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of twitch skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of twitch skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of extraocular skeletal muscle development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


negative regulation of extraocular skeletal muscle development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of extraocular skeletal muscle development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of the force of skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the force of skeletal muscle contraction. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through the formation of cross bridges. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle modulating contraction

Any process that modulates velocity of shortening of a skeletal muscle contraction. The shortening leads to reduction of the length of muscle fibers and sarcomeres. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


skeletal muscle regeneration at neuromuscular junction

The regrowth of muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage at the neuromuscular junction. Regeneration of neuromuscular junctions occurs in an orderly way and relies on communication between nerve and muscle. Skeletal myofibers regenerate after injury and form neuro-muscular junctions with motor axons similar to normal ones. Regenerating myofibers develop within the basal lamina sheaths (satellite cells) of original myofibers. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane. [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:15970557]


regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation

Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of skeletal muscle plasticity


The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle atrophy. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle atrophy. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle atrophy. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of muscle hyperplasia

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hyperplasia. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of muscle hypertrophy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of muscle plasticity


negative regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


negative regulation of muscle plasticity


regulation of tonic skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of tonic skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


negative regulation of tonic skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


The portion of the free sarcoplasmic reticulum consisting of longitudinal tubules that connect terminal cisternae. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum devoted to calcium ion storage and calcium ion release. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum envelope. The longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen is continuous with the lumen contained within the terminal cisternae. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the terminal cisterna envelope. This space is enriched in calsequestrin. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A process, occurring in smooth muscle, in which there is an increase in cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an organ. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum

The process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. [CL:0000187, GOC:mtg_muscle]


skeletal muscle satellite cell commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a satellite cell. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


axon regeneration at neuromuscular junction

The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage at the neuromuscular junction. Motor axons regenerate after injury and they form neuro-muscular junctions with skeletal myofibers similar to normal ones. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


initiation of skeletal muscle satellite cell activation by growth factor signaling, involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Signalling between growth factors and their receptors that results in the activation of satellite cell, where this process is involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


skeletal muscle satellite cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a skeletal muscle satellite cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


skeletal muscle satellite cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a skeletal muscle satellite cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


regulation of skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


A process in which force is generated within tonic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the tonic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Tonic smooth muscle contraction occurs as a sustained continuous contraction. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The series of events by which an injury stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the artery. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The artery is a vessel carrying blood away from the heart. [GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0000708, MSH:D001158]


stomach fundus smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the fundus of stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch. [GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0001612]


A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the vein. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The vein is a vessel carrying blood away from the capillary beds. [GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0000715, MSH:D014680]


A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0001539, MSH:D007422]


distal stomach smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the distal stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The distal stomach is composed of the lower body and antrum and develops strong peristaltic phasic contractions that increase in amplitude as they propagate toward the pylorus. [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:30252381]


vascular associated smooth muscle contraction

A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion. [GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0002718]


A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the arteriole. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The arteriole is the smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0000706, MSH:D001160]


gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract). [GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0001523, MSH:D041981]


urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract. [GOC:mr, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:11768524, PMID:18276178, PMID:538956]


skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division

The asymmetric division of a skeletal muscle satellite stem cell to produce two daughter cells, one of which is destined to differentiate and the other to be a quiescent cell that restocks the satellite cell pool. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


satellite cell compartment self-renewal involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, GOC:tb, PMID:23303905]


myoblast differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a relatively unspecialized satellite cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


myoblast fate commitment involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which the developmental fate of a satellite cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


myoblast fate determination involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a satellite cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


myoblast fate specification involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a satellite cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


myoblast migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a myoblast migrates along an entire fiber to the site of injury. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


mononucleate cell migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration


skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of satellite cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


growth factor dependent regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation; dependent on specific growth factor activity such as fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


myoblast proliferation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:16607119]


A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the body of stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0002559]


A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the esophagus. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The esophagus is the muscular membranous segment between the pharynx and the stomach in the upper gastrointestinal tract. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0001573, MSH:D041742]


proximal stomach smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the proximal stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The proximal stomach, composed of the fundus and upper body, shows low frequency, sustained tonic contractions that are responsible for generating a basal pressure within the stomach. [GOC:mtg_muscle, PMID:30252381]


A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0000325, MSH:D014551]


A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the ureter. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder. [GOC:mtg_muscle, MA:0000378]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by neural stimulation via neuromuscular junction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by variation of the pattern of stimulation by nervous system. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of excitatory post-synaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction

regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction

Any process, involved in skeletal muscle contraction, that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inactivity stimulus. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. [CL:0000737, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [CL:0000188, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. [CL:0000188, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. [CL:0000188, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. [CL:0000188, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


neurotransmitter secretion involved in control of skeletal muscle contraction

neurotransmitter secretion involved in regulation of skeletal muscle contraction

The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft involved in skeletal muscle contraction. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_muscle, GOC:tb]


regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via membrane action potential


regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by chemo-mechanical energy conversion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by regulating force and velocity of shortening. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through formation of cross bridges. The shortening leads to reduction of length of muscle fiber and sarcomeres. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The series of events in which a inactivity stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The series of events in which a muscle activity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The series of events in which an activity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


cross bridge cycling involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction

A process in which cross bridges are broken and reformed during filament sliding as part of the regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The series of events in which a muscle inactivity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle inactivity stimulus. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


cross bridge formation involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction

The process in which actin and myosin interact, split ATP and generate force during skeletal muscle contraction. This process is one of the components of the regulation of the force of skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


response to muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle plasticity


response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle plasticity


detection of muscle activity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

The series of events by which a muscle activity stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


response to injury involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a injury. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


response to injury involved in regulation of muscle plasticity


response to muscle inactivity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle inactivity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle plasticity


detection of electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of muscle filament sliding involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding, and consequently contributes to the regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_muscle, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the size of myofibrils. A myofibril is the contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, GOC:tb]


Any process that modulates the number of myofibrils. A myofibril is the contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. [GOC:dph, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle, GOC:tb]


transition fast-slow fiber
transition between fast and slow fibre
transition fast-slow fibre

The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


detection of muscle inactivity involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

The series of events in which a muscle inactivity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


detection of injury involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

The series of events by which an injury stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


detection of injury involved in regulation of muscle plasticity


transition slow-fast fibre
transition between slow and fast fibre
transition slow-fast fiber

The process of conversion of slow-contracting muscle fibers to a faster character. This may involve increasing of contractile rate, fast myosin gene induction, increase in glycolytic metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation. [GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]


The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A process, occurring in smooth muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A process, occurring in striated muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


response to rest involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rest stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


response to denervation involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a denervation stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. [GOC:mtg_heart]


A process, occurring in the heart, in which a decrease in cell mass and then in heart size occurs due to shrinking of the individual cells. The shrinkage is caused by protein degradation. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


A muscle system process that results in an increase in cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an organ. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process that initiates skeletal muscle satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


myoblast fusion involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts, after migrating to the site of injury, fuse into existing damaged fibers or fuse to myotubes to form new fibers, as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:mtg_muscle]


myotube cell development involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. This occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


myotube differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. This process occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. [GOC:mtg_muscle]


The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. [CL:0000192, GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. [CL:0000192, GOC:mtg_muscle]


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. [CL:0000192, GOC:mtg_muscle]


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. [CL:0000192, GOC:mtg_muscle]


myoblast maturation involved in muscle regeneration

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast cell to attain its fully functional state involved in muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:mtg_muscle]


regulation of muscle filament sliding speed involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the velocity of muscle filament sliding, and consequently contributes to the regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle contraction. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_muscle, GOC:tb]


The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the lungs. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. [GOC:mtg_cardio]


bilirubin monoglucuronide glucuronyltransferase activity


bilirubin uridine diphosphoglucuronyltransferase activity


uridine diphosphoglucuronate-estradiol glucuronosyltransferase activity

uridine diphosphoglucuronate-estriol glucuronosyltransferase activity


p-hydroxybiphenyl UDP glucuronyltransferase activity


UDP glucuronate-estriol glucuronosyltransferase activity


uridine diphosphoglucuronate-4-hydroxybiphenyl glucuronosyltransferase activity


uridine diphosphoglucuronate-1,2-diacylglycerol glucuronosyltransferase activity


uridine diphosphoglucuronate-bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase activity


uridine diphosphoglucuronate-estriol 16-alpha-glucuronosyltransferase activity


dinucleotide phosphate reductase activity


ferric iron transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [ISBN:0198506732]


ferrous iron transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [ISBN:0198506732]


inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:ai]


canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activity

The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts out of a hepatocyte and into the bile canaliculus by means of an agent such as a transporter or pore. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. [GOC:dph]


oxaloacetate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


fumarate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of fumarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Fumarate is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate. [GOC:ai]


succinate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. [ISBN:0198506732]


carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


fucose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of fucose from one side of a membrane to the other. Fucose is 6-deoxygalactose and has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


rhamnose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of rhamnose from one side of a membrane to the other. Rhamnose occurs commonly as a compound of plant glycosides, in polysaccharides of gums and mucilages, and in bacterial polysaccharides. It is also a component of some plant cell wall polysaccharides and frequently acts as the sugar components of flavonoids. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, RHEA:34995]


oligosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of oligosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


polysaccharide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of polysaccharides from one side of a membrane to the other. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


acidic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of acidic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have side chains with a negative charge at pH 7.3. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


aromatic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of aromatic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Aromatic amino acids have an aromatic ring. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Basic amino acids have side chains with a positive charge at pH 7.3. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


neutral amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of neutral amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Neutral amino acids have side chains with no charge at pH 7.3. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


L-alanine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-alanine is the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815340729]


L-asparagine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-asparagine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-asparagine is the L-enantiomer of alpha-aminosuccinamic acid. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815340729]


L-aspartate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-aspartate is the anion derived from aspartic acid. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815340729]


L-cystine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-cystine from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815340729]


glycine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glycine from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycine is aminoethanoic acid. [GOC:ai]


L-isoleucine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


L-leucine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-leucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-leucine is 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


L-methionine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-methionine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-methionine is 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


L-phenylalanine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-phenylalanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


L-proline transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-proline from one side of a membrane to the other. L-proline is pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


L-serine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-serine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-serine is the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


L-threonine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-threonine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-threonine is (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


methylammonium transmembrane transporter activity

Enables directed movement of methylammonium, CH3NH2, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


Enables the transfer of urea from one side of a membrane to the other. Urea is the water soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2. [ISBN:0198506732]


purine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a purine nucleoside, a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


pyrimidine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


coenzyme A transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of coenzyme A from one side of a membrane to the other. Coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, is an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester. [GOC:ai]


flavin adenine dinucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

flavin-adenine dinucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) from one side of a membrane to the other. FAD forms the coenzyme of the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in which it functions as an electron acceptor by being reversibly converted to its reduced form. [ISBN:0198506732]


sodium-dependent phosphate transmembrane transporter activity


secondary active oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an oligopeptide or oligopeptides from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. [GOC:mtg_transport]


peptide-acetyl-CoA secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of peptide-acetyl-CoA from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. [GOC:mtg_transport]


cystine secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cystine from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. [GOC:mtg_transport]


high affinity glutamine transmembrane transporter activity

high-affinity glutamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glutamine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations. [GOC:mtg_transport]


zinc efflux active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a zinc ion or zinc ions from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane: Zn2+(out) = Zn2+(in). The activity is driven by proton motive force. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, TC:2.A.4.1.4, TC:2.A.4.2.3]


sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other, in a sodium independent manner. [GOC:go_curators]


thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of thyroid hormones from one side of a membrane to the other. Thyroid hormone are any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine. [GOC:ai]


bilirubin secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. [GOC:mtg_transport]


multidrug endosomal transmembrane transporter activity


polyspecific organic cation transmembrane transporter activity


secondary active monocarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity

Catalysis of the movement of a monocarboxylate, any compound containing a single carboxyl group (COOH or COO-), by uniport, symport or antiport across a membrane by a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: uridine(out) + H+(out) = uridine(in) + H+(in). [GOC:mtg_transport]


equilibrative nucleoside transmembrane transporter, nitrobenzyl-thioinosine-sensitive activity


equilibrative nucleoside transmembrane transporter, nitrobenzyl-thioinosine-insensitive activity