sperm plasma membrane breakdown
sperm plasma membrane degradation
sperm plasma membrane catabolism

The gradual disintegration of the sperm plasma membrane following insemination. This process is seen in Drosophila after entry of the entire sperm, surrounded by its plasma membrane, into the egg. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0879694238]


The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization. [GOC:bf]


Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0198506732]


Construction of the eggshell, a product of the somatic follicle cell epithelium and a structure that supports the egg in a hostile environment, minimizing water loss whilst allowing gas exchanges essential for embryonic respiration. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238, PMID:10822261]


The construction of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Establishment of the dorsal filaments, elaborate specializations of the chorion that protrude from the anterior end of the egg and facilitate embryonic respiration. [ISBN:0879694238]


Establishment of the micropyle, a single cone-shaped specialization of the chorion that allows sperm entry into the egg prior to fertilization. [ISBN:0879694238]


vitelline membrane formation in chorion-containing eggshell

vitelline membrane formation involved in chorion-containing eggshell formation

Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]


Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg. [ISBN:0879694238]


Formation of a group of interconnected cells derived from a single female gonial founder cell. [GOC:jid, PMID:10370240]


germarium-derived female germline cyst formation

germarium-derived female germ-line cyst formation

Formation, in a germarium, of a group of interconnected cells derived from a single female gonial founder cell (a cystoblast). The germarium is the most anterior portion of an insect ovariole. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10370240, PMID:9442902]


Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


growth of a germarium-derived egg chamber

Growth of the egg chamber between the time it leaves the germarium and the onset of vitellogenesis. During this time both nurse cells and the oocyte undergo developmental changes including nuclear organization and cytoplasmic growth. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


Transfer of constituents synthesized in the ovarian nurse cells to the oocyte, through the ring canals, as the egg chamber is growing. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0879694238]


The process that occurs during oogenesis involving the ovarian follicle cells, somatic cells which surround the germ cells of an ovary. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10822261]


The delamination process that results in the splitting off of border cells from the anterior epithelium, prior to border cell migration. [PMID:10822261]


negative regulation of border cell delamination


positive regulation of border cell delamination


ovarian follicle cell adhesion
follicle cell adhesion

The attachment of a somatic follicle cell to another somatic follicle cell or to its substratum, the germline cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:bf, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:12642496]


The stage in oogenesis when the antral spaces become distinct and the first polar body forms. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198542771]


The stage in oogenesis when a double layer of distinct follicle cells surrounds the oocyte. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198542771]


The stage in oogenesis when the antral spaces fuse to form a single antral space. The oocyte is suspended in the cumulus oophorous and the first polar body in the perivitelline space. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198542771]


The stage in oogenesis when the antrum is swollen with follicular fluid. The ovum is ready to erupt from the ovary and is arrested at metaphase of the second meiotic division. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198542771]


The stage in oogenesis when many layers of follicle cells surround the oocyte. There is a yolk nucleus (Balbiani's Body) near the germinal vesicle. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198542771]


The stage in mammalian oogenesis when the primordial germ cell is hardly distinguishable from other cortical cells of the ovary. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198542771]


The stage in oogenesis when a single layer of cuboidal follicle cells surrounds the oocyte. The oocyte nucleus is large. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198542771]


The stage in oogenesis when the oocyte has a nucleus slightly larger than those of the adjacent cells and is surrounded by a layer of loose squamous epithelial cells. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198542771]


The stage in oogenesis when antral spaces begin to form in the follicle cells. Mitochondria form centers for yolk concentration. [GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0198542771]


The merging of the polar nuclei, the two nuclei contained within the same cell that are created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction. Polar nuclear fusion takes place in the ovule, forming in the fusion nucleus and giving rise to the endosperm when fertilized. [GOC:mtg_plant, GOC:sm]


The final stages of microgametogenesis after the trinucleate stage has been reached resulting in viable pollen grains. [PMID:11595796]


The formation of reticulate pollen wall pattern consisting of two layers, exine and intine. [PMID:11743117]


Formation of a group of interconnected cells derived from a single gonial founder cell. [GOC:jid, PMID:10370240, PMID:21681920]


Formation of a group of interconnected cells derived from a single male gonial founder cell. [GOC:jid, PMID:10370240]


The meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce haploid spermatids. [GOC:jid, GOC:pr, ISBN:0879694238]


Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]


The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gametophyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gametophyte is the gamete-producing individual or phase in the life cycle having alternation of generations. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana. [GOC:jid, PO:0009004]


germ-line stem cell population maintenance

Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells. [ISBN:0879694238]


somatic stem cell population maintenance

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0582227089]


actin cytoskeleton remodeling
actin cytoskeleton reorganisation

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. [GOC:ecd, GOC:mah]


adenine, hypoxanthine and their nucleoside salvage

OBSOLETE. The pathway by which adenine, hypoxanthine and their nucleosides from purine nucleotides breakdown are converted back to purine nucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de-novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. [GOC:pz]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [RESID:AA0191]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:go_curators]


anaerobic toluene formation
anaerobic toluene biosynthesis
anaerobic toluene synthesis
anaerobic toluene anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products, in the absence of oxygen. [GOC:ai, PMID:8573493]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


OBSOLETE. Formation and development of an embryo and its organized structures. [GOC:ems, ISBN:0070524300, ISBN:0140512888]


GPI/GSI anchor biosynthesis
GPI/GSI anchor biosynthetic process


guanine, xanthine and their nucleoside salvage

OBSOLETE. The pathway by which guanine, xanthine and their nucleoside from purine nucleotides breakdown are converted back to purine nucleotides. The pathway is important in cells where there is no de-novo purine nucleotides biosynthesis. [GOC:pz]


OBSOLETE. The generation of organized tissues or of whole organs. [GOC:ems]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ceb]


microtubule depolymerization during nuclear congression

OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:elh]


mitotic sister-chromatid adhesion release


negative regulation of crystal formation

OBSOLETE. Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the spontaneous (nonenzymatic) formation of crystals in a solution, for example, calcium oxalate crystals in urine. [GOC:ai]


neurotransmitter biosynthetic process and storage

OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neurotransmitters and the storage of the synthesized molecules. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0123668387]

neurotransmitter biosynthesis and storage


OBSOLETE. The hydroxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid or asparagine. [GOC:ai]


phototransduction, visible light, light adaptation


pyrimidine-dimer repair, DNA damage recognition

OBSOLETE. The location of pyrimidine dimers by a large multienzyme complex that scans the DNA for distortions in the double helix caused by pyrimidine dimers. [ISBN:0815316194]


toluene formation
toluene anabolism
toluene biosynthesis
toluene synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products. [GOC:ai, PMID:6508079]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass. [GOC:ai]


positive regulation of clotting
up regulation of coagulation
up-regulation of coagulation
upregulation of coagulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation. [GOC:ai]


extracellular structure organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:mah]


intercellular bridge organization and biogenesis

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the intracellular bridge. An intracellular bridge is a direct link between the cytoplasms of sister cells that allows cells to communicate with one another. [GOC:jid]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions within an organism or cell. [GOC:ai]


regulation of surface tension of a liquid

Any process that modulates the surface tension of a liquid. Surface tension is the property that makes a liquid behave as if it had an elastic skin on its surface at the interface with a gas or an immiscible liquid. [ISBN:0198506732]


glycol synthesis
glycol anabolism
glycol biosynthesis
glycol formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. [GOC:curators]


D-ribose biosynthesis
D-ribose synthesis
D-ribose formation
D-ribose anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-ribose, (ribo-pentose). [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of eugenol, a colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon (C10H12O2) found in clove oil. [GOC:jl]


glycol breakdown
glycol degradation
glycol catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. [Wikipedia:Ethylene_glycol]


D-ribose degradation
D-ribose catabolism
D-ribose breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-ribose (ribo-pentose). [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. [PMID:9851711]


L-sorbose biosynthesis
L-sorbose synthesis
L-sorbose anabolism
L-sorbose formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-sorbose, the L-enantiomer of the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. L-sorbose is formed by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol. [ISBN:0198506732]


L-sorbose catabolism
L-sorbose degradation
L-sorbose breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-sorbose, the L-enantiomer of the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


sorbose anabolism
sorbose formation
sorbose synthesis
sorbose biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbose, the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid. [ISBN:0198506732]


sorbose degradation
sorbose breakdown
sorbose catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbose, the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide. [ISBN:0198506732]


D-xylose formation
D-xylose anabolism
D-xylose synthesis
D-xylose biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide. [ISBN:0198506732]


D-xylose breakdown
D-xylose catabolism
D-xylose degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving eugenol, a colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon (C10H12O2) found in clove oil. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of eugenol, a colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon (C10H12O2) found in clove oil. [GOC:jl]


L-phenylalanine synthesis
L-phenylalanine formation
L-phenylalanine biosynthesis
L-phenylalanine anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


hydroxylysine biosynthesis
hydroxylysine anabolism
hydroxylysine formation
hydroxylysine synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid. [ISBN:0198506732]


L-alanine formation
L-alanine synthesis
L-alanine anabolism
L-alanine biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid. [GOC:jl, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


L-alanine formation from pyruvate
L-alanine synthesis from pyruvate
L-alanine anabolism from pyruvate

L-alanine biosynthetic process from pyruvate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine from other compounds, including pyruvate. [GOC:go_curators]


L-alanine synthesis via ornithine
L-alanine formation via ornithine
L-alanine anabolism via ornithine

L-alanine biosynthetic process via ornithine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-alanine, via the intermediate ornithine. [GOC:go_curators]


L-serine synthesis
L-serine biosynthesis
L-serine formation
L-serine anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg]


hydroxylysine catabolism
hydroxylysine degradation
hydroxylysine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid. [ISBN:0198506732]


arginine degradation to alanine via ornithine

arginine breakdown to alanine via ornithine

arginine catabolic process to alanine via ornithine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including alanine, via ornithine. [GOC:pz]


arginine breakdown to proline via ornithine

arginine degradation to proline via ornithine

arginine catabolic process to proline via ornithine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including proline, via ornithine. [GOC:pz]


proline degradation to glutamate
proline breakdown to glutamate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate. [GOC:pz]


L-alanine catabolism
L-alanine degradation
L-alanine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid. [GOC:jl, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


L-alanine degradation, by transamination

L-alanine catabolic process, by transamination

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine by transamination. [GOC:go_curators]


The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, yielding energy in the form of ATP. [GOC:jl]


L-alanine oxidation to pyruvate via D-alanine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine to pyruvate, with D-alanine as an intermediate. [MetaCyc:ALADEG-PWY]


L-serine catabolism
L-serine degradation
L-serine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg]


amino acid adenylation by nonribosomal peptide synthase

amino acid adenylylation by nonribosomal peptide synthase

Activation of an amino acid for incorporation into a peptide by a nonribosomal process, catalyzed by subunits of nonribosomal peptide synthase. The amino acid is adenylated at its carboxylate group (ATP-dependent) then transferred to the thiol group of an enzyme-bound phosphopantetheine cofactor. [GOC:jl, PMID:9250661, PMID:9712910]


tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide formation

tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide synthesis

tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis

tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide anabolism

tRNA aminoacylation for nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process

The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in nonribosomal peptide synthesis. [GOC:jl]


aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis
aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthetic process
tRNA aminoacylation

The chemical reactions and pathways by which the various amino acids become bonded to their corresponding tRNAs. The most common route for synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA is by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, usually catalyzed by the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA ligase. A given aminoacyl-tRNA ligase aminoacylates all species of an isoaccepting group of tRNA molecules. [GOC:ma, GOC:mah, MetaCyc:Aminoacyl-tRNAs]


The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis. [GOC:ma]

tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation


Any process which produces an amino acid from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. [GOC:jl]


L-phenylalanine metabolic process
phenylalanine metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid. Hydroxylysine is found in collagen and commonly has galactose and then glucose added sequentially by glycosyltransferases. [ISBN:0198506732, PubChem_Compound:1029]


The racemization of peptidyl-L-threo-threonine at the alpha-carbon to form D-allo-threonine. This is coupled with the formation of the cross-link 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-allo-threonine. [PMID:12696888]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid. [GOC:jl, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:jsg]


Hcy metabolism
homocysteine metabolism
Hcy metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine. [ISBN:0198506732]


regulation of Hcy metabolic process
regulation of Hcy metabolism
regulation of homocysteine metabolism

regulation of homocysteine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of homocysteine metabolic process

negative regulation of Hcy metabolic process

negative regulation of homocysteine metabolism

down regulation of homocysteine metabolic process

down-regulation of homocysteine metabolic process

negative regulation of homocysteine metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of homocysteine metabolic process

up regulation of homocysteine metabolic process

positive regulation of Hcy metabolic process

upregulation of homocysteine metabolic process

positive regulation of homocysteine metabolism

positive regulation of homocysteine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine. [GOC:ai]


The sulfation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-sulfo-L-serine. [RESID:AA0361]


The sulfation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-sulfo-L-threonine. [RESID:AA0362]


proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
proanthocyanidin synthesis
proanthocyanidin anabolism
proanthocyanidin formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proanthocyanidin. [GOC:lm]


regulation of flavonoid synthesis
regulation of flavonoid formation
regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis
regulation of flavonoid anabolism

regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids. [GOC:tb]


negative regulation of flavonoid anabolism

down-regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis

negative regulation of flavonoid formation

downregulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of flavonoid synthesis

down regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

negative regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids. [GOC:tb]


positive regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis

positive regulation of flavonoid synthesis

positive regulation of flavonoid anabolism

upregulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

up-regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

up regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

positive regulation of flavonoid formation

positive regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids. [GOC:tb]


S-adenosylmethionine breakdown
S-adenosylmethionine catabolism
S-adenosylmethionine degradation
SAM catabolic process
S-adenosyl methionine catabolic process
S-adenosyl methionine catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism. [GOC:ai]


iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl S-adenosylmethion-N,O-diyl tetrairon tetrasulfide

The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl S-adenosylmethion-N,O-diyl tetrairon tetrasulfide. [RESID:AA0356]


anaerobic cyclohexane-1-carboxylate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, a alicyclic acid, in the absence of oxygen. [GOC:pz]


phenylacetate catabolism
phenylacetate breakdown
phenylacetate degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylacetate. [GOC:pz]


anaerobic benzoate catabolic process
anaerobic benzoate breakdown
anaerobic benzoate catabolism
anaerobic benzoate degradation

benzoate catabolic process via CoA ligation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its ligation to Coenzyme A to form benzoyl-CoA, which is then broken by an aerobic or anaerobic pathway. [GOC:pz]


anaerobic ethylbenzene catabolism
anaerobic ethylbenzene breakdown
anaerobic ethylbenzene degradation

anaerobic ethylbenzene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring, which occurs in the absence of oxygen. [GOC:pz]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate, a folate derivative comprising tetrahydrofolate attached to a chain of glutamate residues. [GOC:ai]


camalexin synthesis
camalexin formation
camalexin biosynthesis
camalexin anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of camalexin, an indole phytoalexin. [GOC:pz]


Any process that generates hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


Any process that generates purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis. [GOC:jl]


Any process that generates pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine organic nitrogenous bases, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis. [GOC:jl]


epothilone anabolism
epothilone synthesis
epothilone biosynthesis
epothilone formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epothilone, a drug obtained from the myxobacteria Sporangium cellulosum that interferes with cell division. Some epothilones are being studied as treatments for cancer. [GOC:ai]


paclitaxel biosynthesis
paclitaxel anabolism
paclitaxel formation
paclitaxel synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of paclitaxel, a tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated originally from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. [GOC:jl, GOC:krc]


cocaine formation
cocaine anabolism
cocaine biosynthesis
cocaine synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cocaine, an alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of the shrub Erythroxylon coca. It is a cerebral stimulant and narcotic. [GOC:ai]


acyl-CoA formation
acyl-CoA synthesis
acyl-CoA anabolism
acyl-CoA biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group. [GOC:cjk]


regulation of acyl-CoA synthesis
regulation of acyl-CoA formation
regulation of acyl-CoA biosynthesis
regulation of acyl-CoA anabolism

regulation of acyl-CoA biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA. [GOC:ai]


pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6. [GOC:jl]


pyridoxal phosphate synthesis from pyridoxamine

vitamin B6 biosynthesis from pyridoxamine

pyridoxal phosphate anabolism from pyridoxamine

pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage from pyridoxamine

vitamin B6 biosynthetic process from pyridoxamine

pyridoxal phosphate formation from pyridoxamine

pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process from pyridoxamine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from pyridoxamine. [GOC:pz]


mycothiol synthesis
mycothiol anabolism
mycothiol biosynthesis
mycothiol formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione. [GOC:pz]


phytochromobilin synthesis
phytochromobilin formation
phytochromobilin biosynthesis
phytochromobilin anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochromobilin, which involves the oxidative cleavage of heme by a heme oxygenase(HO) to form biliverdin IX alpha. [PMID:11402195]


achromobactin formation
achromobactin anabolism
achromobactin synthesis
achromobactin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of achromobactin, a citrate siderophore. [GOC:jl, PMID:10928541]


chrysobactin synthesis
chrysobactin biosynthesis
chrysobactin formation
chrysobactin anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine). [GOC:jl, PMID:8837459]


pyochelin synthesis
pyochelin anabolism
pyochelin formation
pyochelin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the siderochrome pyochelin (2-(2-o-hydroxyphenyl-2-thiazolin-4-yl)-3-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid). [GOC:jl, PMID:6794030]


depsipeptide biosynthesis
depsipeptide synthesis
depsipeptide formation
depsipeptide anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of depsipeptides, a linear or cyclic compound composed of both amino acids and hydroxy acids in peptide and ester bonds respectively. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-amino-3-isothiazolinone, five-membered saturated heterocyclic ring structures containing a sulfur and a nitrogen in the 1-position and 2-positions respectively. [GOC:jid]


poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) synthesis
poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) anabolism
poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) formation
poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria. [GOC:jl, PMID:9925580]


regulation of hormone anabolism
regulation of hormone biosynthesis
regulation of hormone formation
regulation of hormone synthesis

regulation of hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of hormone biosynthetic process

positive regulation of hormone biosynthesis

up-regulation of hormone biosynthetic process

positive regulation of hormone synthesis

positive regulation of hormone formation

positive regulation of hormone anabolism

upregulation of hormone biosynthetic process

positive regulation of hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones. [GOC:ai]


ketone body biosynthesis
ketone body synthesis
ketone body formation
ketone body anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Biosynthesis involves the formation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, which is cleaved to acetate and acetyl-CoA. [ISBN:0198506732]


dhurrin biosynthesis
dhurrin synthesis
dhurrin formation
dhurrin anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside which functions as a plant defense compound. [GOC:pz]


fructan biosynthesis
fructan anabolism
levan biosynthesis
levan biosynthetic process
fructan formation
fructan synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructan a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues. [GOC:pz]


amylopectin synthesis
amylopectin formation
amylopectin biosynthesis
amylopectin anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amylopectin, the (1->4) linked alpha glucose units with alpha-(1->6) linkages. [ISBN:0943088399]


xyloglucan formation
xyloglucan biosynthesis
xyloglucan synthesis
xyloglucan anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants. [GOC:sm]


chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis

chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan formation

chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan anabolism

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. [GOC:ai]


chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesis, polysaccharide chain synthesis

chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan formation, polysaccharide chain biosynthesis

chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthesis

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan formation, polysaccharide chain formation

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan anabolism, polysaccharide chain anabolism

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan chain elongation

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

The elongation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of chondroitin sulfate. [GOC:ai, PMID:11788602]


dermatan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

dermatan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis

chondroitin sulfate B proteoglycan biosynthetic process

chondroitin sulfate B proteoglycan biosynthesis

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. [GOC:ai]


dermatan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

chondroitin sulfate B proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

dermatan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthesis

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan formation, polysaccharide chain biosynthesis

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan formation, polysaccharide chain formation

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan anabolism, polysaccharide chain anabolism

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan chain elongation

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis, polysaccharide chain synthesis

chondroitin sulfate B proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthesis

chondroitin sulfate B proteoglycan chain elongation

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

The elongation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of dermatan sulfate. [GOC:ai, PMID:11788602]


cutin formation
cutin anabolism
cutin biosynthesis
cutin synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cutin, a waxy substance, which combined with cellulose forms a substance nearly impervious to water and constituting the cuticle in plants. [ISBN:0028623819]


long-chain fatty acid anabolism
long-chain fatty acid synthesis
long-chain fatty acid formation
long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis

long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of long-chain fatty acids, any fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [PMID:18390550]


very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

very long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. [PMID:7744868]


wax synthesis
wax anabolism
wax formation
wax biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wax, which includes C16 and C18 fatty acids. [ISBN:0943088399]


dimethylallyl pyrophosphate biosynthetic process

dimethylallyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dimethylallyl diphosphate. [GOC:ai]


regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis

regulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid. [GOC:sm]


positive regulation of abscisic acid synthesis

up-regulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process

positive regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis

upregulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process

positive regulation of abscisic acid anabolism

up regulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process

positive regulation of abscisic acid formation

positive regulation of abscisic acid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid. [GOC:sm]


dolichyl monophosphate formation
dolichyl monophosphate anabolism
dolichyl monophosphate biosynthesis
dolichyl monophosphate synthesis

dolichyl monophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a phosphorylated dolichol derivative. [GOC:jl]


GSI anchor formation via N-glycyl-glycosylsphingolipidinositolethanolamine

GSI anchor synthesis via N-glycyl-glycosylsphingolipidinositolethanolamine

GSI anchor anabolism via N-glycyl-glycosylsphingolipidinositolethanolamine

GSI anchor biosynthetic process via N-glycyl-glycosylsphingolipidinositolethanolamine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-glycine ethanolamide-linked glycosylsphingolipidinositol (GSI) anchor following hydrolysis of a glycyl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein. [RESID:AA0165]


GPI anchor formation via N-threonyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine

GPI anchor anabolism via N-threonyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine

GPI anchor synthesis via N-threonyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine

GPI anchor biosynthetic process via N-threonyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-threonyl ethanolamide-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor following hydrolysis of a threonyl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein. [RESID:AA0164]


regulation of lipid biosynthesis
regulation of lipid synthesis
regulation of lipid formation
regulation of lipid anabolism
regulation of lipogenesis

regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

upregulation of lipid biosynthetic process

positive regulation of lipid biosynthesis

positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

up-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. [GOC:ai]


regulation of steroid formation
regulation of steroidogenesis
regulation of steroid anabolism
regulation of steroid biosynthesis
regulation of steroid synthesis

regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. [GOC:ai]


phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate biosynthetic process

adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate biosynthetic process

3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate biosynthetic process

adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate biosynthesis

3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems. [ISBN:0198506732]


regulation of nucleotide anabolism
regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis
regulation of nucleotide synthesis
regulation of nucleotide formation

regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis

downregulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

down-regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

negative regulation of nucleotide synthesis

negative regulation of nucleotide anabolism

down regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

negative regulation of nucleotide formation

negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


up-regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

positive regulation of nucleotide formation

upregulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

up regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis

positive regulation of nucleotide synthesis

positive regulation of nucleotide anabolism

positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


biotin carboxyl carrier protein anabolism

biotin carboxyl carrier protein biosynthesis

biotin carboxyl carrier protein formation

biotin carboxyl carrier protein synthesis

biotin carboxyl carrier protein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the biotin carboxyl carrier protein, a subunit of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. [GOC:go_curators, PMID:8102363]


amyloid precursor protein formation
APP biosynthetic process
amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis
APP biosynthesis
amyloid precursor protein anabolism
amyloid precursor protein synthesis

amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of amyloid precursor protein formation

regulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis

regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis

regulation of amyloid precursor protein anabolism

regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein anabolism

down-regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein formation

downregulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis

negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis

negative regulation of APP biosynthetic process

down regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of APP biosynthetic process

positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein formation

up regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis

upregulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein anabolism

up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis

positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of haemoglobin biosynthetic process

regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin. [GOC:ai]


downregulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

negative regulation of hemoglobin biosynthesis

negative regulation of hemoglobin synthesis

down regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

negative regulation of haemoglobin biosynthetic process

negative regulation of hemoglobin anabolism

down-regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

negative regulation of hemoglobin formation

negative regulation of haemoglobin biosynthesis

negative regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

positive regulation of hemoglobin formation

positive regulation of haemoglobin biosynthesis

positive regulation of haemoglobin biosynthetic process

upregulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthesis

up regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

positive regulation of hemoglobin anabolism

positive regulation of hemoglobin synthesis

positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin. [GOC:ai]


The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a nitrogen (N) atom in an N-terminal glycine residue to form N-palmitoyl-glycine. [RESID:AA0339]


production of microRNAs involved in gene silencing by microRNA

miRNA-mediated gene silencing, production of miRNAs

production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA

microRNA-mediated gene silencing, production of microRNAs

gene silencing by miRNA, production of miRNAs

A process that begins with the synthesis of a pri-miRNA from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II, which is then enzymatically processed to produce a pre-miRNA intermediate by the microprocessor complex, and ends with the release of the mature miRNA from the pre-miRNA catalyzed by the enzyme Dicer.


D-galactarate anabolism
D-galactarate biosynthetic process
D-galactarate synthesis
D-galactarate formation


saccharate biosynthetic process
saccharate biosynthesis
D-glucarate biosynthesis
D-glucarate synthesis
D-glucarate anabolism
D-glucarate formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


poly-hydroxybutyrate formation
PHB biosynthetic process
poly-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis
poly-hydroxybutyrate synthesis
PHB biosynthesis
poly-hydroxybutyrate anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), a polymer of beta-hydroxybutyrate and a common storage material of prokaryotic cells. [GOC:jl, PMID:18640095]


D-glucuronate biosynthesis
D-glucuronate formation
D-glucuronate synthesis
D-glucuronate anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate. [GOC:jl, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


quinolinate biosynthesis
quinolinate formation
quinolinate anabolism
quinolinate synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. [GOC:ai]


peptide biosynthetic process
peptide biosynthesis
peptide synthesis
peptide anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide. [GOC:dph, GOC:jl]


pheromone anabolism
pheromone formation
pheromone synthesis
pheromone biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process. [ISBN:0198506732]


tocopherol biosynthesis
tocopherol biosynthetic process
vitamin E synthesis
vitamin E anabolism
vitamin E biosynthesis
vitamin E formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant. [GOC:mg]


vitamin B6 biosynthesis
vitamin B6 biosynthetic process
vitamin B6 synthesis
vitamin B6 formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate. [GOC:jl, http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/vitamins.html]


pyridoxal formation
pyridoxal anabolism
pyridoxal synthesis
pyridoxal biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. [GOC:jl, http://www.mblab.gla.ac.uk/]


levan catabolic process
fructan degradation
levan catabolism
fructan catabolism
fructan breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues. [GOC:pz]


The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y. [ISBN:0198506732]


The process of removing a phosphate group from a phosphorylated carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y with a phosphate group attached to it. [ISBN:0198506732]


The process of removing a phosphate group from any mono- or polyphosphorylated inositol. [ISBN:0198506732]


levan metabolic process
fructan metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues. [GOC:sm]


chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan metabolic process

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan metabolism

chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan metabolism

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. [GOC:ai]


chondroitin sulfate B proteoglycan metabolism

dermatan sulphate proteoglycan metabolic process

dermatan sulphate proteoglycan metabolism

chondroitin sulfate B proteoglycan metabolic process

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan metabolism

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. [GOC:ai]


endogenous antibiotic catabolism
endogenous antibiotic degradation
endogenous antibiotic breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an antibiotic that has originated internally within the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]


exogenous antibiotic breakdown
exogenous antibiotic degradation
exogenous antibiotic catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an antibiotic that has originated externally to the cell or organism. [GOC:jl]


achromobactin catabolism
achromobactin breakdown
achromobactin degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of achromobactin, a citrate siderophore. [GOC:jl, PMID:10928541]


chrysobactin breakdown
chrysobactin degradation
chrysobactin catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine). [GOC:jl, PMID:8837459]


pyochelin breakdown
pyochelin degradation
pyochelin catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the siderochrome pyochelin (2-(2-o-hydroxyphenyl-2-thiazolin-4-yl)-3-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid). [GOC:jl, PMID:6794030]


depsipeptide breakdown
depsipeptide degradation
depsipeptide catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of depsipeptides, a linear or cyclic compound composed of both amino acids and hydroxy acids in peptide and ester bonds respectively. [GOC:go_curators]


assembly of extrachromosomal circular DNA

formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA

Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats. [GOC:jh, PMID:12044938]


cocaine catabolism
cocaine breakdown
cocaine degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cocaine, an alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of the shrub Erythroxylon coca. It is a cerebral stimulant and narcotic. [ISBN:0198506732]


ketone body catabolism
ketone body degradation
ketolysis
ketone body breakdown
utilization of ketone bodies

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Ketone bodies can be used as an energy source as an alternative to glucose. Utilization of ketone bodies in peripheral tissues involves conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA, which is then converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA. [ISBN:0198506732]


long-chain fatty acid breakdown
long-chain fatty acid catabolism
long-chain fatty acid degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids, a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [PMID:20043225]


very-long-chain fatty acid catabolic process

very long-chain fatty acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. [PMID:7744868]


amyloid precursor protein degradation
APP catabolism
amyloid precursor protein breakdown
APP catabolic process
amyloid precursor protein catabolism

amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease. [GOC:go_curators]


The removal of amino group in the presence of water. [GOC:sm]


regulation of cyclic nucleotide degradation

regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolism

regulation of cyclic nucleotide breakdown

regulation of cyclic nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


regulation of nucleotide breakdown
regulation of nucleotide catabolism
regulation of nucleotide degradation

regulation of nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


negative regulation of nucleotide breakdown

down-regulation of nucleotide catabolic process

negative regulation of nucleotide degradation

down regulation of nucleotide catabolic process

downregulation of nucleotide catabolic process

negative regulation of nucleotide catabolism

negative regulation of nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


positive regulation of nucleotide degradation

positive regulation of nucleotide catabolism

up-regulation of nucleotide catabolic process

up regulation of nucleotide catabolic process

positive regulation of nucleotide breakdown

upregulation of nucleotide catabolic process

positive regulation of nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides. [GOC:mah]


initiation of acetate catabolism
initiation of acetate breakdown
initiation of acetate degradation

The activation of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate. [GOC:jl]


saccharate catabolism
saccharate catabolic process
D-glucarate catabolism
D-glucarate degradation
D-glucarate breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


D-glucuronate breakdown
D-glucuronate degradation
D-glucuronate catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate. [GOC:jl, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


pheromone catabolism
pheromone degradation
pheromone breakdown
pheromone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process. [ISBN:0198506732]


vitamin B6 catabolism
vitamin B6 breakdown
vitamin B6 degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate. [GOC:jl, http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/vitamins.html]


trichloroethylene degradation
trichloroethylene breakdown
trichloroethylene catabolism
trichloroethene catabolism
trichloroethene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trichloroethylene, a toxic, colorless, photoreactive, chlorinated hydrocarbon liquid, commonly used as a metal degreaser and solvent. [GOC:ai]


active vitamin B6 metabolism
pyridoxal phosphate metabolic process
active vitamin B6 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione. [GOC:pz]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving achromobactin, a citrate siderophore. [GOC:jl, PMID:10928541]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving the siderophore chrysobactin (alpha-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl-L-serine). [GOC:jl, PMID:8837459]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving the siderochrome pyochelin (2-(2-o-hydroxyphenyl-2-thiazolin-4-yl)-3-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid). [GOC:jl, PMID:6794030]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving depsipeptides, a linear or cyclic compound composed of both amino acids and hydroxy acids in peptide and ester bonds respectively. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving cocaine, an alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of the shrub Erythroxylon coca. It is a cerebral stimulant and narcotic. [ISBN:0198506732]


ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP. [ISBN:0716731363]


plasma membrane ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP in the plasma membrane. [GOC:mtg_sensu, ISBN:0716731363]


organelle ATP synthesis coupled electron transport


mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c

The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III. [ISBN:0716731363]


acetate fermentation to butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol

acetate catabolic process to butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol

The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate to form butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol. [GOC:pz]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving paclitaxel, a tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated originally from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. [GOC:jl, GOC:krc]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria. [GOC:jl, PMID:9925580]


vitamin A1 acid metabolism
vitamin A1 acid metabolic process
retinoic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A. [GOC:jl, http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/vitamins.html]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative. [GOC:jl, PMID:11279029]


9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative. [GOC:jl, PMID:11279029]


vitamin A1 metabolism
vitamin A1 alcohol metabolic process
vitamin A1 metabolic process
vitamin A1 alcohol metabolism
retinol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A. [GOC:jl, http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/vitamins.html, PMID:1924551]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone, as carried out by individual cells. Although 3-hydroxybutyrate is not a ketone, it is classed as a ketone body because it exists in an equilibrium with acetoacetate. Ketone bodies may accumulate in excessive amounts in the body in starvation, diabetes mellitus or in other defects of carbohydrate metabolism. [ISBN:0198506732]


lauric acid metabolism
n-dodecanoic acid metabolism
n-dodecanoic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lauric acid, a fatty acid with the formula CH3(CH2)10COOH. Derived from vegetable sources. [GOC:jid, PMID:15555597]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving wax, a compound containing C16 and C18 fatty acids. [GOC:sm]


dimethylallyl pyrophosphate metabolic process

dimethylallyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethylallyl diphosphate. [GOC:ai]


A cyclic series of interconversions involving three xanthophylls, violoxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin. The xanthophyll cycle is involved in regulating energy dissipation in light harvesting complex II. [ISBN:0122146743]


The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0198506732]


The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. [ISBN:0198506732]


The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol. [ISBN:0198506732]


sequestration of triacylglycerol
triglyceride retention
triglyceride sequestration
storage of triglyceride
sequestration of triglyceride
triglyceride storage
sequestering of triacylglycerol
triacylglycerol sequestering
triacylglycerol storage
triacylglycerol sequestration
retention of triglyceride
triacylglycerol retention
retention of triacylglycerol
storage of triacylglycerol
triglyceride sequestering

The process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


Any process which produces a purine deoxyribonucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. [GOC:jl]


Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. [GOC:jl]


The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis. [GOC:pz]


Any process that generates a pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. [GOC:jl]


Any process that generates a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis. [GOC:jl]


The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine ribonucleosides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine ribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. [GOC:pz]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving epothilone, a drug obtained from the myxobacteria Sporangium cellulosum that interferes with cell division. Some epothilones are being studied as treatments for cancer. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitriles, an organic compound containing trivalent nitrogen attached to one carbon atom. The nitriles are named with reference to the acids produced by their decomposition; for example, hydrocyanic acid is formic nitrile, and methyl cyanide is acetic nitrile. [PMID:18987211]


nitrile breakdown
nitrile catabolism
nitrile degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nitrile, an organic compound containing trivalent nitrogen attached to one carbon atom. [ISBN:0721662544]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving ureide, allantoin and allantoate, which are the organic forms of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants. [GOC:pz]


ureide anabolism
ureide synthesis
ureide formation
ureide biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ureide, the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants, from IMP, which is synthesized de novo during nitrogen fixation by roots. [GOC:pz]


ureide degradation
ureide catabolism
ureide breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ureide, which is the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants with the release of ammonium. [GOC:pz]


phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate metabolic process

adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate metabolic process

3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate metabolic process

adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate metabolism

3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems. [ISBN:0198506732]


The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleoside monophosphate to produce a polyphosphorylated nucleoside. [GOC:ai]


The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside. [GOC:ai]


establishment and maintenance of snoRNA localization

Any process in which small nucleolar RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. [ISBN:0716731363]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis. [GOC:jl]


alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

alternative nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition. [GOC:krc, PMID:12110900]


The joining together of two independently transcribed RNAs from two different genes, each of which also produces mRNA(s) via cis-splicing. [GOC:krc, PMID:11726664, PMID:12110900]


regulation of alternative nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs. [GOC:krc]

regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome


spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4atac/U6atac.U5 assembly

assembly of spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4atac/U6atac.U5


cis assembly of U12-type pre-catalytic spliceosome


formation of catalytic U12-type spliceosome for second transesterification step


U12-type catalytic spliceosome formation for first transesterification step


U12-type nuclear mRNA 3'-splice site recognition


U12-type nuclear mRNA 5'-splice site recognition

U12-type nuclear mRNA 5' splice site recognition


U12-type nuclear mRNA branch site recognition


U12-type spliceosome conformational change to release U4atac and U11


spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4/U6.U5 assembly

assembly of spliceosomal tri-snRNP U4/U6.U5


formation of catalytic U2-type spliceosome for second transesterification step


cis assembly of U2-type pre-catalytic spliceosome


U2-type nuclear mRNA 5'-splice site recognition

U2-type nuclear mRNA 5' splice site recognition


nuclear mRNA trans splicing, via U2-type spliceosome


nuclear mRNA trans splicing, SL addition

nuclear mRNA trans splicing, spliced leader addition

The joining together of two independently transcribed RNAs, where the one that provides the 5' portion of the final mRNA is from a splice leader RNA (SL-RNA). The SL-RNA, or mini-exon donor sequence, is added to the 5'-end of the acceptor RNA molecule which provides the mRNA body. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897, PMID:2675423]


formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP

Formation of a quadruple snRNP complex composed of the spliced leader (SL) RNA along with the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex. Interactions that may facilitate this include a duplex between the SL and U6 RNAs and interactions between the U5 RNA and the exon sequence at the 5' splice site within the SL RNA. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


trans assembly of spliced leader-containing precatalytic spliceosome

trans assembly of SL-containing precatalytic spliceosome

Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the SL RNA and the pre-mRNA to be joined, as well as all the spliceosomal snRNPs involved in trans leader splicing. Formation of the trans leader spliceosome brings together the quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and the complex of the U2 snRNP with the splice site of the pre-mRNA. [GOC:krc, GOC:mtg_mpo, ISBN:0879695897]


regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome


down-regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome

down regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome

downregulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome

negative regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome


up-regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome

up regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome

upregulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome

positive regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome


U2-type catalytic spliceosome formation for first transesterification step


U2-type nuclear mRNA 3'-splice site recognition


U2-type nuclear mRNA branch site recognition


negative regulation of pre-mRNA splicing


positive regulation of pre-mRNA splicing


spliceosomal conformational changes to generate catalytic conformation

Structural rearrangements of the spliceosome complex, containing RNA to be spliced, to generate a catalytic conformation. [GOC:krc]


formation of catalytic spliceosome for first transesterification step

generation of catalytic spliceosome for first transesterification step

Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


formation of catalytic spliceosome for second transesterification step

generation of catalytic spliceosome for second transesterification step

Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


spliceosome conformational change to release U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11)

Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11). [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


cis assembly of pre-catalytic spliceosome

Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner. [GOC:krc, GOC:mtg_mpo, ISBN:0879695897]


Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


nuclear mRNA 5'-splice site recognition
nuclear mRNA 5' splice site recognition

Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of mRNA processing
down-regulation of mRNA processing
downregulation of mRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of mRNA processing
up regulation of mRNA processing
upregulation of mRNA processing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing. [GOC:ai]


Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules. [GOC:jid]


Any process that decreases the stability of an RNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes. [GOC:ai]


RNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation

Splicing of RNA via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


The RNA metabolic process that joins two exons, each of which has free ends that were generated by endonucleolytic cleavages, by a ligation reaction. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0879695897]


tRNA-type intron splice site recognition and cleavage

RNA processing that begins when the tertiary structure of a tRNA type intron is recognized, and ends when the endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA at both the 5' and 3' splice sites occurs. [GOC:krc, GOC:mah, ISBN:0879695897]


RNA splicing factor activity, transesterification mechanism

RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions

Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions. [GOC:krc]


RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile

Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure. [GOC:krc, PMID:11377794]


The splicing of Group II introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group II introns and containing splice site consensus sequences, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions (mechanistically similar to those for splicing of nuclear mRNAs) initiated by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat. [GOC:krc, PMID:11377794]


The splicing of Group III introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group III introns, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions begun by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat. Though very similar in structure and mechanism to Group II introns, Group III introns are smaller and more streamlined and the splice site consensus sequences are not as well conserved. [GOC:krc, PMID:11377794]


RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with guanosine as nucleophile

Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with exogenous guanosine as the initiating nucleophile. [GOC:krc, PMID:11377794]


The splicing of Group I introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group I introns and involved in determining the locations of the splice sites (there do not appear to be consensus splice site sequences) as well as having a role in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions, generally with exogenous guanosine as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a linear piece (though it may subsequently circularize). [GOC:krc, PMID:11377794]


The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA. [GOC:go_curators]


removal of tRNA 3'-trailer sequence
tRNA 3'-end cleavage

Cleavage of the 3'-end of the pre-tRNA as part of the process of generating the mature 3'-end of the tRNA; may involve endonucleolytic or exonucleolytic cleavage, or both. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which the 3'-terminal CCA of a tRNA is removed and restored. This often happens to uncharged tRNA. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of viral transcription
up-regulation of viral transcription
upregulation of viral transcription

positive regulation of viral transcription

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription. [GOC:ai]


mRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]


5S class rRNA transcription from RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter

5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

The synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), or an equivalent rRNA, from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a type 1 RNA polymerase III promoter. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382, PMID:12381659]


rRNA transcription from mitochondrial promoter

The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from a mitochondrial DNA template. [GOC:jl, PMID:23632312]


rRNA transcription from plastid promoter

The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from a plastid DNA template, usually by a specific plastid RNA polymerase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]


transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I

transcription of nuclear rRNA large Pol I transcript

transcription of nuclear large rRNA transcript from RNA polymerase I promoter

nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I

The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I. [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]


snRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

snRNA transcription from Pol II promoter

snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]


snRNA transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter

snRNA transcription from Pol III promoter

snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]


The synthesis of RNA from a plastid DNA template, usually by a specific plastid RNA polymerase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]


transcription termination from Pol II promoter, poly(A) coupled

transcription termination from Pol II promoter, RNA polymerase(A) coupled


tRNA transcription from Pol III promoter

tRNA transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter

tRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]


D-glucarate metabolism
saccharate metabolic process
saccharate metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate. D-glucarate is derived from either D-glucose or L-gulose. [GOC:jsg, GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]


PHB metabolic process
PHB metabolism
poly-hydroxybutyrate metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), a polymer of beta-hydroxybutyrate and a common storage material of prokaryotic cells. [GOC:jl, PMID:18640095]


pyruvate synthesis
pyruvate anabolism
pyruvate formation
pyruvate biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate. [GOC:go_curators]


pyruvate breakdown
pyruvate catabolism
pyruvate degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving trisporic acid, a carotenoic acid derivative used as a pheromone in some species of Zygomycota. [GOC:ai]


trisporic acid anabolism
trisporic acid formation
trisporic acid biosynthesis
trisporic acid synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trisporic acid. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate. [GOC:jl, GOC:jsg, GOC:mah]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving teichuronic acid, a polymer containing chains of uronic acids and N-acetylglucosamine found in the cell wall, membrane or capsule of Gram-positive bacteria. [ISBN:0815108893]


hydrogen peroxide metabolism
H2O2 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. [GOC:jl, PMID:21734470]


hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis
H2O2 biosynthetic process
hydrogen peroxide generation
hydrogen peroxide anabolism
hydrogen peroxide synthesis
hydrogen peroxide formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. [GOC:ai]


hydrogen peroxide degradation
H2O2 catabolic process
hydrogen peroxide catabolism
hydrogen peroxide breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). [GOC:jl]


Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide and preventing it from being degraded. [GOC:ai]


Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a peptide antigen and preventing it from being degraded. [GOC:ai]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytochelatins, any of a group of peptides that bind metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg) in thiolate coordination complexes. The structure is of the type (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl)n-glycine, where n is 2 to 11. [ISBN:0198506732]


phytochelatin anabolism
phytochelatin biosynthesis
phytochelatin synthesis
phytochelatin formation
cadystin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochelatins, any of a group of peptides that bind metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg) in thiolate coordination complexes. The structure is of the type (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl)n-glycine, where n is 2 to 11. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process. [ISBN:0198506732]


The phosphorylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-phospho-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0034]


regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

downregulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

down-regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

up regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

upregulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:ai]


beta-amyloid metabolism
amyloid-beta metabolism
beta-amyloid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP). [GOC:ai]


amyloid precursor protein metabolism
APP metabolic process
APP metabolism

amyloid precursor protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids. [GOC:ai]


down regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

negative regulation of lipoprotein metabolism

downregulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

down-regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

negative regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids. [GOC:ai]


up regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

up-regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

upregulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

positive regulation of lipoprotein metabolism

positive regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids. [GOC:ai]


Formation of cytochrome b6f complex, a complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents. [GOC:tb]


copper incorporation via L-cysteinyl copper sulfido molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide

The incorporation of copper into a protein by L-cysteinyl copper sulfido molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide. [RESID:AA0355]


iron incorporation into hydrogenase diiron subcluster via L-cysteine ligation

The incorporation of iron into an L-cysteinyl diiron subcluster, found in Fe-hydrogenase. [RESID:AA0334]


iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-arginyl diiron disulfide

The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-arginyl diiron disulfide. [RESID:AA0357]


iron incorporation into iron-sulphur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato diiron disulphide

iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato diiron disulfide

The incorporation of iron into a 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato diiron disulfide. [RESID:AA0331]


molybdenum incorporation via L-cysteinyl copper sulfido molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide

The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein by L-cysteinyl copper sulfido molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide. [RESID:AA0355]


isopeptide cross-linking via N-(L-isoglutamyl)-glycine

The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-glutamate and peptidyl-glycine to produce N-(L-isoglutamyl)-glycine, as found in the antibiotic microcin J25. [PMID:14531691, RESID:AA0360]


peptide cross-linking via 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-allo-threonine

The post-translational cross-linking of a cysteine residue to an L-threonine residue to form 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-allo-threonine. [PMID:12696888, RESID:AA0342]


peptide cross-linking via 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-phenylalanine

The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to an L-phenylalanine residue to form 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-D-phenylalanine. [PMID:12696888, RESID:AA0341]


peptide cross-linking via 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-phenylalanine

The cross-linking of a cysteine residue to an L-phenylalanine residue to form 2-(S-L-cysteinyl)-L-phenylalanine. [PMID:12696888, RESID:AA0340]


peptide cross-linking via 4-amino-3-isothiazolidinone

The formation of 4-amino-3-isothiazolinone cross-links by the formation of a sulfenylamide bond between cysteine or cysteine sulfenic acid, and the alpha-amido of the following residue. [GOC:jid, GOC:jsg]


peptide cross-linking via 2-amino-3-isothiazolidinone-L-serine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a peptidyl cysteine-peptidyl serine cross-link through a process of forming first an intermediate cysteine sulfenic acid by peroxide oxidation, followed by condensation with the alpha-amido of the following serine residue and the release of water. [GOC:jid, PMID:12802338, PMID:12802339, RESID:AA0344]


peptide cross-linking via L-cysteinyl-5-imidazolinone glycine

The formation of a protein active site cross-link from the alpha-carboxyl carbon of residue N, a cysteine, to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue N+2, a glycine, coupled with the formation of a double bond to the alpha-amino nitrogen of residue N+1 which loses one hydrogen, and the loss of a molecule of water. [RESID:AA0188]


peptide cross-linking via L-cysteinyl-L-selenocysteine

The formation of a selenide-sulfide bond to form the cystine-like L-cysteinyl-L-selenocysteine, as in vertebrate selenopeptide P. [RESID:AA0358]


peptide cross-linking via S-[5'-(L-tryptoph-6'-yl)-L-tyrosin-3'-yl]-L-methionin-S-ium

The cross-linking of a tyrosine residue to a tryptophan residue and a methionine residue to form S-[5'-(L-tryptoph-6'-yl)-L-tyrosin-3'-yl]-L-methionin-S-ium. [RESID:AA0348]


The acetylation of the N-terminal arginine of proteins; catalyzed by an uncharacterized arginyl-peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase. [GOC:jsg, PMID:12883043, RESID:AA0354]


N-terminal protein amino acid carbamylation

N-terminal protein amino acid carbamoylation

The carbamoylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins. [GOC:ai]


The carbamylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins to form the derivative N-carbamoyl-L-alanine. [RESID:AA0343]


N-terminal protein amino acid carboxylation

The carboxylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins. [GOC:ai]


The carboxylation of the N-terminal methionine of proteins to form the derivative N-carboxy-L-methionine. [RESID:AA0363]


The methylation of the N-terminal isoleucine of proteins to form the derivative N-methyl-L-isoleucine. [RESID:AA0336]


The methylation of the N-terminal leucine of proteins to form the derivative N-methyl-L-leucine. [RESID:AA0337]


The methylation of the N-terminal tyrosine of proteins to form the derivative N-methyl-L-tyrosine. [RESID:AA0338]


The carbamoylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine. [RESID:AA0332]


formation of peptidyl-serine thiocyanate ester

The dehydration of peptidyl-S-carbamoyl-L-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-cyano-L-cysteine. [PMID:12586941, RESID:AA0333]


peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-omega-hydroxyceramide ester formation from peptidyl-glutamine

peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-omega-hydroxyceramide ester anabolism from peptidyl-glutamine

peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-omega-hydroxyceramide ester synthesis from peptidyl-glutamine

peptidyl-L-glutamyl 5-omega-hydroxyceramide ester biosynthetic process from peptidyl-glutamine

The modification of peptidyl-glutamine residues by deamidation and esterification with omega-hydroxyceramide. [PMID:10411887, RESID:AA0347]


peptidyl-glycyl-phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis from peptidyl-glycine

peptidyl-glycyl-phosphatidylethanolamine formation from peptidyl-glycine

peptidyl-glycyl-phosphatidylethanolamine anabolism from peptidyl-glycine

peptidyl-glycyl-phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-glycine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-glycine ethanolamide-linked phosphatide following hydrolysis of a glycyl-peptide bond, as in the cleavage of arginine from the carboxy-terminal of Apg8 followed by its amidation with phosphatidylethanolamine. [RESID:AA0346]