extracellular-glycine-gated ion channel activity

extracellularly glycine-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glycine is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific extracellular inhibitory ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Inhibitory ligands, such as GABA or glycine, open chloride-selective channels. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0323037070]


intracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


mechanically gated channel activity
mechanically-gated channel activity
mechanically-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


Enables the facilitated diffusion of glycerol (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


Enables the facilitated diffusion of propanediol (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:mtg_transport]


voltage-dependent ion channel activity
voltage gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a voltage-gated channel. An ion is an atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815340729]


voltage-dependent proton channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a proton by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded. [PMID:28774948]


Transport systems of this type enable facilitated diffusion of water (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


Enables the transfer of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, from one side of a membrane to the other. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, PMID:10839820, TC:1.B.1.-.-]


Transports a passenger protein from the periplasm to the external milieu; the passenger protein and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729, TC:1.B.12.-.-]


Enables the transfer of adhesin from the periplasm to the external milieu; the adhesin and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


Enables the transfer of hemaglutinin from the periplasm to the external milieu; the hemaglutinin and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


A porin that acts in the assembly of fimbria together with fimbrial chaperone. [TC:1.B.11.-.-]


long-chain fatty acid transporting porin activity

Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. This transporter is a porin and so enables the energy independent passage of substances, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria. [GOC:mtg_transport, TC:1.B.9.1.1]


nucleoside-specific channel forming porin activity

Enables the energy independent passage of nucleoside, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria. [GOC:mtg_transport]


Enables the energy independent passage of toxins, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane towards the outside of the cell. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria. [GOC:mtg_transport]


alkane transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of alkanes from one side of a membrane to the other. Alkanes are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds. [GOC:ai]


multidrug, alkane resistant pump activity


sulfathiazole transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of sulfathiazole from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulfathiazole is an antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group. [GOC:curators]


carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone transporter activity

carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone from one side of a membrane to the other. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone is a proton ionophore, commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes. [GOC:curators]


microcin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a microcin from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah]


tetracycline transporter activity
tetracyclin transporter activity

tetracycline transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of tetracycline from one side of a membrane to the other. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles). [GOC:curators]


triose-phosphate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a triose phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mah, GOC:vw]


Enables the directed movement of electrons from the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0716731363]

electron transporter, transferring electrons from cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II activity


OBSOLETE. (Was not defined before being made obsolete). [GOC:ai]


OBSOLETE. A cytochrome containing heme a. [GOC:kd]


Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0716731363]

electron transporter, transferring electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis activity


electron transporter, transferring electrons within the noncyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis activity

Enables the directed movement of electrons within the noncyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0716731363]


intracellular nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity

OBSOLETE. Enables the directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose (a deoxyribonucleotide) within a cell. [GOC:ai]


Acting as a marker to identify a membrane and interacting selectively with one or more SNAREs on another membrane to mediate membrane fusion. [GOC:mah, PMID:14570579]


Binding to both N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) and a cis-SNARE complex (i.e. a SNARE complex in which all proteins are associated with the same membrane) and increasing the ATPase activity of NSF, thereby allowing ATP hydrolysis by NSF to disassemble the cis-SNARE complex. [GOC:mah, PMID:14570579, PMID:15556857]


Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dgf, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dgf, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


antimonite transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of antimonite from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


arsenite transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of arsenite from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-. [GOC:ai]


chlorate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of chlorate, ClO3-, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:curators]


chloride ion transmembrane transporter activity

chloride transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of chloride ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


chromate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of chromate from one side of a membrane to the other. Chromate is the anion of chromic acid, H2CrO4 (aq) or CrO3. [GOC:ai]


cyanate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


inorganic pyrophosphate transporter activity

inorganic diphosphate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of inorganic diphosphate across a membrane. [PMID:11326272]


iodide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of iodide ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


nitrate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nitrate ions (NO3-) from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai, RHEA:34923]


nitrite transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nitrite (NO2-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


phosphate transmembrane transporter activity

phosphate ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


silicate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of silicates from one side of a membrane to the other. Silicates are the salts of silicic acids, and are usually composed of silicon and oxygen (Si[x]O[y]), one or more metals, and possibly hydrogen. Types of silicate include unisilicates, metasilicates and hydrous silicates. [GOC:ai]


Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]

sulfate transmembrane transporter activity


nucleotide-sulfate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nucleotide-sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:mtg_transport]


sulfite transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of sulfite ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:as]


thiosulfate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of thiosulfate ions, S2O3(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-ketoglutarate (or oxoglutarate) is a compound with important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination reactions and as a component of the TCA cycle. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198547684]


malate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of malate from one side of a membrane to the other. Malate is a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid, hydroxybutanedioic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle. [GOC:ai]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dicarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = dicarboxylate(in) + Na+(in). [GOC:ai]


hexose phosphate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of hexose phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Hexose phosphates is any of a group of monophosphorylated aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group. [GOC:ai]


acetate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of acetate from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid. [GOC:ai]


allantoate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of allantoate from one side of a membrane to the other. Allantoate is the end product of purine metabolism in mammals and some fish, formed form allantoin. It is widely distributed in plants as an important source of stored nitrogen. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198547684]


bile acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. [GOC:ai]


bilirubin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198547684]


formate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of formate from one side of a membrane to the other. Formate is also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid. [GOC:ai]


gluconate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of gluconate from one side of a membrane to the other. Gluconate is the aldonic acid derived from glucose. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


L-idonate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-idonate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-idonate is an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose. [GOC:ai]


lactate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of lactate from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


mevalonate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of mevalonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Mevalonate is the anion of mevalonic acid; its (R)-enantiomer is a strategic intermediate derived from hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA in the biosynthesis of polyprenyl compounds. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


propionate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of propionate from one side of a membrane to the other. Propionate (or propanoate) is the organic acid CH3-CH2-COOH. [GOC:ai]


3-hydroxyphenyl propionate transmembrane transporter activity

3-hydroxyphenyl propanoate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of 3-hydroxyphenyl propanoate from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of prostaglandins from one side of a membrane to the other. A prostaglandin is any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities. [GOC:ai]


shikimate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of shikimate from one side of a membrane to the other. Shikimate is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. [GOC:ai]


uronic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of uronic acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Uronic acids are any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose. [GOC:ai]


hexuronide transmembrane transporter activity

hexuronate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of hexuronates from one side of a membrane to the other. A hexuronate is any monocarboxylic acid derived from a hexose by oxidation of C-6. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0815340729]


galacturonate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of galacturonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Galacturonate is the uronic acid formally derived from galactose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group. [GOC:ai]


glucuronate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glucuronate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucuronate is the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group. [GOC:ai]


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate(out) + phosphate(in) = phosphoenolpyruvate(in) + phosphate(out). [GOC:bf, GOC:jl]


phosphoglycerate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of phosphoglycerates from one side of a membrane to the other. Phosphoglycerates are important intermediates in glycolysis and 3-phosphoglycerate is a precursor in serine biosynthesis. [GOC:ai]


tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups. [GOC:ai]


citrate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


uric acid transmembrane transporter activity

urate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of urate from one side of a membrane to the other. Urate is the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals. [GOC:ai]


organophosphate ester transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organophosphate esters from one side of a membrane to the other. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds. [GOC:mcc]


di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity


aluminium ion transporter activity
aluminum resistance permease activity
aluminium resistance permease activity

aluminum ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of aluminum (Al) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of calcium (Ca) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dgf, RHEA:29671]


magnesium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of magnesium (Mg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:dgf]


OBSOLETE. Enables the directed movement of heavy metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Heavy metals are those that can form a coordination bond with a protein, as opposed to an alkali or alkaline-earth metal that can only form an ionic bond; this definition includes the following biologically relevant heavy metals: Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, W, Zn. [GOC:ai]


hydrogen ion transmembrane transporter activity

proton transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


organic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


ammonia transmembrane transporter activity

ammonium transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals. [PMID:17710640]


quaternary amine transmembrane transporter activity

quaternary ammonium compound transporter activity

quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of quaternary ammonium groups from one side of a membrane to the other. Quaternary ammonium groups are any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups. [ISBN:0198506732]


Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai]


long-chain fatty acid transporter activity

Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22. [ISBN:0198506732]


short-chain fatty acid uptake transporter activity


OBSOLETE. Any member of the major class of lipid-transporting proteins found in the hemolymph of insects. [ISBN:0198506732]


Enables the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Sterol are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. [GOC:ai]


peptidoglycan transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


lipid-linked murein transporter activity

lipid-linked peptidoglycan transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of lipid-linked peptidoglycans into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:mah]


muropeptide transporter activity
murein peptide transporter activity

peptidoglycan peptide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of peptidoglycan peptides from one side of a membrane to the other. Peptidoglycan peptides are the oligopeptides found in peptidoglycan networks which cross-link the polysaccharide chains. [ISBN:0198506732]


neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. [GOC:ai, ISBN:0198506732]


nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acidfrom one side of a membrane to the other. [ISBN:0198506732]


purine base transmembrane transporter activity

purine transmembrane transporter activity

purine nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other. [ISBN:0198506732]


adenine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of adenine, 6-aminopurine, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:go_curators]


guanine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:go_curators]


pyrimidine base transmembrane transporter activity

pyrimidine transmembrane transporter activity

pyrimidine nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of pyrimidine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


cytosine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:go_curators]


uracil transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:go_curators]


nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide) from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


cytidine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cytidine, cytosine riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:go_curators]


uridine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of uridine, uracil riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:go_curators]


xanthosine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of xanthosine, xanthine riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other. [ISBN:0198506732]


nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [ISBN:0198506732]


deoxynucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Catalyzes transport of all four deoxy (d) NDPs, and, less efficiently, the corresponding dNTPs, in exchange for dNDPs, ADP, or ATP. [PMID:11226231]


purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


adenine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) from one side of a membrane to the other. [PMID:11566870]


Enables the transfer of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


Enables the transfer of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


purine ribonucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


pyrimidine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


oxalate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of oxalate from one side of a membrane to the other. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals. [ISBN:0198506732]


active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


efflux transporter activity
efflux permease activity

efflux transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


cation efflux transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a cation or cations from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


polyol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a polyol from one side of a membrane to the other. A polyol is any polyhydric alcohol. [ISBN:0198506732]


arabitol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an arabitol from one side of a membrane to the other. Arabitol is the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. The D enantiomer is present in lichens and mushrooms. [ISBN:0198506732]


glycerol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glycerol from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids. [GOC:ai]


glycerol-3-phosphate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glycerol-3-phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycerol-3-phosphate is a phosphoric monoester of glycerol. [GOC:ai]


myo-inositol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of myo-inositol from one side of a membrane to the other. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms. [GOC:ai]


propanediol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of propanediol from one side of a membrane to the other. Propanediol is a sweet colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze and in brake fluid; it is also as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care items, although it can be absorbed through the skin with harmful effects. [GOC:ai]


toxin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a toxin from one side of a membrane to the other. A toxin is a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism. [ISBN:0198506732]


vitamin or cofactor transporter activity

OBSOLETE. Enables the directed transport of vitamins or cofactors into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. [GOC:ai]


biotin transporter activity
vitamin B7 transporter activity


carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of carnitine across a membrane. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane. [GOC:ai]


acyl carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of acyl carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane. [GOC:ai]


folate transmembrane transporter activity

folic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from one side of a membrane to the other. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines. [GOC:ai]


5-formyltetrahydrofolate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate, from one side of a membrane to the other. [GOC:ai]


heme transporter activity
haem transporter activity

Enables the transfer of heme from one side of a membrane to the other. [PMID:29549126]


L-ascorbate transporter activity
vitamin C transporter activity

L-ascorbic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-ascorbate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species. [ISBN:0198506732]


nicotinamide mononucleotide permease activity


thiamin transmembrane transporter activity

thiamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of thiamine from one side of a membrane to the other. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]


The codon binding activity of a tRNA that positions an activated amino acid, mediating its insertion at the correct point in the sequence of a nascent polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. [GOC:hjd, GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07, ISBN:0198506732]

triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity


adult behavior
adult behaviour
adult behavioral response to stimulus

Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0877797099]


Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:mah]


Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:ai]


The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg. [GOC:jid, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198606907]


The response to external or internal stimuli that results in the locomotory process of flight. Flight is the self-propelled movement of an organism through the air. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0198606907]


The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to an external stimulus. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0198606907]


An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat. [GOC:dph, PMID:9920659]


behavioral response to chemical stimulus

behavioural response to chemical stimulus

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals. [GOC:go_curators]


jump response to chemical stimulus
chemosensory jump behaviour

The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to a chemical substance. [GOC:jid]


behavioral response to scent
behavioural response to smell
behavioural response to scent
behavioral response to smell
behavioural response to odour
olfactory behaviour

The behavior of an organism in response to an odor. [GOC:jid, GOC:pr]


proboscis extension in response to nutritional stimulus

behavioral response to nutritional stimulus, proboscis extension

The extension, through direct muscle actions, of the proboscis (the trunk-like extension of the mouthparts on the adult external head) in response to a nutritional stimulus. [FB:FBrf0044924, GOC:jid]


Feeding behavior in a larval (immature) organism. [GOC:mah]


The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites. [GOC:jl, GOC:pr]


Behavior in a larval form of an organism, an immature organism that must undergo metamorphosis to assume adult characteristics. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0877797099]


Locomotory behavior in a larval (immature) organism. [GOC:ai]


The behavior of a larval organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]


The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. [GOC:jid, PMID:8938125]


Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue. [ISBN:0582227089]


A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate sounds produced by others. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dos, GOC:rl, PMID:16418265, PMID:17035521]


The memory process that results in the formation of consolidated memory resistant to disruption of the patterned activity of the brain, without requiring protein synthesis. [PMID:15143285, PMID:17088531]


locomotory behavioral response to stimulus

locomotory behavioural response to stimulus

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. [GOC:dph]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. [GOC:ems]


down regulation of locomotion
downregulation of locomotion
down-regulation of locomotion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of locomotion
upregulation of locomotion
up-regulation of locomotion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. [GOC:go_curators]


The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle. [GOC:go_curators]


behavioural response to mechanical stimulus

behavioral response to mechanical stimulus

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus. [GOC:go_curators]


The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph]


The behavior of an organism for the purpose of attracting sexual partners. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph]


The behavior of a female, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. [GOC:bf, GOC:pr]


The behavior of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. [GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:pr]


regulation of female receptivity, post-mating

Any process that modulates the receptiveness of a female to male advances subsequent to mating. [GOC:go_curators]


down-regulation of female receptivity, post-mating

downregulation of female receptivity, post-mating

down regulation of female receptivity, post-mating

negative regulation of female receptivity, post-mating

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances subsequent to mating. [GOC:bf, PMID:11092827]


up regulation of female receptivity, post-mating

upregulation of female receptivity, post-mating

up-regulation of female receptivity, post-mating

positive regulation of female receptivity, post-mating

Any process that increases the receptiveness of a female to male advances subsequent to mating. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the willingness or readiness of a female to receive male advances. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


down-regulation of female receptivity
downregulation of female receptivity
down regulation of female receptivity

negative regulation of female receptivity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances. [GOC:bf, PMID:11092827]


up-regulation of female receptivity
up regulation of female receptivity
upregulation of female receptivity

positive regulation of female receptivity

Any process that activates or increases the receptiveness of a female to male advances. [GOC:go_curators]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of eggs, either fertilized or not, upon a surface or into a medium. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:11932766]


rhythmic behavioral response to stimulus

rhythmic behavioural response to stimulus

The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity. [GOC:jl, GOC:pr]


The timing of the emergence of the adult fly from its pupal case, which usually occurs at dawn. [PMID:11715043]


The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light. [GOC:jid]


down-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

downregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

down regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800981]


down regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

downregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

down-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. [GOC:jl]


down regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

downregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

down-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:jl]


upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. [GOC:go_curators]


up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep. [GOC:go_curators]


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. [GOC:jl, PMID:11506998]


The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours. [GOC:jl, PMID:19708721]


behavioural response to temperature stimulus

behavioral response to temperature stimulus

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature. [GOC:ems]


The behavior of an organism pertaining to movement of the eyes and of objects in the visual field, as in nystagmus. [GOC:jid, GOC:pr]


behavioural response to pattern orientation

behavioral response to pattern orientation

The actions or reactions of an individual in response to the orientation of a visual pattern. This is exemplified by some classes of insects which are able to detect and learn the orientation of a set of stripes and subsequently behaviorally discriminate between horizontal, vertical or 45 degree stripes. [GOC:jid, PMID:9933535]


calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction. [GOC:hb]


regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction. [GOC:ai]


down-regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

down regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

downregulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

negative regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. [GOC:ai]


up-regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

up regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

upregulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

positive regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. [GOC:ai]


calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell-adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction. [GOC:hb]


leukocyte adhesion
leukocyte cell adhesion

The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules. [GOC:go_curators]


The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules. [GOC:go_curators]


homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell. [ISBN:0198506732]


The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction. [GOC:hb]


The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction. [GOC:hb]


Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]


down-regulation of cell adhesion
downregulation of cell adhesion
down regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of cell adhesion
up regulation of cell adhesion
up-regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. [GOC:go_curators]


The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth. [PMID:10218152]


The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline. [PMID:11376484]


motoneuron axon guidance
motor axon pathfinding
motor axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [CL:0000100, GOC:pr, ISBN:0878932437]


Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension. [GOC:go_curators]


downregulation of axon extension
down-regulation of axon extension
down regulation of axon extension

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth. [GOC:mah]


up regulation of axon extension
up-regulation of axon extension
upregulation of axon extension

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings. [GOC:go_curators]


The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets signals produced by potential target cells, with which it may form synapses. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0878932437]


The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism recognizes chemoattractant signals from, and grows towards, potential targets. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0878932437]


The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism recognizes chemorepellent signals that inhibit its growth toward the source. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0878932437]


Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]


cell fate commitment, cell-cell signalling

cell-cell signalling resulting in cell fate commitment

cell-cell signaling during in cell fate commitment

cell-cell signaling resulting in cell fate commitment

cell fate commitment, cell-cell signaling

cell-cell signalling during cell fate commitment

cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment

Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]


Signaling between cells of equivalent developmental potential that results in these cells adopting different developmental fates. An example is the suppression by cells with a particular fate of the adoption of the same fate by surrounding cells. [GOC:bf, GOC:kmv]


The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell. [GOC:mah]


The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood. [GOC:mah]


downregulation of insulin secretion
down regulation of insulin secretion
down-regulation of insulin secretion

negative regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. [GOC:ai]


The regulated release of vasopressin from secretory granules into the blood. [GOC:mah]


The propagation of an action potential along an axon, away from the soma. [GOC:isa_complete]


ionic insulation of neurons by glial cells


downregulation of action potential
down regulation of action potential
down-regulation of action potential

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. [GOC:go_curators]


upregulation of action potential
up regulation of action potential
up-regulation of action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. [GOC:go_curators]


acetylcholine breakdown in synaptic cleft

acetylcholine degradation in synaptic cleft

acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleft

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission. [GOC:ai]


The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse. [GOC:dos, GOC:jl, MeSH:D009435]


Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. [GOC:jl]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. [GOC:jl, GOC:nln, ISBN:0192800752]


acetylcholine biosynthesis
acetylcholine synthesis
acetylcholine anabolism
acetylcholine formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800752]


acetylcholine catabolism
acetylcholine degradation
acetylcholine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192800752]


adrenaline metabolic process
epinephrine metabolism
adrenaline metabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023, ISBN:0198506732]


epinephrine formation
epinephrine biosynthesis
epinephrine anabolism
adrenaline biosynthetic process
epinephrine synthesis
adrenaline biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023, ISBN:0198506732]


epinephrine breakdown
epinephrine degradation
adrenaline catabolic process
epinephrine catabolism
adrenaline catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0192801023, ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


dopamine anabolism
dopamine synthesis
dopamine biosynthesis
dopamine formation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


dopamine synthesis from tyrosine
dopamine formation from tyrosine
dopamine anabolism from tyrosine

dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


dopamine breakdown
dopamine catabolism
dopamine degradation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


regulation of dopamine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. [GOC:go_curators]


down regulation of dopamine metabolic process

negative regulation of dopamine metabolism

downregulation of dopamine metabolic process

down-regulation of dopamine metabolic process

negative regulation of dopamine metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of dopamine metabolism

upregulation of dopamine metabolic process

up regulation of dopamine metabolic process

up-regulation of dopamine metabolic process

positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


histamine formation
histamine anabolism
histamine synthesis
histamine biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


levarterenol biosynthesis
noradrenaline biosynthetic process
norepinephrine formation
norepinephrine anabolism
norepinephrine biosynthesis
norepinephrine synthesis
levarterenol biosynthetic process
noradrenaline biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


octopamine formation
octopamine synthesis
octopamine biosynthesis
octopamine anabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species. [ISBN:0198506732]


phenylethylamine anabolism
phenylethylamine synthesis
phenylethylamine formation
phenylethylamine biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylethylamine, an amine with pharmacological properties similar to those of amphetamine, occurs naturally as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and is present in chocolate and oil of bitter almonds. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


serotonin biosynthesis
serotonin formation
serotonin anabolism
serotonin synthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


serotonin synthesis from tryptophan
serotonin formation from tryptophan
serotonin anabolism from tryptophan

serotonin biosynthetic process from tryptophan

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


neurotransmitter catabolism
neurotransmitter degradation
neurotransmitter breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. [GOC:jl]


norepinephrine degradation
levarterenol catabolism
levarterenol catabolic process
noradrenaline catabolic process
norepinephrine breakdown
norepinephrine catabolism
noradrenaline catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


octopamine degradation
octopamine catabolism
octopamine breakdown

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species. [ISBN:0198506732]


phenylethylamine degradation
phenylethylamine breakdown
phenylethylamine catabolism

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylethylamine, an amine with pharmacological properties similar to those of amphetamine, occurs naturally as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and is present in chocolate and oil of bitter almonds. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


noradrenaline metabolic process
levarterenol metabolism
norepinephrine metabolism
noradrenaline metabolism
levarterenol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species. [ISBN:0198506732]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving phenylethylamine, an amine with pharmacological properties similar to those of amphetamine, occurs naturally as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and is present in chocolate and oil of bitter almonds. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]


A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:jid, GOC:lmg, GOC:mah, PMID:20448150, PMID:26430111]


The formation of clathrin coated pits in the presynaptic membrane endocytic zone, triggered by the presence of high concentrations of synaptic vesicle components. This process leads to, but does not include budding of the membrane to form new vesicles. [GOC:curators, PMID:10099709, PMID:20448150]


OBSOLETE. Separation of a synaptic vesicle from the presynaptic membrane. [GOC:curators]


Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle. [GOC:curators, PMID:10099709]


OBSOLETE. Return of a vesicle from the postsynaptic membrane to presynaptic membrane. [GOC:curators]


Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with an endosome. [GOC:curators, PMID:10099709]


synaptic vesicle coat protein depolymerization

The removal of the protein coat on a synaptic vesicle following the pinching step at the end of budding from the presynaptic membrane. [GOC:curators, PMID:10099709, PMID:24596248]


Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. [GOC:jid, GOC:lmg]


synaptic vesicle budding involved in synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Budding of synaptic vesicles during the formation of constitutive recycling vesicles from early endosomes. [GOC:curators, PMID:10099709, PMID:24596248]


OBSOLETE. Fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the postsynaptic membrane. [GOC:curators]


A process that converts synaptic vesicles to a state of competence for calcium triggered fusion with the active zone membrane by bringing the two membranes into very close proximity. Priming typically (but not always) occurs after docking (Jahn and Fasshauer, 2012). Primed vesicles are also capable of spontaneously fusing with the active zone membrane. [GOC:mah, PMID:15217342, PMID:23060190]


The process in which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces. [GOC:mah]


neurotransmitter storage
neurotransmitter sequestration
sequestration of neurotransmitter
retention of neurotransmitter
storage of neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter retention

The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system. [GOC:ai]


neurotransmitter receptor metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors. [GOC:go_curators]


The directed movement of synaptic vesicles. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:jid, GOC:lmg, GOC:pr]


active induction of host immune response by virus

active viral induction of host immune response


passive activation of host immune response by virus

passive induction of host immune response by virus

passive viral induction of host immune response


viral host defense evasion
viral host defence evasion


suppression of apoptosis in host by virus

negative regulation by virus of host apoptosis

negative regulation of apoptosis by virus

suppression by virus of host apoptotic process

Any viral process that inhibits apoptosis of infected host cells, facilitating prolonged cell survival during viral replication. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0781718325]


viral inhibition of termination of host cell protein biosynthetic process

viral suppression of termination by host of host cell protein biosynthetic process

viral inhibition of host cell protein biosynthesis shutoff

negative regulation by virus of host cell protein biosynthesis shutoff

viral suppression of termination by host of host cell protein biosynthesis

suppression by virus of host termination of protein biosynthetic process

negative regulation by virus of host cell protein biosynthetic process shutoff

viral inhibition of host cell protein biosynthetic process shutoff

viral inhibition of termination of host cell protein biosynthesis

suppression by virus of host translation termination

Any viral process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination of a host mRNA. [ISBN:0781718325]


negative regulation by virus of host cytokine production

suppression by virus of host cytokine production

Any viral process that results in the inhibition of host cell cytokine production. [PMID:10859382]


suppression by virus of intracellular interferon activity in host

negative regulation by virus of intracellular interferon activity

suppression by virus of host intracellular interferon activity

Any viral process that results in the inhibition of interferon activity within the host cell. [PMID:10859382]


suppression by virus of host MHC class I cell surface presentation

negative regulation by virus of MHC class I cell surface presentation

suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I

suppression by virus of MHC class I cell surface presentation in host

Any viral process that inhibits a host antigen-presenting cell expressing a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I transmembrane protein complex. One mechanism of suppression is by direct inhibition of host tapasin, a type I transmembrane protein essential for the optimal expression of stable MHC class I molecules on the host cell surface. By inhibiting host tapasin activity, viruses can prevent presentation of their antigens at the cell surface, and thereby evade the host anti-viral immune response. [GOC:add, GOC:bf, PMID:10859382]

inhibition of host MHC class I molecule presentation by virus


modulation by virus of host cellular process

modification by virus of host cellular process

regulation of cellular process in host by virus

regulation by virus of host cellular process

modulation of cellular process in host by virus

The process in which a virus effects a change in the processes and activities of its host organism. [GOC:jl]

regulation of host cellular process by virus


viral perturbation of cell cycle regulation

modification by virus of host cell cycle regulation

Interactions, directly with the host cell macromolecular machinery, to allow a virus to modulate the rate of the host cell cycle to facilitate virus replication. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0781718325]


negative regulation by virus of cell cycle arrest

suppression by virus of host cell cycle arrest

Viral interference in host cell processes that lead cell cycle arrest, allowing cell division to occur. [PMID:9371605]


regulation of translation in host by virus

regulation of host mRNA translation by virus

modification by virus of host cell mRNA translation

viral perturbation of host cell mRNA translation

Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation of host mRNA. [ISBN:0781718325]


Any viral process that interferes with and inhibits the assembly and function of polysomes. [PMID:10438802]


viral perturbation of host cell transcription

modification by virus of host transcription

modulation by virus of host transcription

Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its host's transcription. [ISBN:0781718325]


viral perturbation of host mRNA processing

modification by virus of host mRNA processing

Any viral process that interferes with the processing of mRNA in the host cell. [ISBN:0781718325]


viral dispersion of host splicing factors

suppression by virus of host splicing factor activity

negative regulation by virus of host mRNA splicing

suppression by virus of host mRNA splicing

Any viral process that inhibits the splicing of host mRNA, thus reducing host protein production. [ISBN:0781718325, PMID:19729513]


virus-induced modification of host RNA polymerase II

induction by virus of modification of host RNA polymerase II

induction by virus of phosphorylation of host RNA polymerase II

Any process in which a virus activates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorylation of host RNA polymerase II. [PMID:7637000]


The interaction between a pollen grain and pistil. [PMID:27899537]


The process in which pollen deposited on the stigma adheres to cells of the stigma. [GOC:tair_curators]


The process in which water is taken up by pollen. [GOC:lr]


A cell recognition process in which pollen is recognized and either accepted or rejected by cells in the stigma. [GOC:dph, GOC:pj, GOC:tb]


The process in which the pollen tube adheres to cells of the stigma and style. [GOC:tair_curators, PMID:12602877]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which an endogenous stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which a carbohydrate stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which a stimulus from a hexose is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which a sucrose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which a hormone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which an abscisic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which an auxin stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which a brassinosteroid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which a cytokinin stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


detection of ethene stimulus
perception of ethene stimulus
perception of ethylene stimulus

The series of events in which an ethylene (ethene) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


The series of events in which a gibberellic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus. [GOC:jl]


The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of carbohydrate. [GOC:sm]


The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of hexose. [GOC:sm]


The series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and dependent on the detection of hexokinase. [GOC:mah, GOC:sm]


The series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and independent of hexokinase. [GOC:mah, GOC:sm]


The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of sucrose. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. [GOC:jl]


The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone. [GOC:sm]


abscisic acid-mediated signaling pathway

abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:signaling, GOC:sm, PMID:24269821]


regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling

regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling pathway

regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. [GOC:lr]


down regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling

down-regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling

negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling

negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling pathway

downregulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling

negative regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. [GOC:lr]


up-regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling

positive regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling

up regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling

positive regulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling pathway

upregulation of abscisic acid mediated signaling

positive regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. [GOC:lr]


auxin signal transduction
auxin mediated signaling pathway
auxin mediated signalling
auxin signaling

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone auxin to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:sm, PMID:16990790, PMID:18647826]


brassinosteroid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of brassinosteroid. [GOC:sm]


cytokinin mediated signalling
cytokinin signaling
cytokinin mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of a cytokinin to a receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:sm, PMID:24080474]


ethene mediated signaling pathway
ethylene mediated signaling pathway
ethene mediated signalling pathway
ethylene mediated signalling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by the reception of ethylene (ethene, C2H4) by a receptor and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:jy, PMID:24012247]


ethene mediated signaling pathway (induced systemic resistance)

induced systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signalling pathway

induced systemic resistance, ethene mediated signalling pathway

ethylene mediated signaling pathway (induced systemic resistance)

induced systemic resistance, ethene mediated signaling pathway

induced systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance. [GOC:jy]


jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signalling pathway

jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance, ethene mediated signalling pathway

jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway

jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance, ethene mediated signaling pathway

ethylene mediated signaling pathway (jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance)

ethene mediated signaling pathway (jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance)

jasmonic acid and ethene-dependent systemic resistance, ethene mediated signaling pathway

jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance. [GOC:jy]


gibberellic acid mediated signalling
gibberellic acid signaling
GA-signaling

gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid. [GOC:sm]


gibberellic acid mediated signalling, G-alpha-dependent

gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway, G-alpha-dependent

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid and dependent on the coupling of the alpha subunit of G proteins to the hormone receptors. [GOC:pj, PMID:11027362]


gibberellic acid mediated signalling, G-alpha-independent

gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway, G-alpha-independent

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid and not dependent on the coupling of the alpha subunit of G proteins to the hormone receptors. [GOC:pj, PMID:11027362]


regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signalling

regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling. [GOC:go_curators]


negative regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signalling

down-regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling

downregulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling

down regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling

negative regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity. [GOC:sm]


up-regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling

up regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling

positive regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signalling

upregulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling

positive regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity. [GOC:sm]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abscisic acid stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auxin stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brassinosteroid stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokinin stimulus. [GOC:jl]


response to ethylene stimulus
response to ethene stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethylene (ethene) stimulus. [GOC:jl]


response to gibberellin stimulus
response to gibberellic acid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gibberellin stimulus. [GOC:jl]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus. [GOC:jl]


jasmonic acid mediated signalling pathway

jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid. [GOC:jy, PMID:16478936, PMID:19522558, PMID:20159850]


jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway (induced systemic resistance)

induced systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signalling pathway

induced systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in induced systemic resistance. [GOC:jy]


jasmonic acid and ethene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signalling pathway

jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway (jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent systemic resistance)

jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway (jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance)

jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

jasmonic acid/ethene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signalling pathway

jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance. [GOC:jy]


The series of events in which a jasmonic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Series of events required for a jasmonic acid stimulus to be detected and converted to a signal molecule. [GOC:sm]


response to salicylic acid stimulus
response to salicylate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salicylic acid stimulus. [GOC:jl]


The series of events in which a salicylic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:sm]


salicylic acid mediated signalling pathway

salicylic acid mediated signal transduction

salicylic acid-mediated signaling pathway

salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid. [GOC:jy]


systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signalling pathway

salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway (systemic acquired resistance)

systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid involved in systemic acquired resistance. [GOC:jy]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. [GOC:hb]


Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress. [GOC:jl]


regulation of growth by external stimulus

regulation of growth by external stimuli

regulation of cell growth by sensing of exogenous stimulus

regulation of growth by exogenous signal

regulation of growth by exogenous stimuli

regulation of cell growth by detection of exogenous stimulus

regulation of growth by exogenous stimulus

interpretation of external signals that regulate cell growth

regulation of cell growth by extracellular stimulus

Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time. [GOC:dph]


A response by a motile cell to a soluble chemical that involves an increase or decrease in speed (positive or negative orthokinesis) or of frequency of movement or a change in the frequency or magnitude of turning behavior (klinokinesis). [GOC:jl, PMID:2073411]


The movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus in which the frequency or magnitude of turning behavior is altered. [GOC:jl, PMID:2790068]


The movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus in which the speed or frequency of movement is increased or decreased. [GOC:jl, PMID:8207088]


The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]


The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]


perception of chemical stimulus
detection of chemical substance
perception of chemical substance
chemoperception

The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:jl]


The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]


detection of Ca2+ ion
calcium ion detection
calcium ion sensing
Ca2+ ion detection

The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:pg]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus. [GOC:jl]


re-entry into mitotic cell cycle after pheromone arrest

The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by pheromone-arrested cells that have not mated. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [GOC:krc, PMID:9927449]


adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion

desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion

adaptation to pheromone regulating conjugation with mutual genetic exchange

In organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. [GOC:clt]


A phenomenon where microorganisms communicate and coordinate their behavior by the accumulation of signaling molecules. A reaction occurs when a substance accumulates to a sufficient concentration. This is most commonly seen in bacteria.


cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone


response to pheromone regulating pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus that regulates the process of pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation. [GOC:clt]


The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]


The series of events required to receive a salty taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]


The series of events required to receive a sour taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]


The series of events required to receive a sweet taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]


The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. This is a neurological process. [GOC:ai]


detection of nutrients
nutrient sensing
perception of nutrients

The series of events in which a nutrient stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:jl]


The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:go_curators]


The reception of a (UV light) photon by a cell, UV light being defined as having a wavelength within the range 13.6-400 nm. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


The reception of a (visible light) photon by a cell, visible light being defined as having a wavelength within the range 380-780 nm. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


detection of ultraviolet radiation stimulus

The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. [GOC:dos, GOC:go_curators, GOC:hb, ISBN:0198506732]


The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV light into a molecular signal; ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 400 nanometers. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]


The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from red or far-red light into a molecular signal; the red, far-red light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range 660-730 nm. [GOC:mah]


adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signalling

adaptation of rhodopsin mediated signaling

The process in which a rhodopsin-mediated signaling pathway is adjusted to modulate the sensitivity and response of a visual system to light stimuli (that might vary over more than 6 magnitudes in intensity) without response saturation. [PMID:1962207]


deactivation of rhodopsin mediated signalling

deactivation of rhodopsin mediated signaling

The process of restoring the photoreceptor cell to its unexcited state after termination of the stimulus (photon). [PMID:8316831]


The process in which metarhodopsin is prevented from generating molecular signals. Activated rhodopsin (R*) is inactivated by a two-step process: first, R* is phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase which lowers the activity of R*. Second, the protein arrestin binds to phosphorylated R* to de-activate it. [GOC:hb, Wikipedia:Visual_phototransduction]


regulation of light-activated channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity. [GOC:go_curators]


downregulation of light-activated channel activity

down-regulation of light-activated channel activity

down regulation of light-activated channel activity

negative regulation of light-activated channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity. [GOC:go_curators]


up regulation of light-activated channel activity

up-regulation of light-activated channel activity

upregulation of light-activated channel activity

positive regulation of light-activated channel activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated channel activity. [GOC:go_curators]


light-induced release of internally sequestered calcium ion (Ca2+)

light-induced release of calcium from internal store

light-induced release of internally stored calcium ion (Ca2+)

The process in which the detection of light triggers the release of internally sequestered calcium ions. [GOC:ai]


changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane

regulation of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell

Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. [GOC:dph, GOC:hb, GOC:tb]


maintenance of rhodopsin mediated signalling

maintenance of rhodopsin mediated signaling

maintenance of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell by rhodopsin mediated signaling

Maintenance of the excited state of a photoreceptor cell to produce a steady-state current as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. [GOC:dph, GOC:hb, GOC:tb]


rhodopsin mediated G-protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger

rhodopsin mediated G protein signaling, coupled to IP3 second messenger

PLC-activating rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

phospholipase C-activating rhodopsin mediated G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway

rhodopsin mediated G protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger

rhodopsin mediated G-protein signalling, coupled to IP3 second messenger

phospholipase C-activating rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway

A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a rhodopsin molecule being activated by a photon, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling, PMID:22498302, PMID:8823931]


The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV-A or blue light into a molecular signal; the UV-A, blue light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range of 315 to 400 nm. [GOC:mah]


Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light. [CL:0000210, GOC:bf, GOC:rl]


The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]


perception of bacterium
perception of bacteria
detection of bacteria

The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]


detection of BLP
perception of BLP
perception of bacterial lipoprotein

The series of events in which a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Bacterial lipoproteins are lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). [GOC:jl, PMID:12077222]


detection of diacylated bacterial lipoprotein

perception of diacylated bacterial lipoprotein

detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptide

The series of events in which a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Diacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794]


perception of triacylated bacterial lipoprotein

detection of triacylated bacterial lipoprotein

detection of triacyl bacterial lipopeptide

The series of events in which a triacylated bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794]


detection of symbiotic bacteria
perception of symbiotic bacterium
perception of symbiotic bacteria

The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb, ISBN:0198506732]


detection of fungus
perception of fungus
detection of fungi

The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]


perception of symbiotic fungus
perception of symbiotic fungi
detection of symbiotic fungi

The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb, ISBN:0198506732]


The series of events in which a stimulus from an insect is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]


The series of events in which a stimulus from a nematode is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]


detection of protozoa
perception of protozoa
detection of protozoon

The series of events in which a stimulus from a protozoan is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:ai]


recognition of symbiont
perception of symbiont

The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiont (an organism living in close physical association with an organism of a different species) is received and converted into a molecular signal. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. [GOC:hb, ISBN:0198506732]


The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal. [GOC:hb]


The perception of the orientation of different parts of the body with respect to one another. [ISBN:072168677X]


Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus. [GOC:hb]


response to chemical substance
response to chemical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. [GOC:jl]


initiation of acetate breakdown by acetate

initiation of acetate degradation by acetate

initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

The activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate. [PMID:11741859]


regulation of initiation of acetate breakdown by acetate

regulation of initiation of acetate degradation by acetate

regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

Any process that modulates the activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate. [GOC:go_curators]


downregulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

down regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

negative regulation of initiation of acetate degradation by acetate

down-regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

negative regulation of initiation of acetate breakdown by acetate

negative regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

Any process that stops or prevents the activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate. [GOC:go_curators]


positive regulation of initiation of acetate degradation by acetate

up-regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

positive regulation of initiation of acetate breakdown by acetate

upregulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

up regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

positive regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate. [GOC:go_curators]


The chemical reactions and pathways involving an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. [GOC:cab2]