A non-glycosylated form of interferon beta-1 that has a serine at position 17. It is used in the treatment of both RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS and CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.


The tert-butylamine salt of perindopril, the ethyl ester of a non-sulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with antihypertensive activity. Upon hydrolysis, perindopril erbumine is converted to its active form perindoprilat, inhibiting ACE and the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II; consequently, angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction and angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex are inhibited and diuresis and natriuresis ensue.


The oil extracted from the germ of the wheat kernel. Wheat germ oil can be used as a source of vitamin E and for the treatment of skin conditions.


A synthetic form of native human IL-1Ra that has an additional methionine residue at its amino terminus.


A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.


A semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase resistant, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cefditoren pivoxil is a prodrug that is rapidly hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases during absorption to the microbiologically active cefditoren, an active aminothiazolyl cephalosporin. Cefditoren inactivates penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) thereby interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis and inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Another consequence of beta-lactam exposure results in the loss of lipoteichoic acids from the cell wall. Lipoteichoic acids inhibit murein hydrolase activity and their absence from the cell wall triggers uncontrolled autolytic activity rendering bacterial cells susceptible to osmotic shock. This results in a reduction of cell wall stability and causes cell lysis.


A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.


The sodium salt of a synthetic lipid-lowering agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Fluvastatin competitively inhibits hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, and modulates immune responses through the suppression of MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells. Through the inhibition of mevalonate synthesis, statins, like fluvastatin, have been shown to inhibit the production of dolichol, geranylpyrophosphate (GPP) and farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) and the isoprenylation of the intracellular G-proteins Ras and Rho, which may result in antiangiogenic, apoptotic, and antimetastatic effects in susceptible tumor cell populations.


A non-stoichiometric magnetite core of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) that can be used as part of contrast media to enhance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Upon administration, ferumoxides non-stoichiometric magnetite is taken up by and accumulates in phagocytic reticuloendothelial system (RES) cells of the liver (Kupffer cells). When exposed to a strong external magnetic field, ferumoxides non-stoichiometric magnetite exhibits enhanced T2 relaxation, resulting in signal loss in normal tissues (image darkening) on mid T1/T2 or strongly T2-weighted images. Tissues with decreased RES function such as metastases, primary liver cancer, cysts, various benign tumors and hyperplasia, retain their native signal intensity, consequently the contrast between normal tissue (with image darkening) and abnormal tissue is increased.


An antagonist of the human bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R), that can be used for the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE). Upon administration, icatibant targets and binds to B2R, thereby preventing bradykinin from binding to the B2R. This may prevent bradykinin/B2R-mediated vasodilation, the resulting increase in vascular permeability, and the swelling, inflammation, and pain associated with HAE. This may also prevent or improve pulmonary edema not associated with HAE and improve the associated decrease in blood oxygen levels.


A benzophenone derivative and a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. Tolcapone selectively and reversibly inhibits COMT, an enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of biologically active catechols and their hydroxylated metabolites by transferring the methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the phenolic group of catechol-containing substrates. When given in conjunction with a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor and levodopa, tolcapone may prevent the metabolism of levodopa to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy- L-phenylalanine (3-OMD) in the brain and peripheral tissues leading to increased bioavailability and enhancement of delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) of levodopa.


A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.


A triazole and benzonitrile derivative that is a selective non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, similar to ANASTROZOLE. It is used in the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women.


A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.


A nonsulfonylurea insulin secretagogue belonging to the melgitinide class with hypoglycemic activity. Repaglinide is rapidly absorbed and has a rapid onset and short duration of action. This agent is metabolized in the liver by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 and its metabolites are excreted in the bile. Repaglinide has a half-life of one hour.


A non-peptide tyrosine derivative, with anticoagulant activity. Upon administration, tirofiban antagonizes fibrinogen binding to the platelet cell surface receptor, glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIA complex, one of the two purinergic receptors activated by ADP. This prevents the GP IIb/IIIa receptor complex-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase. This results in decreased levels of cAMP, interferes with the platelet membrane function and subsequent platelet-platelet interaction, prevents the release of platelet granule constituents and prolongs bleeding time.


A benzimidazole derivative and a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist with antihypertensive property. Telmisartan selectively antagonizes angiotensin II binding to the AT1 subtype receptor, located in vascular smooth muscle and adrenal gland. The antagonism results in vasodilation and inhibits the angiotensin II-mediated aldosterone production, which in turn leading to a decrease in sodium and water as well as an increase in potassium excretion leading to a subsequent reduction in blood pressure.


A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.


An orally available, non-purine inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with uric acid lowering activity. Upon oral administration, febuxostat selectively and noncompetitively inhibits the activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that converts oxypurines, including hypoxanthine and xanthine, into uric acid. By inhibiting xanthine oxidase, uric acid production is reduced and serum uric acid levels are lowered. Febuxostat may provide protection against acute renal failure caused by the excessive release of uric acid that occurs upon massive tumor cell lysis resulting from the treatment of some malignancies.


A synthetic noncalcemic, nonphosphatemic vitamin D analogue. Paricalcitol binds to the vitamin D receptor and has been shown to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. This agent also increases the expression of PTEN ('Phosphatase and Tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten'), a tumor-suppressor gene, in leukemic cells and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis and tumor cell differentiation into normal phenotypes. (NCI04)


An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.


A nonbenzodiazepine from the pyrazolopyrimidine class with hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant properties. Zaleplon interacts with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -A receptor, thereby affecting the chloride channel ionophore complex and potentiating the inhibitory effects of GABA. In addition, zaleplon binds selectively to the brain omega-1 receptor situated on the alpha subunit of the GABA-A/chloride ion channel receptor complex and potentiates t-butyl-bicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding.


A trifluoroacetate salt of ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a 41 amino acids peptide similar to human CRH, used as a diagnostic agent. Corticorelin ovine triflutate is a potent stimulator of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. In turn, ACTH stimulates cortisol production from the adrenal cortex and is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism. Corticorelin ovine triflutate is used as a diagnostic tool in differentiating pituitary and ectopic production of ACTH.


A recombinant ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a 41 amino acids peptide similar to human CRH, used as a diagnostic agent. Corticorelin ovine is a potent stimulator of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. In turn, ACTH stimulates cortisol production from the adrenal cortex and is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism. Corticorelin ovine triflutate is used as a diagnostic tool in differentiating pituitary and ectopic production of ACTH.


A sulfonamide-derived, competitive and specific endothelin receptor antagonist with a slightly higher affinity for the endothelin A receptor than endothelin B receptor. Bosentan blocks the action of endothelin 1, an extremely potent endogenous vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor, by binding to endothelin A and endothelin B receptors in the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. Bosentan decreases both pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance and is particularly used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.


A cyclical heptapeptide with anticoagulant activity. Eptifibatide selectively and reversibly binds to and blocks the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor. This prevents the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive ligands and leads to an inhibition of platelet aggregation and prevents thrombus development.


An interferon beta-1 subtype that has a methionine at position 1, a cysteine at position 17, and is glycosylated at position 80. It functions as an ANTI-VIRAL AGENT and IMMUNOMODULATOR and is used to manage the symptoms of RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.


The oil extracted from the fruit peel of Citrus sinensis. Orange oil is used as a flavoring, a solvent and for its aromatic properties.


A recombinant, non-glycosylated deletion mutein of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a serine protease that catalyzes the cleavage of plasminogen to plasmin, with fibrinolytic activity. Upon administration, reteplase converts plasminogen to plasmin, thereby increasing plasmin enzymatic activity and resulting in degradation of the fibrin matrix of the thrombus and potential dissolution of a thrombus or embolism.


An orally bioavailable, hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blocker, with negative chronotropic activity. Upon administration, ivabradine selectively binds to the intracellular portion of the HCN channel pore and blocks HCN channels in the pacemaker cells within the sinoatrial (SA) node. This inhibits the If (funny) pacemaker ion current, prevents the inward flow and intracellular accumulation of positively charged ions, reduces pacemaker activity and slows diastolic depolarization. This decreases heart rate, reduces myocardial oxygen demand and allows more time for blood to flow to the myocardium without affecting cardiac contractility. HCN channels, mixed sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels that carry the inward If current, play a key role in the regulation of pacemaker firing rate in the SA node. The If pacemaker current, the inward flow of positively charged Na+-K+ ions, initiates the spontaneous diastolic depolarization phase and modulating heart rate.


A sulfonamide derivative and adrenergic alpha-1 receptor antagonist that is used to relieve symptoms of urinary obstruction caused by BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.


A synthetic imidazole bisphosphonate analog of pyrophosphate with anti-bone-resorption activity. A third-generation bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in the bone matrix, slowing their dissolution and inhibiting the formation and aggregation of these crystals. This agent also inhibits farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, an enzyme involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Inhibition of this enzyme prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids, donor substrates of farnesylation and geranylgeranylation during the post-translational modification of small GTPase signalling proteins, which are important in the process of osteoclast turnover. Decreased bone turnover and stabilization of the bone matrix contribute to the analgesic effect of zoledronic acid with respect to painful osteoblastic lesions. The agent also reduces serum calcium concentrations associated with hypercalcemia.


The essential oil extracted from the flowering tops of Mentha spicata. Spearmint oil is used for its aromatic properties and for treatment of illnesses of the digestive and respiratory systems.


A short-acting, broad-spectrum sulfonamide and a synthetic analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) with bacteriostatic property. Sulfacytine competes with PABA for the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, thereby preventing the incorporation of PABA into dihydrofolic acid, the immediate precursor of folic acid. This leads to an inhibition of bacterial folic acid synthesis and de novo synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, ultimately resulting in cell growth arrest and cell death.


A cyclic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces capreolus with antitubercular activity. Even though the exact mechanism by which capreomycin exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent may bind to the bacterial 50S subunit of the 70S ribosome. This leads to interference with the translational initiation complex, misreading of mRNA, and eventually leads to inhibition of protein synthesis. In addition, capreomycin also binds bacterial cell wall components thereby inhibiting cell wall synthesis.


A derivative of streptomycin, aminoglycoside antibiotic, with bactericidal property. Dihydrostreptomycin depends on active transport across the bacterial cell membrane before irreversibly binding S12 protein of the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit. As a result, this agent interferes with the initiation complex between messenger RNA and the bacterial ribosome thereby causing the misreading of the genetic code resulting in the production of non-functional proteins, consequently leading to bacterial cell death.


The sodium form of allopurinol, which is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine. Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that converts oxypurines to uric acid. By blocking the production of uric acid, this agent decreases serum and urine concentrations of uric acid, thereby providing protection against uric acid-mediated end organ damage in conditions associated with excessive production of uric acid, i.e. the massive cell lysis associated with the treatment of some malignancies. (NCI04)


A murine monoclonal IgG2a antibody to tumor-associated epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, or 17-1A) antigen. Edrecolomab attaches to EpCAM, a human cell surface glycoprotein that is found on normal epithelial cells and some tumor cells, such as those of colon and breast carcinomas. Upon binding, this agent recruits the body's immune effector cells, which may exhibit antitumor cytotoxicity. (NCI04)


A synthetic uridine pro-drug that is converted to uridine in vivo. Uridine, a pyrimidine nucleotide, has been used in a variety of diseases including depressive disorders and inherited myopathies. (NCI04)


A radioisotope of strontium, a heavy metal found naturally as a non-radioactive element. With a half-life of 50 days, strontium-89 is a beta emitter that is metabolized much like calcium. This agent is preferentially absorbed by osteoblastic bone metastases. (NCI04)


A nutritional supplement gleaned from the exoskeleton of the shark. Shark cartilage inhibits metalloproteinases (MMPs) and possesses antiangiogenic and antimetastatic properties. (NCI04)


A chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Dinutuximab binds to the ganglioside GD2 and induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity against GD2-expressing tumor cells. GD2 is overexpressed in malignant melanoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and small cell carcinoma of the lung.


An orally- and topically-active naturally-occurring retinoic acid with antineoplastic, chemopreventive, teratogenic, and embryotoxic activities. Alitretinoin binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR); these activated receptors act as transcription factors, regulating gene expression that results in the inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation, and apoptosis of both normal cells and tumor cells.


The sodium salt form of acyclovir, a synthetic analog of the purine nucleoside, guanosine, with potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus and other viruses of the herpesvirus family. After conversion in vivo to the active metabolite acyclovir triphosphate by viral thymidine kinase, acyclovir competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase by incorporating into the growing viral DNA chain and terminating further polymerization.


The hydrochloride form of eflornithine, a difluoromethylated ornithine compound with antineoplastic activity. Eflornithine irreversibly inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme required for polyamine biosynthesis, thereby inhibiting the formation and proliferation of tumor cells. Polyamines are involved in nucleosome oligomerization and DNA conformation, creating a chromatin environment that stimulates neoplastic transformation of cells. (NCI04)


The sodium salt of a pterin derivative with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive properties. As a folate analogue, aminopterin competes for the folate binding site of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby blocking tetrahydrofolate synthesis, and resulting in depletion of nucleotide precursors and inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. (NCI04)


The sulfate salt form of amphetamine, a synthetic substance related to natural sympathomimetic amines. Amphetamine appears to exert its central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral effects indirectly by inducing the release of biogenic amines from their storage sites in nerve terminals. This agent is a commonly abused psychostimulant drug, which may be snorted, taken orally, smoked, or injected. Amphetamine induces psychologic dependence which is manifested by elevated mood, increased wakefulness, concentration, physical performance and a feeling of well-being. With sustained use, the effects of tachycardia and enhanced alertness diminish while psychotoxic effects such as hallucinations and delusions may occur. (NCI04)


The sodium salt form of ampicillin, a broad-spectrum semisynthetic derivative of aminopenicillin. Ampicillin sodium inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins, thereby inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall.


An indazole non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-edema properties. Unlike other NSAIDs, benzydamine hydrochloride does not inhibit cyclooxygenases (COX) but stabilizes membranes, resulting in local anesthesia; inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils; inhibits leukocyte aggregation and adhesion; and exhibits antimicrobial properties. (NCI04)


The hydrochloride salt form of betahistine, a histamine analog with weak histamine H1 agonistic and more potent histamine H3 antagonistic properties. Upon intranasal administration, betahistine binds to histamine H1 and H3 receptors and exerts its agonistic and antagonistic actions locally and centrally. This promotes cochlear, vestibular and cerebral blood flow, decreases neuronal firing in the vestibular nuclei and increases histamine synthesis and release in the brain which facilitates vestibular compensation. Increased blood flow around the inner ear reduces the amount of fluid in the inner ear and may alleviate vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.


The hydrochloride form of betaine, a crystalline alkaloid occurring in sugar beets and other plants. Betaine, acting as a transmethylating metabolic intermediate, is the oxidation product of choline. Betaine hydrochloride is used as a gastric acidifier supplement.


A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.


The hydrochloride salt form of ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone related to nalidixic acid with antibacterial activity. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride exerts its bactericidal effect by interfering with the bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby inhibiting the DNA synthesis and preventing bacterial cell growth.


The hydrochloride salt form of clindamycin, a semi-synthetic, chlorinated broad spectrum antibiotic produced by chemical modification of lincomycin. Clindamycin hydrochloride is used as a solid in capsules.


The hydrochloride salt form of clomipramine, a tertiary amine salt derivative of dibenzazepine. Clomipramine hydrochloride is a tricyclic antidepressant that acts by reducing the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the central nervous system, thereby enhancing the effects of these neurotransmitters. This drug also binds to alpha-adrenergic, histaminergic, and cholinergic receptors which are responsible for the many side effects seen with this agent.


The hydrochloride salt form of the tropane alkaloid cocaine, with central nervous systems (CNS) stimulating and local anesthetic activity. Cocaine binds to the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transport proteins and inhibits the re-uptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine into pre-synaptic neurons. This leads to an accumulation of the respective neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and may result in increased postsynaptic receptor activation. Its effect on dopamine levels causes CNS stimulation and euphoria, and ultimately dependence. The mechanism of action through which cocaine exerts its local anesthetic effects is by binding to and blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane. By stabilizing neuronal membranes, cocaine inhibits the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses and produces a reversible loss of sensation.


An aminothiol salt used in the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. Cysteamine bitartrate enters the cell and reacts with cystine producing cysteine and cysteine-cysteamine mixed disulfide compound, both of which, unlike cystine, can pass through the lysosomal membrane. This prevents the accumulation of cystine crystals in the lysosomes of patients with cystinosis, which can cause considerable damage and eventual destruction of the cells, particularly in the kidneys. (NCI05)


The hydrochloride salt of an anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic with therapeutic effects similar to those of doxorubicin. Daunorubicin exhibits cytotoxic activity through topoisomerase-mediated interaction with DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.


The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline, a broad-spectrum, tetracycline derivative exhibiting antimicrobial, aquaretic and chelating activities. In bacteria, demeclocycline binds reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocks the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the mRNA-ribosome complex, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and bacterial cell death. In mammals, this agent interferes with the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) at the level of the renal collecting tubule, resulting in aquaresis. In addition, demeclocycline, which like other tetracyclines chelates calcium in bone and exhibits a yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) light, may be used as a fluorescent bone-labeling agent in bone histomorphometry.


The hydrochloride salt of a diacetyl derivative of the opiate morphine, a naturally occurring alkaloid extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy (Papaver sp.). Once administered, diamorphine (or diacetylmorphine) is rapidly hydrolyzed to 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and then to the end-product morphine which binds to opiate receptors located throughout the mammalian nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Inducing a potent analgesia, the use of diamoprhine is often escalated due to a tolerance effect, resulting in abuse that is associated with fatal overdose, abortion, venous sclerosis, and opportunistic infections, among other adverse effects. (NCI04)


The potassium salt form of diclofenac, a benzene acetic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. Diclofenac potassium is a non-selective reversible and competitive inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX), subsequently blocking the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin precursors. This leads to an inhibition of the formation of prostaglandins that are involved in pain, inflammation and fever.


A sympathomimetic amine structurally similar to amphetamine with anorexiant activity. Diethylpropion hydrochloride stimulates the central nervous system and increases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve terminals and inhibits their uptake. This suppresses appetite, increases motor activity, causes euphoria, mental alertness and excitement. This drug may also cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Diethylpropion hydrochloride is used in the treatment of obesity.


A malate salt of diltazem, a benzothiazepine calcium channel blocking agent. Diltiazem inhibits the transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into select myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing dilatation of coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility. Because of its vasodilatory activity, this agent has been shown to improve the microcirculation in some tumors, thereby potentially improving the delivery of antineoplastic agents to tumor cells.


The calcium salt of docusate, a dioctyl salt and an emollient laxative with stool-softening activity. Docusate decreases surface tension and emulsification of fecal matter and allows water to penetrate and mix with stool. As a result, it softens the stool.


The hydrochloride salt form of diphenoxylate, a piperidine derivate, chemically related to narcotic meperidine, with antidiarrheal activity and devoid of central nervous system (CNS) activity. Diphenoxylate acts on opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby decreasing gastrointestinal motility and causing constipation or preventing diarrhea.


The hydrochloride salt form of dopamine, a monoamine compound with positive inotropic activity. Dopamine is a naturally occurring catecholamine formed by decarboxylation of dehydroxyphenylalanine and a precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine binds to alpha-1- and beta-1- adrenergic receptors. Mediated through myocardial beta-1-adrenergic receptors, dopamine increase heart rate and force, thereby increasing cardiac output. Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor stimulation on vascular smooth muscle, leads to vasoconstriction and results in an increase in systemic vascular resistance. Stimulation of dopaminergic receptors in renal vasculature, leads to renal blood vessel dilation, and an increase in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, sodium excretion, and urine output.


A peripheral and central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. Doxapram hydrochloride stimulates respiration by an action on chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and, at increased dosage, stimulates central respiratory centers in the medulla as well as other parts of the brain and spinal cord. This results in an increased tidal volume and a slightly increased respiratory rate. Doxapram hydrochloride may also improve cardiac output probably due to an increased release of catecholamines. This respiratory stimulant is used in postanesthesia respiratory depression.


The calcium salt form of doxycycline exhibiting antimicrobial activity. Doxycycline blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. In addition, this agent has exhibited inhibition of collagenase activity. (NCI)


The chloride salt of a white crystalline bitter alkaloid isolated from the root of the plant Psychotria Ipecacuanha (ipecac root) and other plants with antiemetic and anthelminthic properties. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic (but not prokaryotic) cells by irreversibly blocking ribosome movement along the mRNA strand and inhibits DNA replication in the early S phase of the cell cycle. (NCI04)


The hydrochloride salt of fenfluramine, an amphetamine derivative and a sympathomimetic stimulant with appetite-suppressant properties. Fenfluramine, which was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity medication, stimulates the release of serotonin from vesicular storage, and modulates serotonin transporter function. Since serotonin regulates mood and appetite, among other functions, increased serotonin level results in a feeling of fullness and loss of appetite.


The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine, a phthalazine derivative with antihypertensive and potential antineoplastic activities. Hydralazine alters intracellular calcium release and interferes with smooth muscle cell calcium influx, resulting in arterial vasodilatation. This agent also inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin protein and chelation of trace metals required for smooth muscle contraction, resulting in an increase in heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output. In addition to its cardiovascular effects, hydralazine inhibits DNA methyltransferase, which may result in inhibition of DNA methylation in tumor cells.


The hydrochloride salt form of isoproterenol, a synthetic catechol compound and potent beta adrenergic agonist with peripheral vasodilator, bronchodilator, and cardiac stimulating properties. Isoproterenol exerts its effect on the beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the myocardium, thereby increasing heart rate and cardiac output. In addition, isoproterenol acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchiolar and vascular smooth muscle, thereby causing smooth muscle relaxation.


The sulfate salt form of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist with bronchodilator activity. Isoproterenol binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, thereby activating intracellular adenyl cyclase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increased cAMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, relieve bronchospasms, improve mucociliary clearance and inhibit the release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells.


The hydrochloride salt of isoxsuprine, a benzyl alcohol derivative with vasodilator activity. The mechanism of action of isoxsuprine hydrochloride is controversial because this drug has beta-adrenergic agonist activities that are not reversed by beta-adrenergic blockers. Although stimulation of the beta adrenergic receptor increases blood flow to produce vasodilatation, this drug may also have direct effects on the contractility of smooth muscle. Isoxsuprine hydrochloride also causes relaxation of uterine smooth muscle and may also produce positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the myocardium.


The hydrochloride salt form of lincomycin, a lincosamide antibiotic originally identified in actinomycete Streptomyces lincolnensis with activity against gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria.


The hydrochloride salt form of loperamide, a synthetic, piperidine derivative and opioid agonist with antidiarrheal activity. Loperamide acts on the mu-receptors in the intestinal mucosa. This leads to a decrease in gastrointestinal motility by decreasing the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle activity of the intestinal wall. This slows intestinal transit and allows for more water and electrolyte absorption from the intestines. Loperamide is not significantly absorbed from the gut and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore it has no central nervous system effects.


The hydrochloride salt form of meclizine, a synthetic piperazine with anti-emetic, sedative and histamine H1 antagonistic properties. Meclizine hydrochloride blocks the H1 histamine receptor and prevents the symptoms that are caused by histamine activity on capillaries, bronchial and gastrointestinal smooth muscles, including vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, and spasmodic contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscles. Meclizine hydrochloride may exert its antiemetic effects by its anticholinergic actions or due to a direct effect on the medullary chemoreceptive trigger zone.


The hydrochloride salt form of levomethadyl acetate, a synthetic mu-receptor agonist with analgesic activity. Levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride mimics the actions of endogenous peptides at CNS opioid receptors, including analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia and physical dependence. Levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride has less severe withdrawal symptoms compared to the morphine-like agents. In addition, with chronic use, levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride produces cross-tolerance to the effects of other mu-receptor agonists, thereby decreasing the physical dependence.


The hydrochloride salt form of methamphetamine, an amphetamine and sympathomimetic amine with CNS stimulating properties. Methamphetamine hydrochloride acts by facilitating the release of catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline and dopamine, from nerve terminals in the brain and inhibits their uptake. This leads to an increase in synaptic concentration of these neurotransmitters and results in an increase of motor activity, causes euphoria, mental alertness and excitement and suppresses appetite. Methamphetamine hydrochloride causes dependence and may cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.


The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities. Although its mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, un-ionized metronidazole is readily taken up by obligate anaerobic organisms and is subsequently reduced by low-redox potential electron-transport proteins to an active, intermediate product. Reduced metronidazole causes DNA strand breaks, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and bacterial cell growth.


The hydrochloride salt form of molindone, a dihydroindolone compound with antipsychotic and anti-schizophrenic properties not structurally related to other major tranquilizers. Molindone hydrochloride exerts its effect by blocking dopamine receptors, probably D2 and D3, in the reticular activating and limbic systems, thereby decreasing dopamine excess in the brain. This leads to a reduction of spontaneous locomotion and aggressiveness, suppression of conditioned response, antagonism of stereotyped behaviour and hyperactivity induced by amphetamines.


The hydrochloride salt form of naphazoline, an imidazole derivative and a direct-acting sympathomimetic amine with vasoconstrictive properties. Upon ocular administration, naphazoline hydrochloride exerts its effect by acting on alpha-adrenergic receptors in the arterioles of the conjunctiva to produce vasoconstriction, resulting in decreased conjunctival congestion and diminished itching, irritation and redness.


The hydrochloride salt of oxycodone, a methylether of oxymorphone and semisynthetic opioid agonist with analgesic and antitussive properties. Oxycodone binds to mu-receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of endogenous opiates. In addition to analgesia and a depressive effect on the cough center in the medulla, this agent may cause euphoria, anxiolysis, miosis, sedation, physical dependence, constipation, and respiratory depression, depending on dosage and variations in individual metabolism.


The hydrochloride salt form of oxymorphone, a semisynthetic opioid with a potent analgesic property. Oxymorphone hydrochloride binds to and activates opiate receptors, specifically mu-receptors, in the central nervous system (CNS). This results in sedation, analgesia, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and respiratory depression.


The hydrobromide salt form of hydroxyamphetamine, an indirect-acting sympathomimetic amine with adrenergic properties. Hydroxyamphetamine, when applied topically to the eye, stimulates the release of norepinephrine from postganglionic adrenergic nerves resulting in the stimulation of both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Local alpha stimulatory effects include dilation of the pupil, increased flow of aqueous humor, and vasoconstriction; whereas beta stimulatory effects include relaxation of the ciliary muscle and a decreased production in aqueous humor.


The hydrochloride salt form of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor with antidepressant activity. Pargyline selectively inhibits MAO type B, an enzyme catalyzing the oxidative deamination and inactivation of certain catecholamines, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, within the presynaptic nerve terminals. By inhibiting the metabolism of these biogenic amines in the brain, pargyline increases their concentration and binding to postsynaptic receptors. Increased receptor stimulation may cause downregulation of central receptors which may attribute to pargyline's antidepressant effect.


The sulfate salt form of penbutolol, a lipophilic, nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with anti-anginal and antihypertensive activities. Penbutolol competitively binds to and blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, thereby decreasing cardiac contractility and rate. This leads to a reduction in cardiac output and lowers blood pressure. In addition, bisoprolol prevents the release of renin, a hormone secreted by the kidneys that causes constriction of blood vessels.


The hydrochloride salt form of phentermine, a sympathomimetic amine with central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and appetite depressant properties. Phentermine hydrochloride stimulates the release of norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endings and blocks the reuptake of these monoamines at the neuronal junctions, resulting in CNS stimulation and metabolic effects, including appetite-suppression, decreased gastric acid secretion and increased blood pressure.


The hydrochloride form of propranolol, a synthetic beta-adrenergic receptor blocker with antianginal, antiarrhythmic, and antihypertensive properties. Propranolol competitively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, thereby inhibiting beta-adrenergic reactions, such as vasodilation, and negative chronotropic and inotropic effects.


The dihydrochloride salt of the 9-aminoacridine derivative quinacrine with potential antineoplastic and antiparasitic activities. Quinacrine may inhibit the transcription and activity of both basal and inducible nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which may result in the induction of tumor suppressor p53 transcription, the restoration of p53-dependent apoptotic pathways, and tumor cell apoptosis. Continuous NF-kappaB signaling, present in many tumors and in chronic inflammatory processes, promotes the expression of antiapoptotic proteins and cytokines while downregulating the expression of proapoptotic proteins, such as p53.


The hydrochloride salt form of rimantadine, a cyclic amine and alpha-methyl derivative of amantadine with antiviral activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of rimantadine is not understood, this agent appears to exert its antiviral effect against influenza A virus by interfering with the function of the transmembrane domain of the viral M2 protein, thereby preventing the uncoating of the virus and subsequent release of infectious viral nucleic acids into the cytoplasm of infected cells.


The sodium salt form of sulbactam, a beta-lactam with weak antibacterial property. Sulbactam sodium contains a beta-lactam ring and irreversibly binds to beta-lactamase at or near its active site, thereby blocking enzyme activity and preventing metabolism of other beta-lactam antibiotics. Combining this agent with a beta-lactamase sensitive antibiotic such as penicillins and cephalosporins against penicillinase-producing and beta-lactamase-producing organisms, results in a decreased turnover rate of the sensitive antibiotic and enhances its antibacterial property.


The sodium salt form of sulfacetamide, a synthetic sulfanylacetamide derivative with bacteriostatic activity. Sulfacetamide inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis by competing with para amino benzoic acid. With a broad spectrum of action, it is used as an anti-infective topical agent to treat skin infections and as an oral agent for urinary tract infections. (NCI04)


The hydrochloride salt form of trazodone, a synthetic triazolopyridine derivative with antidepressant and sedative properties. Based on studies from animal models, trazodone selectively inhibits the re-uptake of serotonin by synaptosomes in the brain, thereby increasing serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft and potentiating serotonin activity. Trazodone is not a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and, unlike amphetamine-type drugs, does not stimulate the central nervous system. The sedative effect of trazodone is likely via alpha-adrenergic and mild histamine H1 blocking actions.


The chloride salt form of tubocurarine, a naturally occurring curare alkaloid isolated from the bark and stem of Chondodendron tomentosum with a muscle relaxant property. Tubocurarine chloride competes with acetylcholine for the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles, thereby inhibiting the action of acetylcholine and blocking the neural transmission without depolarizing the postsynaptic membrane. This may lead to skeletal muscle relaxation and paralysis.


The hydrochloride salt of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic idarubicin. Idarubicin intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and ultimately, interfering with RNA and protein synthesis. Due to its high lipophilicity, idarubicin penetrates cell membranes more efficiently than other anthracycline antibiotic compounds


The sodium salt form of ceftizoxime and a semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase resistant, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Ceftizoxime sodium inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by inactivating penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) thereby interfering with the final transpeptidation step required for cross-linking of peptidoglycan units which are a component of the cell wall. Lack of cross-linking results in a reduction of cell wall stability and leads to cell lysis.


The sodium salt form of cilastatin, a renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor, that can be used to inhibit the activity of renal dehydropeptidase. Upon administration of cilastatin sodium, cilastatin targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of renal dehydropeptidase. This reduces the breakdown of drugs, such as the broad spectrum beta-lactam carbapenem imipenem, by renal dehydropeptidase, and thereby increases the activity and therapeutic effect of such drugs that would otherwise be metabolized by renal dehydropeptidase.


The hydrochloride salt form of mefloquine, a piperidinyl quinidine with antimalarial activity. Although the exact mechanism of mefloquine hydrochloride is largely unknown, this agent acts as a blood schizonticide and probably exert its actions by interacting with the phospholipid bilayer, thereby interfering with the stability of the cell membrane and causing cell lysis. Mefloquine hydrochloride is active against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.


The sodium salt form of ganciclovir, a synthetic, antiviral, purine nucleoside analog with antiviral activity, especially against cytomegalovirus (CMV). Ganciclovir sodium is a prodrug that is phosphorylated and subsequently converted into its triphosphate form, the active metabolite ganciclovir-5-triphosphate (ganciclovir-TP), in the infected cells by cellular kinases. Ganciclovir-TP competes as a substrate with nucleotide triphosphates for viral DNA polymerase. Once it gets incorporated into DNA strand, it prevents further polymerization of DNA, thereby interfering with viral DNA replication.


The sodium salt of a low molecular weight, synthetic heparin. As an anticoagulant/antithrombotic agent, dalteparin binds to antithrombin and enhances the inhibition of Factor Xa. Compared to unfractionated heparins, the use of dalteparin is associated with lower incidences of osteoporosis and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.


diamine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications.


The sodium salt form of fosphenytoin, a prodrug that is hydrolyzed to the anticonvulsant phenytoin upon parental administration. Phenytoin exerts its effect most likely through an enhancement of sodium efflux from neurons in the motor cortex. This leads to a suppression of excessive neuronal firing and spread of seizure activity. Other physiologic effects from actions of phenytoin include modulation of the voltage-dependent calcium channels of neurons, inhibition of calcium flux across neuronal membranes and enhancement of sodium-potassium ATPase activity of neurons and glial cells. (NCI05)


Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.


A synthetic, nonsteroidal antiandrogen. Bicalutamide competitively binds to cytosolic androgen receptors in target tissues, thereby inhibiting the receptor binding of androgens. This agent does not bind to most mutated forms of androgen receptors. (NCI04)


The disodium salt form of tiludronate, a first-generation, non-nitrogenous bisphosphonate analogue of endogenous pyrophosphate. Tiludronate adsorbs to hydroxyapatite cells, and although the exact mechanism through which this bisphosphonate exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, tiludronate appears to inhibit protein-tyrosine-phosphatase (PTP) in osteoclasts, thereby disrupting the cytoskeletal ring structure and suppressing the bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts. In addition, tiludronate appears to inhibit the vacuolar-type proton ATPase (V-ATPase) in osteoclasts. Altogether, this may reduce the number of osteoclasts, inhibit abnormal bone resorption and reduce bone turnover.


brand name of lansoprazole a drug used to treat heartburn


An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.


A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.


An orally bioavailable chelate composed of zinc and L-carnosine, with potential gastroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, polaprezinc increases the expression of various anti-oxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), SOD-2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), peroxidredoxin-1 (PRDX1; PRXI) and PRXD5 (PRXV) in the gastric mucosa, which protect cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, this agent inhibits the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and reduces the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). Polaprezinc also increases the expression of various growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), and various heat shock proteins (HSPs), including HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP47, HSP27, and HSP10. This protects against damages to, and accelerates healing of the gastric mucosa.


The calcium salt of atorvastatin, a synthetic lipid-lowering agent. Atorvastatin competitively inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent increases the number of LDL receptors on hepatic cell surfaces, enhancing the uptake and catabolism of LDL and reducing LDL production and the number of LDL particles, and lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. Like other statins, atorvastatin may also display direct antineoplastic activity, possibly by inhibiting farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of proteins such as small GTP-binding proteins, which may result in the arrest of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This agent may also sensitize tumor cells to cyctostatic drugs, possibly through the mTOR-dependent inhibition of Akt phosphorylation.


A synthetic lipid-lowering agent. Atorvastatin competitively inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. Atorvastatin also increases the number of LDL receptors on hepatic cell surfaces to enhance uptake and catabolism of LDL and reduces LDL production and the number of LDL particles. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels and modulates immune responses by suppressing MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells. (NCI04)


The acetate salt form of icatibant, an antagonist of the human bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R), that can be used for the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE). Upon administration, icatibant targets and binds to B2R, thereby preventing bradykinin from binding to the B2R. This may prevent bradykinin/B2R-mediated vasodilation, the resulting increase in vascular permeability, and the swelling, inflammation, and pain associated with HAE. This may also prevent or improve pulmonary edema not associated with HAE and improve the associated decrease in blood oxygen levels.


The mesylate salt form of saquinavir, a peptidomimetic inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease.


An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.


A competitive and reversible angiotensin II receptor antagonist with anti-hypertensive property. Eprosartan blocks the binding of angiotensin II to the angiotensin (AT)1 receptor in vascular smooth muscle, thereby blocking the principal pressor action of angiotensin II on the renin-angiotensin system resulting in vascular dilatation. In addition, this agent blocks angiotensin II -induced stimulation of aldosterone synthesis and secretion by the adrenal cortex, cardiac contraction, renal resorption of sodium, activity of the sympathetic nervous system, and smooth muscle cell growth. Furthermore, eprosartan inhibits sympathetic norepinephrine production, thereby further reducing blood pressure.


brand name of quetiapine, a drug used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder


A semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase-resistant, third-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefditoren binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.


A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.


A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.


A Fab fragment of the chimeric monoclonal antibody 7E3 and inhibitor of the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor, that blocks platelet aggregation. Abciximab binds to the GP IIb/IIIa receptor on the platelet membrane, which inhibits the binding of fibrinogen to the GP IIb/IIIa receptor. This prevents both platelet aggregation and thrombus formation.


A synthetic, topical retinoid. Tazarotene induces the expression of tazarotene-induced gene 3 (TIG3), a tumor suppressor gene. In psoriasis, tazarotene normalizes abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and reduces their hyperproliferation. (NCI04)


An agent belonging to the glitazone class of antidiabetic agents with antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to its selective affinity for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and its ability to lower blood glucose levels, rosiglitazone also exerts anti-inflammatory activity through its ability to inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-KB) activity and increase I-kappaB levels. In addition, rosiglitazone may cause fluid retention and may worsen congestive heart failure. This agent is also associated with an increased risk of heart attacks.


The maleate salt of methylergonovine, a semi-synthetic ergot alkaloid with vasoconstrictive and uterotonic effects. Methylergonovine stimulates serotoninergic and dopaminergic receptors as well as inhibits the release of endothelial-derived relaxation factor. This results in arterial vasoconstriction and increased uterine smooth muscle contractions.


A random polymer of L-ALANINE, L-GLUTAMIC ACID, L-LYSINE, and L-TYROSINE that structurally resembles MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN. It is used in the treatment of RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.


a drug used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


A nitrile and triazole derivative that acts as a selective nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of ESTROGEN NUCLEAR RECEPTOR-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women.


A gadolinium-based, hydrophilic, macrocyclic, electrically neutral contrast agent used in contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI). Gadobutrol is a non-ionic, paramagnetic complex consisting of gadolinium (Gd3+) chelated with the macrocyclic compound dihydroxy-hydroxymethylpropyl-tetraazacyclododecane-triacetic acid (butrol). Following intravenous administration, gadobutrol may increase MRI sensitivity for the detection of tumors and inflammatory and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) that are associated with areas with blood-brain barrier defects due to altered perfusion or an enlarged extracellular space. This agent is eliminated in an unchanged form via the kidneys; extra-renal elimination is negligible.


The hydrochloride salt form of alosetron, a potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Alosetron blocks the actions of serotonin at 5-HT3 sites in the peripheral nervous system, particularly on enteric and nociceptive sensory neurons, thereby affecting the regulation of visceral pain, decreasing gastrointestinal contraction and motility, and decreasing gastrointestinal secretions. This agent is used to treat diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in women.


A potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Alosetron blocks the actions of serotonin at 5-HT3 sites in the peripheral nervous system, particularly on enteric and nociceptive sensory neurons, thereby affecting the regulation of visceral pain, decreasing gastrointestinal contraction and motility, and decreasing gastrointestinal secretions. This agent is used to treat diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in women.


Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.


An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.


A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human insulin. In lispro insulin, the amino acid proline at B-28 and the amino acid lysine at B-29 are reversed, resulting in the rapid dissolution of this insulin to a monomer that is absorbed rapidly after subcutaneous administration. Lispro insulin is equipotent to human insulin on a molar basis but its effects are faster and of shorter duration. Endogenous insulin, a pancreatic hormone composed of two polypeptide chains, is important in the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, promoting glucose utilization and protein synthesis; it has anabolic effects on many types of tissues. (NCI04)


A second generation, long-lasting selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist with antiinflammatory property. Fexofenadine is a highly selective and reversible competitor at peripheral H1 histamine receptors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood vessels, and bronchial smooth muscle. This agent interferes with mediators release from mast cells either by inhibiting calcium ion influx across mast cell/basophil plasma membrane or by inhibiting intracellular calcium ion release within the cells. In addition fexofenadine may also inhibit the late-phase allergic reaction by acting on leukotrienes or prostaglandins, or by producing an anti-platelet activating factor effect. Overall, this agent blocks the actions of endogenous histamine, thereby leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms associated with histamine and achieve effects such as decreased vascular permeability, reduction of pruritus and localized smooth muscle relaxation.


A water-soluble, tri-iodinated, non-ionic monomeric benzoate derivative and contrast medium used in diagnostic radiography. Upon administration, iobitridol is distributed through the vascular system and interstitial space. Like other organic iodine compounds, this agent blocks x-rays and appears opaque on x-ray film thus, enhancing the visibility of body parts containing this agent. Iobitridol is rapidly removed by the kidneys in an unchanged form, and in cases of renal failure, heterotropic excretion occurs via the biliary route.


An orally bioavailable and deuterated form of the synthetic antifibrotic agent pirfenidone, with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. Upon administration, deupirfenidone inhibits a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b). This may reduce fibrosis, inflammation and infection, and may repair the impaired lymphatic flow, decrease lymphedema and restore lymphatic function. In the lungs, deupirfenidone may abrogate impaired lung function, lymphoedema and pulmonary fibrosis.


A selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilating activities. Upon administration, montelukast selectively and competitively blocks the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 (CysLT1) receptor, preventing binding of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene D4 (LTD4). Inhibition of LTD4 activity results in inhibition of leukotriene-mediated inflammatory events including migration of eosinophils and neutrophils, adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium, monocyte and neutrophil aggregation, increased airway edema, increased capillary permeability, and bronchoconstriction. The CysLT1 receptor is found in a number of tissues including spleen, lung, placenta, small intestine, and nasal mucosa, and in a variety of cell types including monocyte/macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, CD34-positive hemopoietic progenitor cells, neutrophils and endothelial cells.


A saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 20-carbon backbone. Arachidic acid is found naturally as a minor component of peanut oil.


A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.


A quinoline derivate and atypical anti-psychotic agent. Aripiprazole has partial agonistic activity at dopamine D2 receptors and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, as well as potent antagonistic activity on serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. This drug stabilizes dopamine and serotonin activity in the limbic and cortical system. Aripiprazole is used in managing symptoms of schizophrenia and of acute manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorders.


A selective progesterone receptor modulator with anti-progesterone activity. Ulipristal binds to the progesterone receptor (PR), thereby inhibiting PR-mediated gene expression, and interfering with progesterone activity in the reproductive system. As a result, this agent may suppress the growth of uterine leiomyomatosis. Furthermore, by inhibiting or delaying ovulation and effecting endometrial tissue, ulipristal can be used as an emergency contraception.


The essential oil obtained from ground nutmeg. Nutmeg oil is typically used as a food flavoring but also has analgesic properties.


The oils extracted from the leaves or bark of Cinnamomum verum. Cinnamon bark oil is used as a flavoring, in parfumary, and in medicinal preparations. Cinnamon leaf oil has similar uses but is often used for its industrial applications.


The oil extracted from the seed press-cake of Prunus amygdalus var. amara. Bitter almond oil is used as a flavoring and sweetener.


A common name for some Garcinia species, derived from a corruption of the word Cambodia, where the plant is found.


A topical anti-fungal agent. Acrisorcin is comprised of two active ingredients, 9-aminoacridine and 4-hexylresorcinol, but its clinical use has been discontinued.


A sulfonamide antibiotic used for topical application to the skin and the conjunctiva.


The calcium salt of undecylenic acid, an 11 carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Undecylenic acid inhibits the morphogenesis of Candida albicans to its invasive fungal form and inhibits the conversion of unicellular yeast to their hyphal form.


A natural or synthetic fungistatic fatty acid, antifungal Zinc Undecylenate is used topically in creams against fungal infections, eczemas, ringworm, and other cutaneous conditions. The zinc provides an astringent action, reducing rawness and irritation. (NCI04)


The sodium salt form of aminosalicylic acid, an analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) with antitubercular activity. Aminosalicylate sodium exerts its bacteriostatic activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by competing with PABA for enzymes involved in folate synthesis, thereby suppressing growth and reproduction of M. tuberculosis, eventually leading to cell death.


A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.


The aluminum salt form of carbonic acid, an antacid with phosphate binding activity. Upon oral administration of aluminum carbonate, aluminum is able to bind to phosphate in the intestines, including the radionuclide phosphate P-32, thereby preventing phosphate uptake.


calcium chloride 20 MG / potassium chloride 30 MG / sodium chloride 600 MG / sodium lactate 310 MG per 100 mL lactated Ringer's Irrigation Solution

calcium chloride 20 MG / potassium chloride 30 MG / sodium chloride 600 MG / sodium lactate 310 MG per 100 ML Irrigation Solution

calcium chloride 0.001 MEQ/ML / potassium chloride 0.004 MEQ/ML / sodium chloride 0.103 MEQ/ML / sodium lactate 0.028 MEQ/ML Irrigation Solution

Calcium Chloride 0.001 MEQ/ML / Pot Chloride 0.004 MEQ/ML / NaCl 0.103 MEQ/ML / Sodium Lactate 0.028 MEQ/ML Irrigation Solution

Calcium Chloride 0.001 MEQ/ML / K+ Chloride 0.004 MEQ/ML / NaCl 0.103 MEQ/ML / Sodium Lactate 0.028 MEQ/ML Irrigation Solution


A pyrimidinedione-based diuretic. Aminometradine appears to inhibit the reabsorption of sodium ions by the renal tubules and is a relatively weak diuretic.


The hydrochloride salt form of arginine, an essential amino acid in juvenile humans. Arginine is a complex amino acid, often found at active sites in proteins and enzymes due to its amine-containing side chain. Arginine may prevent or treat heart and circulatory diseases, combat fatigue, and stimulate the immune system. It also boosts production of nitric oxide, relaxing blood vessels, and treating angina and other cardiovascular problems. Arginine is also an important intermediate in the urea cycle and in detoxification of nitrogenous wastes. (NCI04)


A phospholipid with a polar serine found in phosphoester linkage to diacylglycerol.


A pale-yellow to red fatty oil; soluble in ether, chloroform, and carbon disulfide; taste and aroma are similar to almond oil; the oil is expressed from blanched seeds of peaches or apricots; used as a flavoring, in medicine, and as a nutrient similar to olive and almond oils. (online dictionary)


A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.


An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation.


A radioactive isotope of iodine with an atomic mass of 131, a half life of eight days, and potential antineoplastic activity. Selectively accumulating in the thyroid gland, iodine I 131 emits beta and gamma particles, thereby killing thyroid cells and decreasing thyroid hormone production.


A radioisotope with a physical half-life of 2.83 days, used to label agents for diagnosis, disease progression and treatment. (NCI)


One of the radioactive isotopes of technetium, a gamma/beta-emitter with a half life of 6 hours.


Hydrocarbon solvents with flash points above 38 degrees C


The essential oil extracted from the leaves of Pimenta dioica. Pimenta leaf oil is used to treat tooth and gum pain.


An essential oil derived from Pimpinella anisum.


The essential oil from the leaves of the West Indian bay tree. Bay oil is used in parfumery and also in medicinal preparations.


The oil pressed from the seed fruits of Carum carvi. Caraway oil is used as a fragrance component.


The essential oil from Elettaria cardomomum. Cardamom oil is used for its aromatic properties, in cooking, and in medicinal preparations.


The oil extracted from the foliage and wood of various conifers, especially Thuja occidentalis. Cedar oil is typically used for its aromatic properties.


The essential oil extracted from the seeds of Coriandrum sativum. Coriander seed oil is used in aromatherapy, to calm the digestive system, and for rheumatic and arthritic pain.


The oil extracted from the seeds of Foeniculum vulgare. Fennel oil is commonly used to treat disorders of the digestive system.


The oil extracted from the fruit peel of Citrus limon. Lemon oil is used as a flavoring and for its aromatic qualities. It is also said to have many medicinal purposes.


The essential oil extracted from the needles and twigs of Pinus sylvestris. Pine oil is used for aromatherapy and for its antiseptic qualities in soaps and cleaning products.


The essential oil extracted from the petals of various rose varieties and species. Rose oil is commonly used in parfumery.


The essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. Rosemary oil is used primarily for its aromatic properties.


The oil extracted from the heartwood of Santalum album. Sandalwood oil is used in perfumery, aromatherapy and skin care.


The oil extracted from the roots of any of the three species of Sassafras. Due to the toxic compound safrole at high concentration in the oil, sassafras oil is banned for use in the United States.


The essential oil of Thymus vulgaris. Thyme oil is used for its antibiotic and antifungal activities.


The essential oil from the rhizome of Acorus calamus. Calamus oil is used in the treatment of digestive disorders and as a nervous system stimulant.


The essential oil of Zingiber officinale. Ginger oil has been used for digestive health.


The essential oil of Humulus lupulus. Hops oil has antimicrobial and antiseptic properties and is also reported to have diuretic and sedative effect.


The essential oil extracted from the foliage and twigs of Melaleuca viridiflora. Niaouli oil is used for aromatherapy and for its antiseptic properties.


The oil extracted from the seeds of Petroselinum sativum. Parsley seed oil is used primarily for the treatment of digestive issues.


oil of patchouli
Pogostemon cablin leaf oil

The essential oil extracted from the leaves of Pogostemon cablin. Patchouli oil is used primarily in parfumery and other aromatic applications.


A tablet that must be chewed to release the active and/or inert ingredient(s).


The hydrochloride salt form of tripelennamine, an ethylenediamine derivative with an antihistaminergic property. Tripelennamine hydrochloride competitively blocks central and peripheral histamine H1 receptors, thereby limiting histamine's effects, including bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and spasmodic contractions of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. In addition, this agent binds to muscarinic receptors, resulting in anticholinergic activity.


The hydrochloride salt form of bromodiphenhydramine, a synthetic ethanolamine with histamine H1 antagonistic and sedative properties. Bromodiphenhydramine hydrochloride blocks the H1 histamine receptor and prevents the symptoms that are caused by histamine activity on capillaries, bronchial smooth muscle, and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, including vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, and spasmodic contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. This drug also prevents histamine-induced pain and itching of mucous membranes.


An ethanolamine class of H1 antihistamines with mild antimuscarinic and sedative properties. Carbinoxamine diminishes the typical histaminergic effects on H1-receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, capillaries, and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, pain, itching, and spasmodic contractions of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Carbinoxamine maleate is used to provide symptomatic relieve of allergic symptoms.


The hydrochloride salt form of buclizine, a piperazine histamine H1 receptor antagonist with primarily antiemetic and antivertigo activities. Buclizine binds to and blocks the histamine H1 receptor, thereby preventing the symptoms that are caused by histamine activity. Buclizine exerts its anti-emetic effect by binding to and blocking the muscarinic and histamine receptors in the vomiting center of the central nervous system (CNS). This may prevent activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and may reduce nausea and vomiting.


The palmitate hydrochloride form of clindamycin, a semi-synthetic, chlorinated broad spectrum antibiotic produced by chemical modification of lincomycin. Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride is used for oral suspension.


The sulfate salt form of codeine, a naturally occurring phenanthrene alkaloid and opioid agonist with analgesic, antidiarrheal and antitussive activity. Codeine sulfate mimics the actions of opioids by binding to the opioid receptors at many sites within the central nervous system (CNS). Stimulation of the mu-subtype opioid receptor stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex and subsequently inhibits adenylate cyclase. This results in a decrease in intracellular cAMP and leads to a reduction in the release of neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenaline. The analgesic effect of codeine sulfate is likely due to its metabolite morphine, which induces opening of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels and blocks the opening of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels, thereby resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability.


The pamoate salt of imipramine, a synthetic dibenzazepine derivative with anti-depressant activity. Imipramine pamoate, a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) potentiates the activity of adrenergic synapses by blocking the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, thereby preventing their degradation and increasing their availability. This drug also has antimuscarinic and anti-histamine properties, which contribute to its side effects.


The sulfate salt form of tranylcypromine, an orally bioavailable, nonselective, irreversible, non-hydrazine inhibitor of both monoamine oxidase (MAO) and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/BHC110), with antidepressant and anxiolytic activities, and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, tranylcypromine exerts its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects through the inhibition of MAO, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. This increases the concentrations and activity of these neurotransmitters. Tranylcypromine exerts its antineoplastic effect through the inhibition of LSD1. Inhibition of LSD1 prevents the transcription of LSD1 target genes. LSD1, a flavin-dependent monoamine oxidoreductase and a histone demethylase, is upregulated in a variety of cancers and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.


The hydrochloride salt of trifluoperazine, a phenothiazine derivative and a dopamine, alpha-adrenergic, and anticholinergic antagonist with antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and antiemetic activities. Trifluoperazine blocks central dopamine receptors, which may prevent or mitigate delusions and hallucinations caused by an excess of dopamine; dopamine blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) may result in an antiemetic effect. This agent binds to central adrenergic receptors, which may result in anxiolytic effects. Trifluoperazine also functions as a calmodulin inhibitor, elevating cytosolic calcium.


The hydrochloride salt form of thiothixene, a thioxanthene derivative and a dopamine antagonist with antipsychotic property. Thiothixene blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic system and medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby decreasing dopamine activity leading to decreased stimulation of the vomiting center and psychotic effects, such as hallucinations and delusions. In addition, this agent blocks the D2 somatodendritic autoreceptor, thereby increasing dopamine turnover. Thiothixene possesses weak affinity for the histamine H1 and alpha-adrenergic receptors.


The hydrochloride salt form of oxyphencyclimine, a synthetic tertiary amine and antimuscarinic agent with antispasmodic and antisecretory activities. Oxyphencyclimine binds to and blocks the muscarinic receptor on smooth muscle. This agent has a direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle and therefore prevents spasms in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, inhibits gastrointestinal propulsive motility, decreases gastric acid secretion and controls excessive pharyngeal, tracheal and bronchial secretion.


The bitartrate salt form of phenylephrine, a direct-acting sympathomimetic amine chemically related to adrenaline and ephedrine with potent vasoconstricting activity. Phenylephrine is a post-synaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist that causes vasoconstriction, increases systolic/diastolic pressures, reflex bradycardia, and increases stroke output.


The hydrochloride salt form of pseudoephedrine, a phenethylamine and an diastereomer of ephedrine with sympathomimetic property. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride displaces norepinephrine from storage vesicles in presynaptic neurones, thereby releasing norepinephrine into the neuronal synapses where it stimulates primarily alpha-adrenergic receptors. It also has weak direct agonist activity at alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptors. Receptor stimulation results in vasoconstriction and decreases nasal and sinus congestion.


The sulfate salt form of pseudoephedrine, a phenethylamine and a diastereomer of ephedrine with sympathomimetic property. Pseudoephedrine sulfate displaces norepinephrine from storage vesicles in presynaptic neurones, thereby releasing norepinephrine into the neuronal synapses where it stimulates primarily alpha-adrenergic receptors. It also has weak direct agonist activity at alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptors. Receptor stimulation results in vasoconstriction and decreases nasal and sinus congestion.


The sodium salt of methohexital, a rapid, short-acting barbituric acid derivative, with anesthetic activity. Methohexital binds to the chloride ionophore site of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A/chloride ionophore receptor complex, thereby enhancing the inhibitory actions of GABA-A in the brain. This leads to synaptic inhibition, decreased neuronal excitability and induction of anesthesia. In addition, this agent decreases glutamate (Glu) responses.


The hydrochloride salt of Dyclonine, an unclassified compound with local anesthetic effect. Dyclonine reversibly binds to activated sodium channels on the neuronal membrane, thereby decreasing the neuronal membrane's permeability to sodium ions, leading to an increased threshold for excitation. This reversibly stabilizes the membrane and inhibits depolarization, leading to the failure of a propagated action potential and subsequent conduction blockade. This results in a transient and reversible loss of sensation in a localized area of the body.


The sodium salt form of chlorothiazide, a short-acting, benzothiadiazinesulfonamide derivative belonging to the class of thiazide diuretics. Chlorothiazide is excreted unchanged by the kidneys.


extract from genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic digitalis glycosides; most useful species are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea.


The hydrochloride salt form of methyldopa, a phenylalanine derivate and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor with antihypertensive activity. Methyldopa is a prodrug and is metabolized in the central nervous system. The antihypertensive action of methyldopa seems to be attributable to its conversion into alpha-methylnorepinephrine, which is a potent alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that binds to and stimulates potent central inhibitory alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. This results in a decrease in sympathetic outflow and decreased blood pressure.


The hydrochloride salt form of glutamic acid, a non-essential amino acid. Used as a gastric acidifier, glutamic acid hydrochloride releases hydrochloric acid into the stomach, thereby lowering gastric pH. (NCI)


The hydrochloride salt form of naftifine, an allylamine derivate with synthetic broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Although the exact mechanism through which naftifine hydrochloride exerts its effect is unknown, it appears to selectively inhibit the enzyme squalene 2,3-epoxidase, thereby inhibiting the biosynthesis of sterol. This results in a decreased amount of sterols, especially ergosterol which is the primary fungal membrane sterol, and a corresponding accumulation of squalene in fungal cells. Naftifine hydrochloride can be fungicidal as well as fungistatic to yeasts depending on the concentration and the organisms involved.


A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Like other glucocorticoids, diflorasone enters the cell by diffusion across the cell membrane and binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the cytoplasm. The receptor complex subsequently translocates to the nucleus and activates or represses genes by interacting with short, palindromic DNA sequences called glucocorticoid response element (GRE). Gene activation leads to the exertion of anti-inflammatory effects, e.g. upregulation of IkappaB, while gene repression inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2 and IL-6, thereby preventing activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.


A ointment intended for administration in or around the eye.


hydrogen peroxide 300 MG/ML Topical Solution


hydrogen peroxide 30 MG/ML Topical Solution


The hydrochloride salt form of apraclonidine, a clonidine derivative with selective alpha-2-adrenergic agonistic property. When administered directly to eyes, apraclonidine hydrochloride enhances aqueous humor outflow and decreases aqueous production by vasoconstriction. It is used mostly in ophthalmic preparations for decreasing intraocular pressure.


The sodium salt form of flurbiprofen, a propionic acid derivative and a member of the phenylalkanoic acid group of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic effects. Flurbiprofen non-selectively binds to and inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX). This results in a reduction of arachidonic acid conversion into prostaglandins that are involved in the regulation of pain, inflammation and fever. This NSAID also inhibits carbonic anhydrase, thereby reducing the production of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. Upon ocular administration, flurbiprofen may reduce bicarbonate ion concentrations leading to a decrease in the production of aqueous humor, thereby lowering intraocular pressure.


The sodium salt of acetazolamide, a nonbacteriostatic sulfonamide derivative with diuretic and anticonvulsant properties. Acetazolamide is a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase that plays an important role in the control of fluid secretion. Inhibition of this enzyme in the kidney results in a reduction in the availability of hydrogen ions for active transport in the renal tubule lumen, thereby leading to increased bicarbonate and cation excretion, and increased urinary volume. Reduced bicarbonate level in circulation induces reduction of intraocular pressure via osmotic mechanism. The anticonvulsant activity of acetazolamide may contribute to inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the CNS, which decreases carbon dioxide tension in the pulmonary alveoli, thus increasing arterial oxygen tension.


The oil obtained from the livers of several species of shark. Shark liver oil is used as a dietary supplement and may have immunostimulating properties.


The oil extracted from the liver of Hippoglossus species. Halibut liver oil is taken as a supplement for vitamins A and D.


Serum albumin from humans. It is an essential carrier of both endogenous substances, such as fatty acids and BILIRUBIN, and of XENOBITOICS in the blood.


A radiopharmaceutical providing radioactive chromium-51 in the form of sodium chromate for diagnostic usage. Upon dissociation, the chromate ion binds to the membrane of red blood cells. Following translocation across the cell membrane, the ion binds to intracellular hemoglobin, thereby allowing imaging to determine red blood cell volume, survival time and evaluate blood loss.


A radiopharmaceutical consisting of the sodium salt of fluorine F 18 fluoride with radioisotopic and bone mineralizing activities. Fluoride binds to calcium ions in hydroxyapatite crystals in bone. The uptake and incorporation of positron-emitting fluorine F 18 fluoride into bone can be imaged using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), allowing visualization of malignant bone lesions in which regional blood flow and bone turnover are increased.


A radiopharmaceutical containing the radioisotope I-123 with diagnostic property. After absorption, the iodide is distributed through the extracellular fluid of the body and accumulates in the thyroid gland, thereby allowing measurement of thyroid function.


A radiopharmaceutical containing the beta- and gamma-emitting radioisotope I-131. After absorption, the iodide is distributed through the extracellular fluid of the body and accumulates in the thyroid gland, thereby allowing the imaging of the thyroid.


The sodium salt form of iothalamate, an organic iodine compound, labeled with iodine I-125 and used as a radiopharmaceutical. Iothalamate sodium I-125 is cleared by glomerular filtration without tubular secretion or reabsorption and can be used as a diagnostic tool to determine the glomerular filtration rate.


The chloride salt form of thallium-201, a cyclotron produced isotope use in diagnostic imaging. Thallous chloride TI-201 accumulates in myocardial cells and other tissues in an analogous way as potassium, and can be evaluated as a function of blood flow. By scintigraphic means, areas with decreased blood flow, consisting of ischemic cells, can be visualized due to decreased uptake of TI-201 in contrast to areas with normal blood flow.


A preparation of formaldehyde-deactivated toxin isolated from the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus toxoid is used for booster injection and can stimulate the production of antitoxin antibodies. This agent may be used as an adjuvant in cancer vaccines.


Afrin 0.5 MG/ML Nasal Spray
Afrin 0.05 % Nasal Spray

oxymetazoline hydrochloride 0.5 MG/ML Nasal Spray [Afrin]


oxymetholone 50 MG Oral Tablet [Anadrol-50]


succinylcholine Injectable Solution [Anectine]


SMX 800 MG / TMP 160 MG Oral Tablet [Bactrim]

sulfamethoxazole 800 MG / trimethoprim 160 MG Oral Tablet [Bactrim]


dicyclomine hydrochloride 10 MG Oral Capsule [Bentyl]


Bentyl 20 MG Oral Tablet
BENTYL 20 MG Oral Tablet

dicyclomine hydrochloride 20 MG Oral Tablet [Bentyl]


betaxolol Ophthalmic Suspension [Betoptic S]


{21 (ethinyl estradiol 0.035 MG / norethindrone 0.5 MG Oral Tablet) / 7 (inert ingredients 1 MG Oral Tablet) } Pack [Brevicon 28 Day]


dilTIAZem hydrochloride 30 MG Oral Tablet [Cardizem]

diltiazem hydrochloride 30 MG Oral Tablet [Cardizem]


Cutivate 0.05 % Topical Cream
Cutivate 0.5 MG/ML Topical Cream

fluticasone propionate 0.5 MG/ML Topical Cream [Cutivate]


{21 (ethinyl estradiol 0.035 MG / ethynodiol diacetate 1 MG Oral Tablet) / 7 (inert ingredients 1 MG Oral Tablet) } Pack [Demulen 1/35 28 Day]


guaiFENesin / HYDROmorphone Oral Solution [Dilaudid Cough]

guaifenesin / hydromorphone Oral Solution [Dilaudid Cough]


ELOCON 0.1 % Topical Cream
Elocon 1 MG/ML Topical Cream
Elocon 0.1 % Topical Cream

mometasone furoate 1 MG/ML Topical Cream [Elocon]


epoetin alfa Injectable Solution [Epogen]


5-5-fluorouracil 10 MG/ML Topical Cream [Fluoroplex]

5-FU 10 MG/ML Topical Cream [Fluoroplex]


Haldol Decanoate 100 MG in 1 ML Injection

Haldol Decanoate 100 MG per 1 ML Injection

1 ML haloperidol decanoate 100 MG/ML Injection [Haldol]


Haldol Decanoate 50 MG in 1 ML Injection

1 ML haloperidol decanoate 50 MG/ML Injection [Haldol]

Haldol Decanoate 50 MG per 1 ML Injection


Isordil TITRADOSE 40 MG Oral Tablet
ISDN 40 MG Oral Tablet [Isordil]
Isordil 40 MG Oral Tablet

isosorbide dinitrate 40 MG Oral Tablet [Isordil]


isosorbide dinitrate 5 MG Oral Tablet [Isordil]


Pot Chloride 8 MEQ Extended Release Oral Tablet [Klor-Con]

K+ Chloride 8 MEQ Extended Release Oral Tablet [Klor-Con]

Klor-Con 8 MEQ Extended Release Oral Tablet

Klor-Con 600 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet

potassium chloride 8 MEQ Extended Release Oral Tablet [Klor-Con]


dexamethasone / neomycin / polymyxin B Ophthalmic Ointment [Maxitrol]


dexamethasone / neomycin / polymyxin B Ophthalmic Suspension [Maxitrol]


HCTZ 50 MG / Triamterene 75 MG Oral Tablet [Maxzide]

Maxzide (triamterene 75 MG / HCTZ 50 MG) Oral Tablet

hydroCHLOROthiazide 50 MG / triamterene 75 MG Oral Tablet [Maxzide]

hydrochlorothiazide 50 MG / triamterene 75 MG Oral Tablet [Maxzide]


HCTZ 25 MG / Triamterene 37.5 MG Oral Tablet [Maxzide]

Maxzide (HCTZ 25 MG / triamterene 37.5 MG) Oral Tablet

hydroCHLOROthiazide 25 MG / triamterene 37.5 MG Oral Tablet [Maxzide]

MAXZIDE-25 MG 37.5 MG / 25 MG Oral Tablet

hydrochlorothiazide 25 MG / triamterene 37.5 MG Oral Tablet [Maxzide]


sodium chloride Ophthalmic Ointment [Muro 128]


naphazoline / pheniramine Ophthalmic Solution [Naphcon A]


Neo-Synephrine 10 MG in 1 ML Injection
1 ML Neo-Synephrine 10 MG/ML Injection
Neo-Synephrine 10 MG per 1 ML Injection

1 ML phenylephrine hydrochloride 10 MG/ML Injection [Neo-Synephrine]


chloroprocaine Injectable Solution [Nesacaine]


Niferex-150 (calcium ascorbate 50 MG / ferrous asparto glycinate 50 MG / polysaccharide iron complex 100 MG / succinic acid 50 MG) Oral Capsule

calcium ascorbate 50 MG / ferrous asparto glycinate 50 MG / polysaccharide iron complex 100 MG / succinic acid 50 MG Oral Capsule [Niferex-150]


nitroglycerin Topical Ointment [Nitro-Bid]


Ortho-Novum 1/35 28 Day Pack
ORTHO-NOVUM 1/35 28 Day Pack

{21 (ethinyl estradiol 0.035 MG / norethindrone 1 MG Oral Tablet) / 7 (inert ingredients 1 MG Oral Tablet) } Pack [Ortho-Novum 1/35 28 Day]


{7 (ethinyl estradiol 0.035 MG / norethindrone 0.5 MG Oral Tablet) / 7 (ethinyl estradiol 0.035 MG / norethindrone 0.75 MG Oral Tablet) / 7 (ethinyl estradiol 0.035 MG / norethindrone 1 MG Oral Tablet) / 7 (inert ingredients 1 MG Oral Tablet) } Pack [Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 28 Day]


Os-Cal Calcium with D3 (calcium carbonate 1250 MG (calcium 500 MG) / vitamin D3 200 UNT) Oral Tablet

Os-Cal Calcium + D3 500 MG / 200 UNT Oral Tablet, as calcium carbonate

calcium carbonate 1250 MG / cholecalciferol 200 UNT Oral Tablet [Os-Cal 500 with D]


CARBOplatin Injectable Solution [Paraplatin]

carboplatin Injectable Solution [Paraplatin]


penicillin G Injectable Solution [Pfizerpen]


pilocarpine Ophthalmic Solution [Pilocar]


hydroxychloroquine Oral Tablet [Plaquenil]


bacitracin / polymyxin B Topical Ointment [Polysporin]


epoetin alfa Injectable Solution [Procrit]


medroxyPROGESTERone Oral Tablet [Provera]

medroxyprogesterone Oral Tablet [Provera]


methocarbamol 750 MG Oral Tablet [Robaxin]


bupivacaine Injectable Solution [Sensorcaine]


Stri-Dex 2 % Medicated Pad
Stri-Dex 20 MG/ML Medicated Pad

salicylic acid 20 MG/ML Medicated Pad [Stri-Dex]


SYNALAR 0.01 % Topical Solution
Synalar 0.1 MG/ML Topical Solution
Synalar 0.01 % Topical Solution

fluocinolone acetonide 0.1 MG/ML Topical Solution [Synalar]


cefTAZidime Injectable Solution [Tazicef]

ceftazidime Injectable Solution [Tazicef]


carBAMazepine Chewable Tablet [TEGretol]

carbamazepine Chewable Tablet [Tegretol]


trimethobenzamide Injectable Solution [Tigan]


dexamethasone / tobramycin Ophthalmic Suspension [Tobradex]


dexamethasone / tobramycin Ophthalmic Ointment [Tobradex]


Topicort 2.5 MG/ML Topical Cream
Topicort 0.25 % Topical Cream

desoximetasone 2.5 MG/ML Topical Cream [Topicort]


Topicort 0.05 % Topical Gel
Topicort 0.0005 MG/MG Topical Gel
Topicort 0.5 MG per GM Topical Gel

desoximetasone 0.0005 MG/MG Topical Gel [Topicort]


Topicort LP 0.5 MG/ML Topical Cream
Topicort LP 0.05 % Topical Cream

desoximetasone 0.5 MG/ML Topical Cream [Topicort]


Topicort 0.25 % Topical Ointment
Topicort 0.0025 MG/MG Topical Ointment

desoximetasone 0.0025 MG/MG Topical Ointment [Topicort]


Tri-Norinyl 28 Day Pack
TRI-NORINYL 28 Day Pack

{12 (ethinyl estradiol 0.035 MG / norethindrone 0.5 MG Oral Tablet) / 9 (ethinyl estradiol 0.035 MG / norethindrone 1 MG Oral Tablet) / 7 (inert ingredients 1 MG Oral Tablet) } Pack [Tri-Norinyl 28 Day]


amoxicillin 500 MG Oral Capsule [Trimox]


trifluridine Ophthalmic Solution [Viroptic]


Westcort 0.2 % Topical Ointment
Westcort 0.002 MG/MG Topical Ointment

hydrocortisone valerate 0.002 MG/MG Topical Ointment [Westcort]


lidocaine hydrochloride 0.02 MG/MG Topical Gel [Xylocaine]

Xylocaine 2 % Mucous Membrane Topical Gel


lidocaine Injectable Solution [Xylocaine]


Zantac 150 MG (as raNITIdine hydrochloride 168 MG) Oral Tablet

Zantac 150 MG (as ranitidine hydrochloride 168 MG) Oral Tablet

Zantac Maximum Strength 150 MG Oral Tablet


amprolium 96 MG/ML Oral Solution [CORID]


calcium chloride 0.001 MEQ/ML / glucose 50 MG/ML / potassium chloride 0.004 MEQ/ML / sodium chloride 0.103 MEQ/ML / sodium lactate 0.028 MEQ/ML Injectable Solution

Calcium Chloride 0.001 MEQ/ML / Glucose 50 MG/ML / K+ Chloride 0.004 MEQ/ML / NaCl 0.103 MEQ/ML / Sodium Lactate 0.028 MEQ/ML Injectable Solution

lactated Ringers with dextrose 5 % Injectable Solution

Calcium Chloride 0.001 MEQ/ML / Glucose 50 MG/ML / Pot Chloride 0.004 MEQ/ML / NaCl 0.103 MEQ/ML / Sodium Lactate 0.028 MEQ/ML Injectable Solution


A species of obligately aerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This bacteria is motile, oxidase positive, catalase positive, does not reduce nitrates and degrades urea. A. faecalis is found in soil, water, and fecal matter and is an opportunistic pathogen in humans.


A microaerophilic, LACTIC ACID producing species of Bacillus that occurs in FERMENTED FOODS. It also produces ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS and is used as a PROBIOTIC.


A species of Bacillus that occurs in soil and marine sediments. Many strains are alkalophilic and able to metabolize HEAVY METALS; it may therefore be a useful species for ENVIRONMENTAL BIODEGRADATION.


A non-pathogenic species of Bacillus that occurs in soil as well as some fermented vegetables and FERMENTED DAIRY PRODUCTS. It produces BACTERIOCINS and ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS and is used in FOOD PRESERVATION as well as a PROBIOTIC.


A species of anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria. This species is nonmotile, non-spore forming, catalase and indole negative and ferments only lactose and cellobiose. B. bifidum is a commensal part of the normal human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal flora and is used in the fermentation of dairy products and as a probiotic.


A bacterial species in the family Bifidobacteriaceae. B. breve ferments alpha-l-fucose but does not ferment D-blucuronate, arabinogalactan, xylan, porcine gastric mucin, or gums. This bacteria is a normal part of the gut flora and is frequently used as a probiotic.


A species of anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria. This species is nonmotile, nonsporeforming, catalase and indole negative and ferments arabinose, xylose, ribose, lactose and melezitose. B. longum is non-pathogenic, and it helps maintain a healthy digestive system.


A species of gram-negative enterobacteria found in WATER; SEWAGE; SOIL; and FOOD. It can be present in any clinical specimen as an opportunistic pathogen.


A species of MORGANELLA formerly classified as a Proteus species. It is found in the feces of humans, dogs, other mammals, and reptiles. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)


A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria. This species is motile, indole, citrate, and urease positive. P. rettgeri is an opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial outbreaks, bacteremia, skin infections, and traveler's diarrhea.


Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus

A subspecies of Lactobacillus delbrueckii, formerly classified as a separate species, that is used for producing YOGURT and as a PROBIOTIC.


A species of gram-positive bacteria isolated from MILK and cheese-starter cultures.


A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, non spore forming, nitrate negative and does not hydrolyze esculin or hippurate. L. salivarius is a commensal organism of the oral cavity.


A species of Gram-positive, rod shaped, facultatively heterofermentative bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile and non spore forming. L. paracasei is a normal flora component of the the human gastrointestinal tract and female reproductive tract. It is closely related to L. casei and L. paracasei.


A species of facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, ferments L arabinose, esculin and sucrose, catalase negative and alpha galactosidase positive. L. fermentum is a commensal organism of the urogenital tract with probiotic activity.


A species of facultatively anaerobic/microaerophilic, Gram positive, rod shaped bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile, ferments D ribose, galactose, arabinose and maltose, catalase positive, does not ferment mannose and hydrolyzes hippurate. L. brevis is non pathogenic but may be a concern for brewers due to its beer and wine spoilage ability.


A species of rod-shaped, LACTIC ACID bacteria used in PROBIOTICS and SILAGE production.


A species of Lactobacillus that occurs in the human GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the VAGINA of healthy women. It produces LACTIC ACID and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, and is used as a PROBIOTIC. It is also used for the treatment and prevention of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS.


A species of Gram-positive, rod shaped, anaerobic bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. This species is nonmotile and non spore forming. L. gasseri is found in the gastrointestinal tract and the vaginal tract where it produces lactic acid by fermentation; it also produces hydrogen peroxide. It is a causative agent of Fournier's gangrene.


A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped LACTIC ACID bacteria found naturally in the human intestinal flora and BREAST MILK.


A species of anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria. This species is non-spore forming, catalase positive, indole negative, hydrolyzes esculin, gelatin, and casein, but not starch, and does not reduce nitrate. P. avidum was isolated from intertriginous skin areas, especially the axilla, and is associated with chronically infected sinuses, ulcers, and abscesses.


A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS found on the skin of humans (and non-human primates), often causing hospital-acquired infections (CROSS INFECTION).